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These mutants were either deleted for genes encoding Braun lipoprotein (Lpp), an acetyltransferase (MsbB) and the attachment invasion locus (Ail) (\u0394<jats:italic>lpp<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>msbB<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>ail<\/jats:italic>) or contained a modified version of the <jats:italic>ail<\/jats:italic> gene with diminished virulence (\u0394<jats:italic>lpp<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>msbB::ailL2<\/jats:italic>). Here, long-term immune responses were first examined after intramuscular immunisation of mice with the above-mentioned mutants, as well as the newly constructed \u0394<jats:italic>lpp<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>msbB<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>pla<\/jats:italic> mutant, deleted for the plasminogen-activator protease (<jats:italic>pla<\/jats:italic>) gene instead of <jats:italic>ail<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Y. pestis-<\/jats:italic>specific IgG levels peaked between day 35 and 56 in the mutant-immunised mice and were sustained until the last tested day 112. Splenic memory B cells peaked earlier (day 42) before declining in the \u0394<jats:italic>lpp<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>msbB::ailL2<\/jats:italic> mutant-immunised mice while being sustained for 63 days in the \u0394<jats:italic>lpp<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>msbB<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>ail<\/jats:italic> and \u0394<jats:italic>lpp<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>msbB<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>pla<\/jats:italic> mutant-immunised mice. Splenic CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells increased in all immunised mice by day 42 with differential cytokine production among the immunised groups. On day 120, immunised mice were exposed intranasally to wild-type (WT) CO92, and 80\u2013100% survived pneumonic challenge. Mice immunised with the above-mentioned three mutants had increased innate as well as CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> responses immediately after WT CO92 exposure, and coupled with sustained antibody production, indicated the role of both arms of the immune response in protection. Likewise, rats vaccinated with either \u0394<jats:italic>lpp<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>msbB<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>ail<\/jats:italic> or the \u0394<jats:italic>lpp<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>msbB<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>pla<\/jats:italic> mutant also developed long-term humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to provide 100% protection against developing pneumonic plague. On the basis of the attenuated phenotype, the \u0394<jats:italic>lpp<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>msbB<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>ail<\/jats:italic> mutant was recently excluded from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention select agent list.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/npjvaccines.2016.20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]],"date-time":"2016-10-13T14:42:08Z","timestamp":1476369728000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Immunisation of two rodent species with new live-attenuated mutants of Yersinia pestis CO92 induces protective long-term humoral- and cell-mediated immunity against pneumonic plague"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Bethany L","family":"Tiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingzi","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle L","family":"Kirtley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jourdan A","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok K","family":"Chopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnpjvaccines201620_CR1","first-page":"89","volume":"91","author":"EG Bertherat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bertherat, E. 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