{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:09:05Z","timestamp":1791403745794,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]],"date-time":"2015-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425513600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.59","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]],"date-time":"2015-03-05T11:54:36Z","timestamp":1425556476000},"page":"2165-2174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Distinct Neuropsychological Mechanisms May Explain Delayed- Versus Rapid-Onset Antidepressant Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Sarah A","family":"Stuart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus R","family":"Munaf\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Nutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma SJ","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200303030-00018","volume":"14","author":"KM Abel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Abel KM, Allin MP, Kucharska-Pietura K, David A, Andrew C, Williams S et al (2003). Ketamine alters neural processing of facial emotion recognition in healthy men: an fMRI study. Neuroreport 14: 387\u2013391.","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.03.002","volume":"29","author":"BW Balleine","year":"2006","unstructured":"Balleine BW, Killcross S (2006). Parallel incentive processing: an integrated view of amygdala function. Trends Neurosci 29: 272\u2013279.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR3","unstructured":"Beck AT (1967). Depression: Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects. New York: Hoeber Medical Division."},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9018","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-22-09018.2001","volume":"21","author":"P Blundell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Blundell P, Hall G, Killcross S (2001). Lesions of the basolateral amygdala disrupt selective aspects of reinforcer representation in rats. J Neurosci 21: 9018\u20139026.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(02)00007-6","volume":"26","author":"RN Cardinal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cardinal RN, Parkinson JA, Hall J, Everitt BJ (2002). Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 26: 321\u2013352.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61721-8","volume":"370","author":"R Christensen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Christensen R, Kristensen PK, Bartels EM, Bliddal H, Astrup A (2007). Efficacy and safety of the weight-loss drug rimonabant: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 370: 1706\u20131713.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.77","volume":"36","author":"R Elliott","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elliott R, Zahn R, Deakin JF, Anderson IM (2011). Affective cognition and its disruption in mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 36: 153\u2013182.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305","volume":"6","author":"IH Gotlib","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gotlib IH, Joormann J (2010). Cognition and depression: current status and future directions. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 6: 285\u2013312.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.09.034","volume":"69","author":"C Hamani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamani C, Mayberg H, Stone S, Laxton A, Haber S, Lozano AM (2011). The subcallosal cingulate gyrus in the context of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 69: 301\u2013308.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.57","volume":"13","author":"JP Hamilton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hamilton JP, Siemer M, Gotlib IH (2008). Amygdala volume in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Mol Psychiatry 13: 993\u20131000.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.06.036","volume":"55","author":"CJ Harmer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Harmer CJ (2008). Serotonin and emotional processing: does it help explain antidepressant drug action? Neuropharmacology 55: 1023\u20131028.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.051193","volume":"195","author":"CJ Harmer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harmer CJ, Goodwin GM, Cowen PJ (2009a). Why do antidepressants take so long to work? A cognitive neuropsychological model of antidepressant drug action. Br J Psychiatry 195: 102\u2013108.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09020149","volume":"166","author":"CJ Harmer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harmer CJ, O'Sullivan U, Favaron E, Massey-Chase R, Ayres R, Reinecke A et al (2009b). Effect of acute antidepressant administration on negative affective bias in depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry 166: 1178\u20131184.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)10069-2","volume":"20","author":"JP Herman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Herman JP, Cullinan WE (1997). Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Trends Neurosci 20: 78\u201384.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11496","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2213-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"H Homayoun","year":"2007","unstructured":"Homayoun H, Moghaddam B (2007). NMDA receptor hypofunction produces opposite effects on prefrontal cortex interneurons and pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci 27: 11496\u201311500.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1517-4","volume":"205","author":"J Horder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Horder J, Cowen PJ, Di Simplicio M, Browning M, Harmer CJ (2009). Acute administration of the cannabinoid CB1 antagonist rimonabant impairs positive affective memory in healthy volunteers. Psychopharm. (Berl) 205: 85\u201391.","journal-title":"Psychopharm. (Berl)"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.48.1.191","volume":"48","author":"RC Kessler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kessler RC (1997). The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annu Rev Psychol 48: 191\u2013214.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000191500.46411.00","volume":"19","author":"J Lepp\u00e4nen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lepp\u00e4nen J (2006). Emotional information processing in mood disorders: a review of behavioral and neuroimaging findings. Curr Opin Psychiatry 19: 34\u201339.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190287","volume":"329","author":"N Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li N, Lee B, Liu RJ, Banasr M, Dwyer JM, Iwata M et al (2010). mTOR-dependent synapse formation underlies the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists. Science 329: 959\u2013964.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13ac08382","volume":"74","author":"DC Mathews","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mathews DC, Zarate CA (2013). Current status of ketamine and related compounds for depression. J Clin Psychiatry 74: 516\u2013517.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-08-02921.1997","volume":"17","author":"B Moghaddam","year":"1997","unstructured":"Moghaddam B, Adams B, Verma A, Daly D (1997). Activation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by ketamine: a novel step in the pathway from NMDA receptor blockade to dopaminergic and cognitive disruptions associated with the prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 17: 2921\u20132927.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300342","volume":"29","author":"CJ Morgan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Morgan CJ, Mofeez A, Brandner B, Bromley L, Curran HV (2004). Acute effects of ketamine on memory systems and psychotic symptoms in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 29: 208\u2013218.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61415-9","volume":"370","author":"S Moussavi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moussavi S, Chatterji S, Verdes E, Tandon A, Patel V, Ustun B (2007). Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet 370: 851\u2013858.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR24","unstructured":"Paxinos G, Watson C (1998). The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates 4th edn. Academic: San Diego, London."},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.07.022","volume":"35","author":"A Pringle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pringle A, Browning M, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ (2011). A cognitive neuropsychological model of antidepressant drug action. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35: 1586\u20131592.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1944","volume":"10","author":"KJ Ressler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ressler KJ, Mayberg HS (2007). Targeting abnormal neural circuits in mood and anxiety disorders: from the laboratory to the clinic. Nat Neurosci 10: 1116\u20131124.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e3283610321","volume":"30","author":"PO Ribeiro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ribeiro PO, Rodrigues PC, Valentim AM, Antunes LM (2013). A single intraperitoneal injection of ketamine does not affect spatial working, reference memory or neurodegeneration in adult mice: A prospective animal study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 30: 618\u2013626.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.183","volume":"37","author":"JP Roiser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roiser JP, Elliott R, Sahakian BJ (2012). Cognitive mechanisms of treatment in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 37: 117\u2013136.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR29","first-page":"51","volume":"640","author":"B Roozendaal","year":"1997","unstructured":"Roozendaal B, Koolhaas JM, Bohus B (1997). The role of the central amygdala in stress and adaption. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 640: 51\u201354.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand Suppl"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.13.1601","volume":"299","author":"JS Rumsfeld","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rumsfeld JS, Nallamothu BK (2008). The hope and fear of rimonabant. JAMA 299: 1601\u20131602.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.171","volume":"17","author":"JM Stone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stone JM, Dietrich C, Edden R, Mehta MA, De Simoni S, Reed LJ et al (2012). Ketamine effects on brain GABA and glutamate levels with 1H-MRS: relationship to ketamine-induced psychopathology. Mol Psychiatry 17: 664\u2013665.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.69","volume":"38","author":"SA Stuart","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stuart SA, Butler P, Munaf\u00f2 MR, Nutt DJ, Robinson ES (2013). A translational rodent assay of affective biases in depression and antidepressant therapy. Neuropsychopharmacology 38: 1625\u20131635.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.144","volume":"67","author":"TA Victor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Victor TA, Furey ML, Fromm SJ, Ohman A, Drevets WC (2010). Relationship between amygdala responses to masked faces and mood state and treatment in major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67: 1128\u20131138.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1017\/S146114571300062X","volume":"16","author":"TA Victor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Victor TA, Furey ML, Fromm SJ, \u00d6hman A, Drevets WC (2013). Changes in the neural correlates of implicit emotional face processing during antidepressant treatment in major depressive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 16: 2195\u20132208.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018","volume":"21","author":"HU Wittchen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, J\u00f6nsson B et al (2011). The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 21: 655\u2013679.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"BFnpp201559_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.8.856","volume":"63","author":"CA Zarate","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zarate CA, Singh JB, Carlson PJ, Brutsche NE, Ameli R, Luckenbaugh DA et al (2006). A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63: 856\u2013864.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Neuropsychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npp201559.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npp201559","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npp201559.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T23:54:16Z","timestamp":1684454056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npp201559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnpp201559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2015.59","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-133X","1740-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-133X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2015","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2015","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2015","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}