{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T05:27:24Z","timestamp":1774934844140,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]],"date-time":"2017-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496793600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychopharmacol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]],"date-time":"2017-06-07T11:01:17Z","timestamp":1496833277000},"page":"2545-2552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Generalization of Extinguished Fear to Untreated Fear Stimuli after Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Friederike","family":"Preusser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Margraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Zlomuzica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6402(93)90012-Q","volume":"15","author":"A Arntz","year":"1993","unstructured":"Arntz A, Lavy E, van den Berg G, van Rijsoort S (1993). Negative beliefs of spider phobics: a psychometric evaluation of the spider phobia beliefs questionnaire. Adv Behav Res Ther 15: 257\u2013277.","journal-title":"Adv Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930441000300","volume":"19","author":"F Baeyens","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baeyens F, Diaz E, Ruiz G (2005). Resistance to extinction of human evaluative conditioning using a between-subjects design. Cogn Emot 19: 245\u2013268.","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR3","volume-title":"Anxiety and its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic","author":"DH Barlow","year":"1988","unstructured":"Barlow DH (1988) Anxiety and its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic. Guilford Press: New York."},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2009.07.002","volume":"41","author":"C Botella","year":"2010","unstructured":"Botella C, Breton-Lopez J, Quero S, Banos R, Garcia-Palacios A (2010). Treating cockroach phobia with augmented reality. Behav Ther 41: 401\u2013413.","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01546-9","volume":"52","author":"ME Bouton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bouton ME (2002). Context, ambiguity, and unlearning: sources of relapse after behavioral extinction. Biol Psychiatry 52: 976\u2013986.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.07.003","volume":"26","author":"AC Butler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Butler AC, Chapman JE, Forman EM, Beck AT (2006). The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clin Psychol Rev 26: 17\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22356","volume":"32","author":"SP Byrne","year":"2015","unstructured":"Byrne SP, Rapee RM, Richardson R, Malhi GS, Jones M, Hudson JL (2015). D-cycloserine enhances generalization of fear extinction in children. Depress Anxiety 32: 408\u2013414.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.10.003","volume":"46","author":"MG Craske","year":"2008","unstructured":"Craske MG, Kircanski K, Zelikowsky M, Mystkowski J, Chowdhury N, Baker A (2008). Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy. Behav Res Ther 46: 5\u201327.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.04.006","volume":"58","author":"MG Craske","year":"2014","unstructured":"Craske MG, Treanor M, Conway CC, Zbozinek T, Vervliet B (2014). Maximizing exposure therapy: an inhibitory learning approach. Behav Res Ther 58: 10\u201323.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/08917779208248798","volume":"4","author":"GCL Davey","year":"1991","unstructured":"Davey GCL (1991). Characteristics of individuals with fear of spiders. Anxiety Res 4: 299\u2013314.","journal-title":"Anxiety Res"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(01)00089-5","volume":"16","author":"PJ de Jong","year":"2002","unstructured":"de Jong PJ, Muris P (2002). Spider phobia: interaction of disgust and perceived likelihood of involuntary physical contact. J Anxiety Disord 16: 51\u201365.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614535401","volume":"25","author":"JE Dunsmoor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dunsmoor JE, Murphy GL (2014). Stimulus typicality determines how broadly fear is generalized. Psychol Sci 25: 1816\u20131821.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.12.003","volume":"19","author":"JE Dunsmoor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dunsmoor JE, Murphy GL (2015). Categories, concepts, and conditioning: how humans generalize fear. Trends Cogn Sci 19: 73\u201377.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.04.010","volume":"78","author":"JE Dunsmoor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dunsmoor JE, Paz R (2015). Fear generalization and anxiety: behavioral and neural mechanisms. Biol Psychiatry 78: 336\u2013343.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2014.10.001","volume":"46","author":"S Dymond","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dymond S, Dunsmoor JE, Vervliet B, Roche B, Hermans D (2015). Fear generalization in humans: systematic review and implications for anxiety disorder research. Behav Ther 46: 561\u2013582.","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR16","volume-title":"Spezifische Phobien","author":"A Hamm","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hamm A (2006) Spezifische Phobien. Hogrefe G\u00f6ttingen."},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0415","volume":"69","author":"SG Hofmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hofmann SG, Smits JAJ (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry 69: 621\u2013632.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018916","volume":"136","author":"W Hofmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hofmann W, De Houwer J, Perugini M, Baeyens F, Crombez G (2010). Evaluative conditioning in humans: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 136: 390\u2013421.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR19","volume-title":"Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales","author":"SH Lovibond","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF (1995) Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 2nd edn. Psychology Foundation: Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.07.001","volume":"42","author":"D Ludvik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ludvik D, Boschen MJ, Neumann DL (2015). Effective behavioural strategies for reducing disgust in contamination-related OCD: A review. Clin Psychol Rev 42: 116\u2013129.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-06753-6","volume-title":"Mini-DIPS. Diagnostisches Kurzinterview bei psychischen St\u00f6rungen","author":"J Margraf","year":"1994","unstructured":"Margraf J (1994) Mini-DIPS. Diagnostisches Kurzinterview bei psychischen St\u00f6rungen. Springer: Heidelberg."},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(09)80011-9","volume":"29","author":"G Matchett","year":"1991","unstructured":"Matchett G, Davey GC (1991). A test of a disease-avoidance model of animal phobias. Behav Res Ther 29: 91\u201394.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.67.4.599","volume":"67","author":"S Mineka","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mineka S, Mystkowski JL, Hladek D, Rodriguez BI (1999). The effects of changing contexts on return of fear following exposure therapy for spider fear. J Consult Clin Psychol 67: 599\u2013604.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(02)80035-1","volume":"33","author":"JL Mystkowski","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mystkowski JL, Craske MG, Echiverri AM (2002). Treatment context and return of fear in spider phobia. Behav Ther 33: 399\u2013416.","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000253843.70149.9a","volume":"195","author":"PJ Norton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Norton PJ, Price EC (2007). A meta-analytic review of adult cognitive-behavioral treatment outcome across the anxiety disorders. J Nervous Ment Dis 195: 521\u2013531.","journal-title":"J Nervous Ment Dis"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.032631","volume":"190","author":"BO Olatunji","year":"2007","unstructured":"Olatunji BO, McKay D (2007a). Disgust and psychiatric illness: have we remembered? Br J Psychiatry 190: 457\u2013459.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.05.001","volume":"21","author":"BO Olatunji","year":"2007","unstructured":"Olatunji BO, Smits JAJ, Connolly K, Willems J, Lohr JM (2007b). Examination of the decline in fear and disgust during exposure to threat-relevant stimuli in blood-injection-injury phobia. J Anxiety Disord 21: 445\u2013455.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR28","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Phobias: A handbook of Theory, Research and Treatment","author":"LG \u00d6st","year":"1997","unstructured":"\u00d6st LG (1997) Rapid treatment of specific phobias. In: Davey GCL (ed). Phobias: A handbook of Theory, Research and Treatment. Wiley: New York. pp 227\u2013246."},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.04.015","volume":"46","author":"EF Pace-Schott","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pace-Schott EF, Verga PW, Bennett TS, Spencer RMC (2012). Sleep promotes consolidation and generalization of extinction learning in simulated exposure therapy for spider fear. J Psychiatr Res 46: 1036\u20131044.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1026\/0084-5345.32.1.24","volume":"32","author":"P P\u00f6ssel","year":"2003","unstructured":"P\u00f6ssel P, Hautzinger M (2003). Dysfunktionale \u00dcberzeugungen bei Spinnenangst. Zeitschrift Klin Psychol Psychother 32: 24\u201330.","journal-title":"Zeitschrift Klin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1026\/\/0012-1924.48.3.141","volume":"48","author":"M Rinck","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rinck M, Bundschuh S, Engler S, Muller A, Wissmann J, Ellwart T et al (2002). Reliability and validity of German versions of three instruments measuring fear of spiders. Diagnostica 48: 141\u2013149.","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00106-5","volume":"37","author":"BI Rodriguez","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rodriguez BI, Craske MG, Mineka S, Hladek D (1999). Context-specificity of relapse: effects of therapist and environmental context on return of fear. Behav Res Ther 37: 845\u2013862.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)10016-X","volume":"36","author":"MK Rowe","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rowe MK, Craske MG (1998a). Effects of an expanding-spaced vs massed exposure schedule on fear reduction and return of fear. Behav Res Ther 36: 701\u2013717.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)10017-1","volume":"36","author":"MK Rowe","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rowe MK, Craske MG (1998b). Effects of varied-stimulus exposure training on fear reduction and return of fear. Behav Res Ther 36: 719\u2013734.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000050322","volume":"11","author":"M Ruhmland","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ruhmland M, Margraf J (2001a). Effektivit\u00e4t psychologischer Therapien von generalisierter Angstst\u00f6rung und sozialer Phobie: Meta-Analysen auf St\u00f6rungsebene. Verhaltenstherapie 11: 27\u201340.","journal-title":"Verhaltenstherapie"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1159\/000050323","volume":"11","author":"M Ruhmland","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ruhmland M, Margraf J (2001a). Effektivit\u00e4t psychologischer Therapien von Panik und Agoraphobie: Meta-Analysen auf St\u00f6rungsebene. Verhaltenstherapie 11: 41\u201353.","journal-title":"Verhaltenstherapie"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000050321","volume":"11","author":"M Ruhmland","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ruhmland M, Margraf J (2001c). Effektivit\u00e4t psychologischer Therapien von spezifischer Phobie und Zwangsst\u00f6rung: Meta-Analysen auf St\u00f6rungsebene. Verhaltenstherapie 11: 14\u201326.","journal-title":"Verhaltenstherapie"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1026\/0084-5345.31.2.110","volume":"31","author":"A Schienle","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schienle A, Walter B, Stark R, Vaitl D (2002). Ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung der Ekelempfindlichkeit (FEE). Z Klin Psychol Psychother 31: 110\u2013120.","journal-title":"Z Klin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00094-8","volume":"40","author":"JAJ Smits","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smits JAJ, Telch MJ, Randall PK (2002). An examination of the decline in fear and disgust during exposure-based treatment. Behav Res Ther 40: 1243\u20131253.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185542","volume":"9","author":"B Vervliet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vervliet B, Craske MG, Hermans D (2013). Fear extinction and relapse: state of the art. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 9: 215\u2013248.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.02.005","volume":"43","author":"B Vervliet","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vervliet B, Vansteenwegen D, Baeyens F, Hermans D, Eelen P (2005). Return of fear in a human differential conditioning paradigm caused by a stimulus change after extinction. Behav Res Ther 43: 357\u2013371.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.77404","volume":"11","author":"B Vervliet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vervliet B, Vansteenwegen D, Eelen P (2004). Generalization of extinguished skin conductance responding in human fear conditioning. Learn Mem 11: 555\u2013558.","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96569","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096569","volume":"9","author":"E Vervoort","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vervoort E, Vervliet B, Bennett M, Baeyens F (2014). Generalization of human fear acquisition and extinction within a novel arbitrary stimulus category. PLoS ONE 9: e96569.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR44","volume-title":"The Practice of Behavior Therapy","author":"J Wolpe","year":"1973","unstructured":"Wolpe J (1973) The Practice of Behavior Therapy. Pergamon: New York."},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.7.3.291","volume":"7","author":"SR Woody","year":"2000","unstructured":"Woody SR, Teachman BA (2000). Intersection of disgust and fear: normative and pathological views. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 7: 291\u2013311.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci Pract"},{"key":"BFnpp2017119_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00173-1","volume":"16","author":"SR Woody","year":"2002","unstructured":"Woody SR, Tolin DF (2002). The relationship between disgust sensitivity and avoidant behavior: Studies of clinical and nonclinical samples. J Anxiety Disord 16: 543\u2013559.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"}],"container-title":["Neuropsychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npp2017119.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npp2017119","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/npp.2017.119","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npp2017119.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T23:57:36Z","timestamp":1684454256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npp2017119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnpp2017119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2017.119","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-133X","1740-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-133X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 January 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2017","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2017","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 June 2017","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}