{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:17:28Z","timestamp":1790709448103,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,17]],"date-time":"2015-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Protoc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2015.102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,17]],"date-time":"2015-09-17T11:59:55Z","timestamp":1442491195000},"page":"1543-1555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["MicroRNA-based conversion of human fibroblasts into striatal medium spiny neurons"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Richner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus B","family":"Victor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangjian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Abernathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR1","unstructured":"International Basal Ganglia Society. The Basal Ganglia VI (eds. Graybiel, A.M., DeLong, M.R. & Kitai, S.T.) (Kluwer Academic\/Plenum Pub., 2003)."},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X","volume":"12","author":"RL Albin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Albin, R.L., Young, A.B. & Penney, J.B. The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci. 12, 366\u2013375 (1989).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.15.030192.001441","volume":"15","author":"CR Gerfen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gerfen, C.R. The neostriatal mosaic: multiple levels of compartmental organization in the basal ganglia. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 15, 285\u2013320 (1992).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10323","volume":"476","author":"AS Yoo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yoo, A.S. et al. MicroRNA-mediated conversion of human fibroblasts to neurons. Nature 476, 228\u2013231 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.10.016","volume":"84","author":"MB Victor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Victor, M.B. et al. Generation of human striatal neurons by microRNA-dependent direct conversion of fibroblasts. Neuron 84, 311\u2013323 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RRN1193","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.RRN1193","volume":"2","author":"N Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang, N., An, M.C., Montoro, D. & Ellerby, L.M. Characterization of human Huntington's disease cell model from induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS Curr. 2, RRN1193 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS Curr."},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2012.01.021","volume":"10","author":"L Ma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ma, L. et al. Human embryonic stem cell-derived GABA neurons correct locomotion deficits in quinolinic acid-lesioned mice. Cell Stem Cell 10, 455\u2013464 (2012).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.084608","volume":"140","author":"A Delli Carri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Delli Carri, A. et al. Developmentally coordinated extrinsic signals drive human pluripotent stem cell differentiation toward authentic DARPP-32+ medium-sized spiny neurons. Development 140, 301\u2013312 (2013).","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"BFnprot2015102_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2012.04.027","volume":"11","author":"The\u00a0HD\u00a0iPSC\u00a0Consortium","year":"2012","unstructured":"HD iPSC Consortium. Induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with Huntington's disease show CAG-repeat-expansion-associated phenotypes. Cell Stem Cell 11, 264\u2013278 (2012).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.117093","volume":"142","author":"C Arber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arber, C. et al. Activin A directs striatal projection neuron differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Development 142, 1375\u20131386 (2015).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16707","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808488105","volume":"105","author":"L Aubry","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aubry, L. et al. Striatal progenitors derived from human ES cells mature into DARPP32 neurons in vitro and in quinolinic acid-lesioned rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 16707\u201316712 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10202","volume":"476","author":"ZP Pang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pang, Z.P. et al. Induction of human neuronal cells by defined transcription factors. Nature 476, 220\u2013223 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08797","volume":"463","author":"T Vierbuchen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vierbuchen, T. et al. Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors. Nature 463, 1035\u20131041 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10284","volume":"476","author":"M Caiazzo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Caiazzo, M. et al. Direct generation of functional dopaminergic neurons from mouse and human fibroblasts. Nature 476, 224\u2013227 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.11.045","volume":"152","author":"Y Xue","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xue, Y. et al. Direct conversion of fibroblasts to neurons by reprogramming PTB-regulated microRNA circuits. Cell 152, 82\u201396 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.07.014","volume":"9","author":"EY Son","year":"2011","unstructured":"Son, E.Y. et al. Conversion of mouse and human fibroblasts into functional spinal motor neurons. Cell Stem Cell 9, 205\u2013218 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3886","volume":"18","author":"BJ Wainger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wainger, B.J. et al. Modeling pain in vitro using nociceptor neurons reprogrammed from fibroblasts. Nat. Neurosci. 18, 17\u201324 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2006.01.008","volume":"13","author":"SJ Nightingale","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nightingale, S.J. et al. Transient gene expression by nonintegrating lentiviral vectors. Mol. Ther. 13, 1121\u20131132 (2006).","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1365","volume":"12","author":"RJ Yanez-Munoz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yanez-Munoz, R.J. et al. Effective gene therapy with nonintegrating lentiviral vectors. Nat. Med. 12, 348\u2013353 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.05.036","volume":"145","author":"SM Chambers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chambers, S.M. & Studer, L. Cell fate plug and play: direct reprogramming and induced pluripotency. Cell 145, 827\u2013830 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2007.07.015","volume":"27","author":"EV Makeyev","year":"2007","unstructured":"Makeyev, E.V., Zhang, J., Carrasco, M.A. & Maniatis, T. The MicroRNA miR-124 promotes neuronal differentiation by triggering brain-specific alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Mol. Cell 27, 435\u2013448 (2007).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14341","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2390-08.2008","volume":"28","author":"AN Packer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Packer, A.N., Xing, Y., Harper, S.Q., Jones, L. & Davidson, B.L. The bifunctional microRNA miR-9\/miR-9* regulates REST and CoREST and is downregulated in Huntington's disease. J. Neurosci. 28, 14341\u201314346 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1519107","volume":"21","author":"J Visvanathan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Visvanathan, J., Lee, S., Lee, B., Lee, J.W. & Lee, S.K. The microRNA miR-124 antagonizes the anti-neural REST\/SCP1 pathway during embryonic CNS development. Genes Dev. 21, 744\u2013749 (2007).","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08139","volume":"460","author":"AS Yoo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yoo, A.S., Staahl, B.T., Chen, L. & Crabtree, G.R. MicroRNA-mediated switching of chromatin-remodelling complexes in neural development. Nature 460, 642\u2013646 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0511041103","volume":"103","author":"C Conaco","year":"2006","unstructured":"Conaco, C., Otto, S., Han, J.J. & Mandel, G. Reciprocal actions of REST and a microRNA promote neuronal identity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 2422\u20132427 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.22","volume":"4","author":"RH Kutner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kutner, R.H., Zhang, X.Y. & Reiser, J. Production, concentration and titration of pseudotyped HIV-1-based lentiviral vectors. Nat. Protoc. 4, 495\u2013505 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2986-07.2008","volume":"28","author":"P Arlotta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arlotta, P., Molyneaux, B.J., Jabaudon, D., Yoshida, Y. & Macklis, J.D. Ctip2 controls the differentiation of medium spiny neurons and the establishment of the cellular architecture of the striatum. J. Neurosci. 28, 622\u2013632 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(00)00241-4","volume":"44","author":"B Herigstad","year":"2001","unstructured":"Herigstad, B., Hamilton, M. & Heersink, J. How to optimize the drop plate method for enumerating bacteria. J. Microbiol. Methods 44, 121\u2013129 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedoroff, S. & Richardson, A. Protocols for Neural Cell Culture 3rd edn. (Humana Press, 2001).","DOI":"10.1385\/1592592074"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1654","volume":"9","author":"MK Lobo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lobo, M.K., Karsten, S.L., Gray, M., Geschwind, D.H. & Yang, X.W. FACS-array profiling of striatal projection neuron subtypes in juvenile and adult mouse brains. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 443\u2013452 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01188438","volume":"19","author":"CC Ouimet","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ouimet, C.C. & Greengard, P. Distribution of DARPP-32 in the basal ganglia: an electron microscopic study. J. Neurocytol. 19, 39\u201352 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8091209","volume":"265","author":"AM Graybiel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Graybiel, A.M., Aosaki, T., Flaherty, A.W. & Kimura, M. The basal ganglia and adaptive motor control. Science 265, 1826\u20131831 (1994).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnprot2015102_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90526-6","volume":"668","author":"TW Deacon","year":"1994","unstructured":"Deacon, T.W., Pakzaban, P. & Isacson, O. The lateral ganglionic eminence is the origin of cells committed to striatal phenotypes: neural transplantation and developmental evidence. Brain Res. 668, 211\u2013219 (1994).","journal-title":"Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Nature Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nprot.2015.102.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nprot.2015.102","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nprot.2015.102.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T20:18:29Z","timestamp":1684441109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nprot.2015.102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,17]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnprot2015102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2015.102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-2189","1750-2799"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1754-2189","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2799","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 September 2015","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}