{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T19:59:30Z","timestamp":1765742370542,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]],"date-time":"2013-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362441600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]],"date-time":"2013-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Cardiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2013.23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]],"date-time":"2013-03-05T10:03:58Z","timestamp":1362477838000},"page":"293-296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["How can resistant hypertension be identified and prevented?"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Solini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis M.","family":"Ruilope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2011.157","volume":"9","author":"LM Ruilope","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ruilope, L. M. Current challenges in the clinical management of hypertension. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 9, 267\u2013275 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.189141","volume":"51","author":"DA Calhoun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Calhoun, D. A.  et al. Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension 51, 1403\u20131419 (2008).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.030189","volume":"124","author":"BM Egan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Egan, B. M., Zhao, Y., Axon, R. N., Brzezinski, W. A. & Ferdinand, K. C. Uncontrolled and apparent treatment resistant hypertension in the United States, 1998 to 2008. Circulation 124, 1046\u20131048 (2011).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.097345","volume":"125","author":"E Pimenta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pimenta, E. & Calhoun, D. A. Resistant hypertension: incidence, prevalence, and prognosis. Circulation 125, 1594\u20131596 (2012).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.168948","volume":"57","author":"A de la Sierra","year":"2011","unstructured":"de la Sierra, A.  et al. Clinical features of 8,295 patients with resistant hypertension classified on the basis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension 57, 898\u2013902 (2011).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328353634e","volume":"30","author":"A de la Sierra","year":"2012","unstructured":"de la Sierra, A.  et al. Clinical differences between resistant hypertensives and patients treated and controlled with three or less drugs. J. Hypertens. 30, 1211\u20131216 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-10-200805200-00011","volume":"148","author":"LS Phillips","year":"2008","unstructured":"Phillips, L. S. & Twombly J. G. It's time to overcome clinical inertia. Ann. Intern. Med. 148, 783\u2013785 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.733949","volume":"117","author":"A Turchin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Turchin, A., Shubina, M., Chodos, A. H., Einbinder, J. S. & Pendergrass, M. L. Effect of board certification on antihypertensive treatment intensification in patients with diabetes mellitus. Circulation 117, 623\u2013628 (2008).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.724104","volume":"117","author":"M Heisler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Heisler, M.  et al. When more is not better: treatment intensification among hypertensive patients with poor medication adherence. Circulation 117, 2884\u20132892 (2008).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3281fc975a","volume":"25","author":"G Mancia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mancia, G.  et al. 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J. Hypertens. 25, 1105\u20131187 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2","volume":"42","author":"AV Chobanian","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chobanian, A. V.  et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 42, 1206\u20131252 (2003).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-157-11-201212040-00538","volume":"157","author":"M Viswanathan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Viswanathan, M.  et al. Interventions to improve adherence to self-administered medications for chronic diseases in the United States: a systematic review. Ann. Intern. Med. 157, 785\u2013795 (2012).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.7.722","volume":"164","author":"K Schroeder","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schroeder, K., Fahey, T. & Ebrahim, S. How can we improve adherence to blood pressure-lowering medication in ambulatory care? Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch. Intern. Med. 164, 722\u2013732 (2004).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2007.08027.x","volume":"10","author":"J Basile","year":"2008","unstructured":"Basile, J. The importance of prompt blood pressure control. J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich) 10 (Suppl. 1), 13\u201319 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich)"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2010.00274.x","volume":"12","author":"DR Berlowitz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Berlowitz, D. R. & Franklin, S. The clock is ticking: the case for achieving more rapid control of hypertension. J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich) 12, 323\u2013327 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich)"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.068064","volume":"125","author":"SL Daugherty","year":"2012","unstructured":"Daugherty, S. L.  et al. Incidence and prognosis of resistant hypertension in hypertensive patients. Circulation 125, 1635\u20131642 (2012).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283551e98","volume":"30","author":"G Bobrie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bobrie, G.  et al. Sequential nephron blockade versus sequential renin\u2013angiotensin system blockade in resistant hypertension: a prospective, randomized, open blinded endpoint study. J. Hypertens. 30, 1656\u20131664 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Acelajado, M. C. & Calhoun, D. A. Aldosteronism and resistant hypertension. Int. J. Hypertens. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4061\/2011\/837817.","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/837817"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.141531","volume":"55","author":"K Gaddam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gaddam, K.  et al. Rapid reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy and intracardiac volume overload in patients with resistant hypertension and hyperaldosteronism: a prospective clinical study. Hypertension. 55, 1137\u20131142 (2010).","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.169961","volume":"57","author":"J V\u00e1clav\u00edk","year":"2011","unstructured":"V\u00e1clav\u00edk, J.  et al. Addition of spironolactone in patients with resistant arterial hypertension (ASPIRANT): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hypertension 57, 1069\u20131075 (2011).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2008.05.005","volume":"2","author":"DA Calhoun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Calhoun, D. A. & White, W. B. Effectiveness of the selective aldosterone antagonist eplerenone in treating resistant hypertension. J. Am. Soc. Hypertens. 2, 462\u2013468 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-200403000-00003","volume":"13","author":"CN Gashti","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gashti, C. N. & Bakris, G. L. The role of calcium antagonists in chronic kidney disease. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13, 155\u2013161 (2004).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e318279acbf","volume":"126","author":"PK Whelton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Whelton, P. K.  et al. Sodium, blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease: further evidence supporting the American Heart Association sodium reduction recommendations. Circulation 126, 2880\u20132889 (2012).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001459","volume":"16","author":"FJ He","year":"2002","unstructured":"He, F. J. & MacGregor, G. A. Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Implications for public health. J. Hum. Hypertens. 16, 761\u2013770 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31820d0793","volume":"123","author":"LJ Appel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Appel, L. J.  et al. The importance of population-wide sodium reduction as a means to prevent cardiovascular disease and stroke: a call to action from the American Heart Association. Circulation 123, 1138\u20131143 (2011).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.131235","volume":"54","author":"E Pimenta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pimenta, E.  et al. Effects of dietary sodium reduction on blood pressure in subjects with resistant hypertension: results from a randomized trial. Hypertension 54, 475\u2013481 (2009).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2011.00445.x","volume":"13","author":"PA Sarafidis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sarafidis, P. A. Epidemiology of resistant hypertension. J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich) 13, 523\u2013528 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich)"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834a8a42","volume":"29","author":"AK Gupta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gupta, A. K.  et al. Baseline predictors of resistant hypertension in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcome Trial (ASCOT): a risk score to identify those at high-risk. J. Hypertens. 29, 2004\u20132013 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000173394.39197.4e","volume":"23","author":"K Yoshita","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yoshita, K.  et al. Relationship of alcohol consumption to 7-year blood pressure change in Japanese men. J. Hypertens. 23, 1485\u20131490 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-011-1116-4","volume":"131","author":"D Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li, D., Zhao, H. & Gelernter, J. Strong protective effect of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH2) 504lys (*2) allele against alcoholism and alcohol-induced medical diseases in Asians. Hum. Genet. 131, 725\u2013737 (2012).","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pimenta, E.  et al. Increased dietary sodium is related to severity of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with resistant hypertension and hyperaldosteronism. Chest http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.12-0802.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0802"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2012.03.010","volume":"28","author":"D Clark","year":"2012","unstructured":"Clark, D., Ahmed, M. I. & Calhoun, D. A. Resistant hypertension and aldosterone: an update. Can. J. Cardiol. 28, 318\u2013325 (2012).","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031337","volume":"89","author":"P Mulatero","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mulatero, P.  et al. Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 1045\u20131050 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0104","volume":"9","author":"J Funder","year":"2008","unstructured":"Funder, J.  et al. Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 9, 3266\u20133281 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000038478.59760.41","volume":"40","author":"P Mulatero","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mulatero, P.  et al. Drug effects on aldosterone\/plasma renin activity in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 40, 897\u2013902 (2002).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.179788","volume":"58","author":"RP Pedrosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedrosa, R. P.  et al. Obstructive sleep apnea. The most common secondary cause of hypertension associated with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 58, 811\u2013817 (2011).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2011.47","volume":"26","author":"T Dudenbostel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dudenbostel, T. & Calhoun, D. A. Resistant hypertension, obstructive sleep apnoea and aldosterone. J. Hum. Hypertens. 26, 281\u2013287 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32833b9c63","volume":"10","author":"L Lozano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lozano, L.  et al. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment in sleep apnea patients with resistant hypertension: a randomized, controlled trial. J. Hypertens. 10, 2161\u20132168 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2010.145","volume":"7","author":"M Kohler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kohler, M. & Stradling, J. R. Mechanisms of vascular damage in obstructive sleep apnea. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 7, 677\u2013685 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs041","volume":"33","author":"G Parati","year":"2012","unstructured":"Parati, G. & Esler, M. The human sympathetic nervous system: its relevance in hypertension and heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 33, 1058\u20131066 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2012.10.001","volume":"6","author":"LM Ruilope","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ruilope, L. M. & Schmieder, R. Current status of renal denervation in resistant hypertension. J. Am. Soc. Hypertens. 6, 414\u2013416 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"BFnrcardio201323_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.170308","volume":"57","author":"SD Persell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Persell, S. D. Prevalence of resistant hypertension in the United States, 2003\u20132008. Hypertension 57, 1076\u20131080 (2011).","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrcardio.2013.23.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrcardio.2013.23","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrcardio.2013.23.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T06:10:12Z","timestamp":1744351812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrcardio.2013.23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrcardio201323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrcardio.2013.23","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5002","1759-5010"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1759-5002"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1759-5010"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2013","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}