{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:45:39Z","timestamp":1791319539721,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]],"date-time":"2012-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Clin Oncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2012.209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]],"date-time":"2012-12-04T06:08:27Z","timestamp":1354601307000},"page":"90-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":841,"title":["Understanding the mechanisms and treatment options in cancer cachexia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Fearon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jann","family":"Arends","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vickie","family":"Baracos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","volume":"12","author":"K Fearon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fearon, K. et al. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol. 12, 489\u2013495 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2006.01.020","volume":"25","author":"J Arends","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arends, J. et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: non-surgical oncology. Clin. Nutr. 25, 245\u2013259 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21174","volume":"32","author":"C Kubrak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kubrak, C. et al. Nutrition impact symptoms: key determinants of reduced dietary intake, weight loss, and reduced functional capacity of patients with head and neck cancer before treatment. Head Neck 32, 290\u2013300 (2010).","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19980201)82:3<553::AID-CNCR18>3.0.CO;2-0","volume":"82","author":"JP Simons","year":"1998","unstructured":"Simons, J. P. et al. Effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on food intake, body composition, and resting energy expenditure in patients with advanced, nonhormone-sensitive cancer: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Cancer 82, 553\u2013560 (1998).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR5","first-page":"2038","volume":"41","author":"DW Nixon","year":"1981","unstructured":"Nixon, D. W. et al. Hyperalimentation of the cancer patient with protein-calorie undernutrition. Cancer Res. 41, 2038\u20132045 (1981).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-061509-131248","volume":"62","author":"S Dodson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dodson, S. et al. Muscle wasting in cancer cachexia: clinical implications, diagnosis, and emerging treatment strategies. Annu. Rev. Med. 62, 265\u2013279 (2011).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2009.12.083","volume":"11","author":"CR van Wetering","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Wetering, C. R. et al. Efficacy and costs of nutritional rehabilitation in muscle-wasted patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a community-based setting: a prespecified subgroup analysis of the INTERCOM trial. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 11, 179\u2013187 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200209000-00023","volume":"27","author":"SM Barratt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barratt, S. M., Smith, R. C., Kee, A. J., Mather, L. E. & Cousins, M. J. Multimodal analgesia and intravenous nutrition preserves total body protein following major upper gastrointestinal surgery. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. 27, 15\u201322 (2002).","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.08.008","volume":"31","author":"S Awad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Awad, S. et al. Marked changes in body composition following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for oesophagogastric cancer. Clin. Nutr. 31, 74\u201377 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8299","volume":"87","author":"MR Smith","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smith, M. R. et al. Changes in body composition during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87, 599\u2013603 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.24.9730","volume":"28","author":"S Antoun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Antoun, S. et al. Association of skeletal muscle wasting with treatment with sorafenib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: results from a placebo-controlled study. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 1054\u20131060 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860902795240","volume":"48","author":"N Helbekkmo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Helbekkmo, N. et al. Chemotherapy and quality of life in NSCLC PS 2 patients. Acta Oncol. 48, 1019\u20131025 (2009).","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3281a30594","volume":"10","author":"K Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kalantar-Zadeh, K. et al. Risk factor paradox in wasting diseases. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 10, 433\u2013442 (2007).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.553965","volume":"29","author":"PA McAuley","year":"2011","unstructured":"McAuley, P. A. & Blair, S. N. Obesity paradoxes. J. Sports Sci. 29, 773\u2013782 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6973","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-1525","volume":"15","author":"BH Tan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tan, B. H., Birdsell, L. A., Martin, L., Baracos, V. E. & Fearon, K. C. Sarcopenia in an overweight or obese patient is an adverse prognostic factor in pancreatic cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 6973\u20136979 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70153-0","volume":"9","author":"CM Prado","year":"2008","unstructured":"Prado, C. M. et al. Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 9, 629\u2013635 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4376","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.27.1916","volume":"28","author":"L Martin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martin, L. et al. Prognostic factors in patients with advanced cancer: use of the patient-generated subjective global assessment in survival prediction. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 4376\u20134383 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3283460371","volume":"14","author":"C Pichard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pichard, C., Baracos, V. & Attaix, D. Would you buy a new tool to improve your practice? Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 14, 221\u2013222 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27273","volume":"89","author":"JR Lieffers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lieffers, J. R. et al. A viscerally-driven cachexia syndrome in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: contributions of organ and tumor mass to whole body energy demands. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89, 1173\u20131179 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.12.008","volume":"31","author":"NA Stephens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stephens, N. A. et al. Sexual dimorphism modulates the impact of cancer cachexia on lower limb muscle mass and function. Clin. Nutr. 31, 499\u2013505 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197906283002606","volume":"300","author":"G Costa","year":"1979","unstructured":"Costa, G. & Donaldson, S. S. Current concepts in cancer: effects of cancer and cancer treatment on the nutrition of the host. N. Engl. J. Med. 300, 1471\u20131474 (1979).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(97)10090-9","volume":"34","author":"HJ Andreyev","year":"1998","unstructured":"Andreyev, H. J., Norman, A. R., Oates, J. & Cunningham, D. Why do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies? Eur. J. Cancer 34, 503\u2013509 (1998).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-8428(00)00048-2","volume":"34","author":"G Nitenberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nitenberg, G. & Raynard, B. Nutritional support of the cancer patient: issues and dilemmas. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 34, 137\u2013168 (2000).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.6-2-140","volume":"6","author":"GD Stewart","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stewart, G. D., Skipworth, R. J. & Fearon, K. C. Cancer cachexia and fatigue. Clin. Med. 6, 140\u2013143 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8588(05)70334-8","volume":"10","author":"S Watanabe","year":"1996","unstructured":"Watanabe, S. & Bruera, E. Anorexia and cachexia, asthenia, and lethargy. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 10, 189\u2013206 (1996).","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1188\/09.ONF.439-445","volume":"36","author":"J Reid","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reid, J., McKenna, H., Fitzsimons, D. & McCance, T. Fighting over food: patient and family understanding of cancer cachexia. Oncol. Nurs. Forum 36, 439\u2013445 (2009).","journal-title":"Oncol. Nurs. Forum"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(05)80001-3","volume":"69","author":"WD Dewys","year":"1980","unstructured":"Dewys, W. D. et al. Prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Am. J. Med. 69, 491\u2013497 (1980).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601781","volume":"90","author":"PJ Ross","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ross, P. J. et al. Do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for lung cancer? Br. J. Cancer 90, 1905\u20131911 (2004).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3283455d45","volume":"14","author":"CM Prado","year":"2011","unstructured":"Prado, C. M., Antoun, S., Sawyer, M. B. & Baracos, V. E. Two faces of drug therapy in cancer: drug-related lean tissue loss and its adverse consequences to survival and toxicity. Curr. Opin. Nutr. Metab. Care 14, 250\u2013254 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37563","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037563","volume":"7","author":"O Mir","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mir, O. et al. Sarcopenia predicts early dose-limiting toxicities and pharmacokinetics of sorafenib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS ONE 7, e37563 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djk196","volume":"99","author":"A Ardizzoni","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ardizzoni, A. et al. Cisplatin- versus carboplatin-based chemotherapy in first-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: an individual patient data meta-analysis. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 99, 847\u2013857 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Natl Cancer Inst."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2010.02218.x","volume":"267","author":"RH Straub","year":"2010","unstructured":"Straub, R. H., Cutolo, M., Buttgereit, F. & Pongratz, G. Energy regulation and neuroendocrine-immune control in chronic inflammatory diseases. J. Intern. Med. 267, 543\u2013560 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2741\/s26","volume":"1","author":"J Gibb","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gibb, J., Audet, M. C., Hayley, S. & Anisman, H. Neurochemical and behavioral responses to inflammatory immune stressors. Front. Biosci. (Schol. Ed.) 1, 275\u2013295 (2009).","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Schol. Ed.)"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1188\/08.ONF.802-807","volume":"35","author":"JS Myers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Myers, J. S. Proinflammatory cytokines and sickness behavior: implications for depression and cancer-related symptoms. Oncol. Nurs. Forum 35, 802\u2013807 (2008).","journal-title":"Oncol. Nurs. Forum"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.06.011","volume":"16","author":"KC Fearon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fearon, K. C., Glass, D. J. & Guttridge, D. C. Cancer cachexia: mediators, signaling, and metabolic pathways. Cell Metab. 16, 153\u2013166 (2012).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111020","volume":"208","author":"TP Braun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Braun, T. P. et al. Central nervous system inflammation induces muscle atrophy via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J. Exp. Med. 208, 2449\u20132463 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201200231","volume":"4","author":"BH Tan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tan, B. H. et al. P-selectin genotype is associated with the development of cancer cachexia. EMBO Mol. Med. 4, 462\u2013471 (2012).","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198973","volume":"333","author":"SK Das","year":"2011","unstructured":"Das, S. K. et al. Adipose triglyceride lipase contributes to cancer-associated cachexia. Science 333, 233\u2013238 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.16.1772-b","volume":"297","author":"P Kortebein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kortebein, P., Ferrando, A., Lombeida, J., Wolfe, R. & Evans, W. J. Effect of 10 days of bed rest on skeletal muscle in healthy older adults. JAMA 297, 1772\u20131774 (2007).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR40","first-page":"3515","volume":"84","author":"AA Ferrando","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ferrando, A. A., Stuart, C. A., Sheffield-Moore, M. & Wolfe, R. R. Inactivity amplifies the catabolic response of skeletal muscle to cortisol. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 3515\u20133521 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-011-3641-2","volume":"47","author":"RA Murphy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murphy, R. A. et al. Aberrations in plasma phospholipid fatty acids in lung cancer patients. Lipids 47, 363\u2013369 (2012).","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25709","volume":"117","author":"RA Murphy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murphy, R. A. et al. Nutritional intervention with fish oil provides a benefit over standard of care for weight and skeletal muscle mass in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer receiving chemotherapy. Cancer 117, 1775\u20131782 (2011).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25933","volume":"117","author":"RA Murphy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murphy, R. A. et al. Supplementation with fish oil increases first-line chemotherapy efficacy in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer 117, 3774\u20133780 (2011).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-008-0593-y","volume":"24","author":"MG Fakih","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fakih, M. G. et al. Chemotherapy is linked to severe vitamin D deficiency in patients with colorectal cancer. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 24, 219\u2013224 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2009.00246.x","volume":"67","author":"SH Zeisel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zeisel, S. H. & da Costa, K. A. Choline: an essential nutrient for public health. Nutr. Rev. 67, 615\u2013623 (2009).","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-199905000-00002","volume":"2","author":"PO Hasselgren","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hasselgren, P. O. Glucocorticoids and muscle catabolism. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2, 201\u2013205 (1999).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3844","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0588","volume":"91","author":"M Sheffield-Moore","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sheffield-Moore, M. et al. Androgen therapy induces muscle protein anabolism in older women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91, 3844\u20133849 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28608E","volume":"91","author":"NP Gullett","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gullett, N. P., Hebbar, G. & Ziegler, T. R. Update on clinical trials of growth factors and anabolic steroids in cachexia and wasting. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91, 1143S\u20131147S (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1101-1014","volume":"3","author":"SC Bodine","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bodine, S. C. et al. Akt\/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo. Nat. Cell Biol. 3, 1014\u20131019 (2001).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR50","first-page":"267","volume":"346","author":"DJ Glass","year":"2010","unstructured":"Glass, D. J. PI3 kinase regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 346, 267\u2013278 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1258","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00105.2009","volume":"296","author":"AU Trendelenburg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Trendelenburg, A. U. et al. Myostatin reduces Akt\/TORC1\/p70S6K signaling, inhibiting myoblast differentiation and myotube size. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 296, C1258\u20131270 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603280","volume":"95","author":"A Spiro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spiro, A., Baldwin, C., Patterson, A., Thomas, J. & Andreyev, H. J. The views and practice of oncologists towards nutritional support in patients receiving chemotherapy. Br. J. Cancer 95, 431\u2013434 (2006).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR53","first-page":"102","volume":"44","author":"DK Heyland","year":"2001","unstructured":"Heyland, D. K. et al. Total parenteral nutrition in the surgical patient: a meta-analysis. Can. J. Surg. 44, 102\u2013111 (2001).","journal-title":"Can. J. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.15.2930","volume":"18","author":"A Jatoi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jatoi, A., Kumar, S., Sloan, J. A. & Nguyen, P. L. On appetite and its loss. J. Clin. Oncol. 18, 2930\u20132932 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR55","first-page":"1203","volume":"53","author":"AL Ries","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ries, A. L. Pulmonary rehabilitation: summary of an evidence-based guideline. Respir. Care 53, 1203\u20131207 (2008).","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clcc.2011.10.001","volume":"10","author":"A de Gramont","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Gramont, A. et al. The evolution of adjuvant therapy in the treatment of early-stage colon cancer. Clin. Colorectal Cancer 10, 218\u2013226 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Colorectal Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevOncog.v17.i3.70","volume":"17","author":"A Vigano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vigano, A., Del Fabbro, E., Bruera, E. & Borod, E. The cachexia clinic: from staging to managing nutritional and functional problems in advanced cancer patients. Crit. Rev. Oncog. 17, 293\u2013304 (2012).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncog."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2009.08.002","volume":"9","author":"TM Manini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Manini, T. M. Energy expenditure and aging. Ageing Res. Rev. 9, 1\u201311 (2010).","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601620","volume":"90","author":"AW Moses","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moses, A. W., Slater, C., Preston, T., Barber, M. D. & Fearon, K. C. Reduced total energy expenditure and physical activity in cachectic patients with pancreatic cancer can be modulated by an energy and protein dense oral supplement enriched with n-3 fatty acids. Br. J. Cancer 90, 996\u20131002 (2004).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.10.1479","volume":"52","author":"KC Fearon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fearon, K. C. et al. Effect of a protein and energy dense N-3 fatty acid enriched oral supplement on loss of weight and lean tissue in cancer cachexia: a randomised double blind trial. Gut 52, 1479\u20131486 (2003).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20160","volume":"100","author":"K Lundholm","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lundholm, K., Daneryd, P., Bosaeus, I., Korner, U. & Lindholm, E. Palliative nutritional intervention in addition to cyclooxygenase and erythropoietin treatment for patients with malignant disease: effects on survival, metabolism, and function. Cancer 100, 967\u2013977 (2004).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr556","volume":"7","author":"C Baldwin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baldwin, C., Spiro, A., Ahern, R. & Emery, P. W. Oral nutritional interventions in malnourished patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 7, 371\u2013385 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Natl Cancer Inst."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2011.06.013","volume":"43","author":"E Ferriolli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ferriolli, E. et al. Physical activity monitoring: a responsive and meaningful patient-centered outcome for surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy? J. Pain Symptom Manage. 43, 1025\u20131035 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manage."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-010-0007-1","volume":"1","author":"K Lenk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lenk, K., Schuler, G. & Adams, V. Skeletal muscle wasting in cachexia and sarcopenia: molecular pathophysiology and impact of exercise training. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 1, 9\u201321 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2011-0133","volume":"16","author":"LM Oldervoll","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oldervoll, L. M. et al. Physical exercise for cancer patients with advanced disease: a randomized controlled trial. Oncologist 16, 1649\u20131657 (2011).","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-012-0067-5","volume":"3","author":"JM Argil\u00e9s","year":"2012","unstructured":"Argil\u00e9s, J. M., Busquets, S., L\u00f3pez-Soriano, F. J., Costelli, P. & Penna, F. Are there any benefits of exercise training in cancer cachexia? J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 3, 73\u201376 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.10.3299","volume":"17","author":"CL Loprinzi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Loprinzi, C. L. et al. Randomized comparison of megestrol acetate versus dexamethasone versus fluoxymesterone for the treatment of cancer anorexia\/cachexia. J. Clin. Oncol. 17, 3299\u20133306 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.05.1847","volume":"24","author":"F Strasser","year":"2006","unstructured":"Strasser, F. et al. Comparison of orally administered cannabis extract and \u03b4-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in treating patients with cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome: a multicenter, phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial from the Cannabis-In-Cachexia-Study-Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 3394\u20133400 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR69","first-page":"5602","volume":"54","author":"K Lundholm","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lundholm, K. et al. Anti-inflammatory treatment may prolong survival in undernourished patients with metastatic solid tumors. Cancer Res. 54, 5602\u20135606 (1994).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR70","first-page":"505","volume":"24","author":"K Lundholm","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lundholm, K., Daneryd, P., K\u00f6rner, U., Hyltander, A. & Bosaeus, I. Evidence that long-term COX-treatment improves energy homeostasis and body composition in cancer patients with progressive cachexia. Int. J. Oncol. 24, 505\u2013512 (2004).","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2007.12.004","volume":"47","author":"G Schmitz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmitz, G. & Ecker, J. The opposing effects of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Prog. Lipid Res. 47, 147\u2013155 (2008).","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dewey, A., Baughan, C., Dean, T., Higgins, B. & Johnson, I. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, an \u03c9-3 fatty acid from fish oils) for the treatment of cancer cachexia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1, Art. No.: CD004597. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004597.pub2 .","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004597.pub2"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.121202","volume":"140","author":"BS van der Meij","year":"2010","unstructured":"van der Meij, B. S. et al. Oral nutritional supplements containing (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids affect the nutritional status of patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer during multimodality treatment. J. Nutr. 140, 1774\u20131780 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425908099317","volume":"15","author":"AS Noman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Noman, A. S. et al. Thalidomide inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 production via down-regulation of MyD88 expression. Innate Immun. 15, 33\u201341 (2009).","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008329821941","volume":"10","author":"E Bruera","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bruera, E. et al. Thalidomide in patients with cachexia due to terminal cancer: preliminary report. Ann. Oncol. 10, 857\u2013859 (1999).","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01457.x","volume":"17","author":"ZH Khan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Khan, Z. H. et al. Oesophageal cancer and cachexia: the effect of short-term treatment with thalidomide on weight loss and lean body mass. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 17, 677\u2013682 (2003).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.047563","volume":"54","author":"JN Gordon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gordon, J. N. et al. Thalidomide in the treatment of cancer cachexia: a randomised placebo controlled trial. Gut 54, 540\u2013545 (2005).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.2174\/156800912800190893","volume":"12","author":"T Moehler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moehler, T. Clinical experience with thalidomide and lenalidomide in multiple myeloma. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets 12, 372\u2013390 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR79","first-page":"3845","volume":"52","author":"MJ Heslin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Heslin, M. J., Newman, E., Wolf, R. F., Pisters, P. W. & Brennan, M. F. Effect of systemic hyperinsulinemia in cancer patients. Cancer Res. 52, 3845\u20133850 (1992).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-7404(92)90086-Z","volume":"1","author":"E Newman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Newman, E., Heslin, M. J., Wolf, R. F., Pisters, P. W. & Brennan, M. F. The effect of insulin on glucose and protein metabolism in the forearm of cancer patients. Surg. Oncol. 1, 257\u2013267 (1992).","journal-title":"Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-2720","volume":"13","author":"K Lundholm","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lundholm, K. et al. Insulin treatment in cancer cachexia: effects on survival, metabolism, and physical functioning. Clin. Cancer Res. 13, 2699\u20132706 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031768","volume":"89","author":"NM Neary","year":"2004","unstructured":"Neary, N. M. et al. Ghrelin increases energy intake in cancer patients with impaired appetite: acute, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 2832\u20132836 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garcia, J. M., Friend, J. & Allen, S. Therapeutic potential of anamorelin, a novel, oral ghrelin mimetic, in patients with cancer-related cachexia: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, crossover, pilot study. Support. Care Cancer http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s00520-012-1500-1 .","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-012-1500-1"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR84","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2012)."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-011-0034-6","volume":"2","author":"JT Dalton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dalton, J. T. et al. The selective androgen receptor modulator GTx-024 (enobosarm) improves lean body mass and physical function in healthy elderly men and postmenopausal women: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2, 153\u2013161 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR86","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2012)."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20270","volume":"111","author":"MH Zaki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zaki, M. H., Nemeth, J. A. & Trikha, M. CNTO 328, a monoclonal antibody to IL-6, inhibits human tumor-induced cachexia in nude mice. Int. J. Cancer 111, 592\u2013595 (2004).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2011.627850","volume":"11","author":"TJ Bayliss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bayliss, T. J., Smith, J. T., Schuster, M., Dragnev, K. H. & Rigas, J. R. A humanized anti-IL-6 antibody (ALD518) in non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 11, 1663\u20131668 (2011).","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.144","volume":"106","author":"CM Prado","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prado, C. M. et al. Skeletal muscle anabolism is a side effect of therapy with the MEK inhibitor: selumetinib in patients with cholangiocarcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 106, 1583\u20131586 (2012).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0b013e32834bddf9","volume":"5","author":"HQ Han","year":"2011","unstructured":"Han, H. Q. & Mitch, W. E. Targeting the myostatin signaling pathway to treat muscle wasting diseases. Curr. Opin. Support Palliat. Care 5, 334\u2013341 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Support Palliat. Care"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.07.011","volume":"142","author":"X Zhou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhou, X. et al. Reversal of cancer cachexia and muscle wasting by ActRIIB antagonism leads to prolonged survival. Cell 142, 531\u2013543 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.12.123","volume":"391","author":"ME Benny Klimek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Benny Klimek, M. E. et al. Acute inhibition of myostatin-family proteins preserves skeletal muscle in mouse models of cancer cachexia. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 391, 1548\u20131554 (2010).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR93","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2012)."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR94","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2012)."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR95","unstructured":"American Dietetic Association. Oncology evidence-based nutrition practice guideline [online] , (2007)."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607109341804","volume":"33","author":"DA August","year":"2009","unstructured":"August, D. A., Huhmann, M. B. & American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A. S. P. E. N.) Board of Directors. A. S. P. E. N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support therapy during adult anticancer treatment and in hematopoietic cell transplantation. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 33, 472\u2013500 (2009).","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr."},{"issue":"Suppl. s2","key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0080.2006.00099.x","volume":"63","author":"JD Bauer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bauer, J. D. et al. Evidence based practice guidelines for the nutritional management of cancer cachexia. Nutr. Dietetics 63 (Suppl. s2), S3\u2013S32 (2006).","journal-title":"Nutr. Dietetics"},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.04.011","volume":"28","author":"F Bozzetti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bozzetti, F. et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: non-surgical oncology. Clin. Nutr. 28, 445\u2013454 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"Suppl. 6","key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97S","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607110374320","volume":"34","author":"FA Moore","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moore, F. A., Ziegler, T. R., Heyland, D. K., Marik, P. E. & Bistrian, B. R. Developing research programs in clinical and translational nutrition. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr. 34 (Suppl. 6), 97S\u2013105S (2010).","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR100","unstructured":"Commission on Cancer. Cancer Program Standards 2012: Ensuring Patient-Centered Care [online] , (2012)."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR101","unstructured":"OnkoZert [online] , (2012)."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR102","unstructured":"German Society of Hematology and Oncology [German, online ], (2012)."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR103","volume-title":"Organisation of European Cancer Institutes Accreditation and Designation User Manual","author":"F Boomsma","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boomsma, F. et al. Organisation of European Cancer Institutes Accreditation and Designation User Manual (eds Pierotti, M. A., van Harten W., Hummel, H. & Otter, R.) [online] , (2011)."},{"key":"BFnrclinonc2012209_CR104","unstructured":"Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. Resolution ResAP (2003)3 on food and nutritional care in hospitals [online] , (2003)."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrclinonc.2012.209.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrclinonc.2012.209","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrclinonc.2012.209.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T10:46:24Z","timestamp":1714646784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrclinonc.2012.209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrclinonc2012209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrclinonc.2012.209","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-4774","1759-4782"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-4774","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-4782","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]]}}}