{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T18:07:19Z","timestamp":1789409239129,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,21]],"date-time":"2011-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1319155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,21]],"date-time":"2011-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1319155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Drug Discov"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,21]],"date-time":"2011-10-21T05:38:27Z","timestamp":1319175507000},"page":"853-867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Convergent pathogenic pathways in Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases: shared targets for drug development"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Dagmar E.","family":"Ehrnhoefer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bibiana K. Y.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Hayden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.02.002","volume":"7","author":"W Thies","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alzheimer's Association, Thies, W. & Bleiler, L. 2011 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 7, 208\u2013244 (2011).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c3109","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3109","volume":"340","author":"MJ Novak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Novak, M. J. & Tabrizi, S. J. Huntington's disease. BMJ 340, c3109 (2010).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1410","volume":"20","author":"R Mihaescu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mihaescu, R. et al. Translational research in genomics of Alzheimer's disease: a review of current practice and future perspectives. J. Alzheimers Dis. 20, 967\u2013980 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1586\/erm.10.48","volume":"10","author":"T Zetzsche","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zetzsche, T., Rujescu, D., Hardy, J. & Hampel, H. Advances and perspectives from genetic research: development of biological markers in Alzheimer's disease. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 10, 667\u2013690 (2010).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR5","first-page":"S3","volume":"110","author":"X Bi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bi, X. Alzheimer disease: update on basic mechanisms. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 110, S3\u2013S9 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R12","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq160","volume":"19","author":"L Crews","year":"2010","unstructured":"Crews, L. & Masliah, E. Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 19, R12\u2013R20 (2010).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3505","volume":"10","author":"E Karran","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karran, E., Mercken, M. & De Strooper, B. The amyloid cascade hypothesis for Alzherimer's disease: an appraisal for the development of therapeutics. Nature Rev. Drug Discov. 10, 698\u2013712 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410386236","volume":"17","author":"AL Southwell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Southwell, A. L. & Patterson, P. H. Gene therapy in mouse models of huntington disease. Neuroscientist 17, 153\u2013162 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"5","key":"BFnrd3556_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410390378","volume":"17","author":"Dagmar E. Ehrnhoefer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ehrnhoefer, D. E., Sutton, L. & Hayden, M. R. Small changes, big impact: posttranslational modifications and function of huntingtin in huntington disease. Neuroscientist 10 Feb 2011 (doi:10.1177\/1073858410390378).","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199005033221807","volume":"322","author":"RL Albin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Albin, R. L. et al. Abnormalities of striatal projection neurons and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in presymptomatic Huntington's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 322, 1293\u20131298 (1990).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.9.1395","volume":"58","author":"JL Price","year":"2001","unstructured":"Price, J. L. et al. Neuron number in the entorhinal cortex and CA1 in preclinical Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 58, 1395\u20131402 (2001).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)91462-9","volume":"1","author":"F Tagliavini","year":"1983","unstructured":"Tagliavini, F. & Pilleri, G. Neuronal counts in basal nucleus of Meynert in Alzheimer disease and in simple senile dementia. Lancet 1, 469\u2013470 (1983).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(98)00080-3","volume":"19","author":"PR Mouton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mouton, P. R., Martin, L. J., Calhoun, M. E., Dal Forno, G. & Price, D. L. Cognitive decline strongly correlates with cortical atrophy in Alzheimer's dementia. Neurobiol. Aging 19, 371\u2013377 (1998).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2009","volume":"90","author":"C Zuccato","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zuccato, C., Valenza, M. & Cattaneo, E. Molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutical targets in Huntington's disease. Physiol. Rev. 90, 905\u2013981 (2010). This is a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets that are involved in HD.","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR15","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Neurobiology of Huntington's Disease: Applications to Drug Discovery","author":"SP Kwak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kwak, S. P., Wang, J. K. T. & Howland, D. S. in Neurobiology of Huntington's Disease: Applications to Drug Discovery (eds Lo, D. C. & Hughes, R. E.) 85\u2013120 (CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, 2011)."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70276-3","volume":"10","author":"SJ Tabrizi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tabrizi, S. J. et al. Biological and clinical changes in premanifest and early stage Huntington's disease in the TRACK-HD study: the 12-month longitudinal analysis. Lancet Neurol. 10, 31\u201342 (2011). This is a detailed study on the feasibility of clinical trials in patients without (or with very early) manifest symptoms of HD, including clearly defined end points and power calculations used in statistical comparisons.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.002451","volume":"2","author":"DE Ehrnhoefer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ehrnhoefer, D. E., Butland, S. L., Pouladi, M. A. & Hayden, M. R. Mouse models of Huntington disease: variations on a theme. Dis. Model. Mech. 2, 123\u2013129 (2009).","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR18","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Biology of the NMDA receptor (Frontiers in Neuroscience)","author":"HB Fernandes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fernandes, H. B. & Raymond, L. A. in Biology of the NMDA receptor (Frontiers in Neuroscience) Ch.2 (ed. Van Dongen, A. M.) 17\u201340 (CRC, Boca Raton, 2009)."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8495","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M900141200","volume":"284","author":"HS Hoe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hoe, H. S. et al. The effects of amyloid precursor protein on postsynaptic composition and activity. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 8495\u20138506 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33364","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304240200","volume":"278","author":"C Song","year":"2003","unstructured":"Song, C., Zhang, Y., Parsons, C. G. & Liu, Y. F. Expression of polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin induces tyrosine phosphorylation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 33364\u201333369 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4152-10.2011","volume":"31","author":"ED Roberson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roberson, E. D. et al. Amyloid-\u03b2\/Fyn-induced synaptic, network, and cognitive impairments depend on tau levels in multiple mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 31, 700\u2013711 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.06.036","volume":"142","author":"LM Ittner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ittner, L. M. et al. Dendritic function of tau mediates amyloid-\u03b2 toxicity in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Cell 142, 387\u2013397 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6606-3-20","volume":"3","author":"JL Hu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hu, J. L., Liu, G., Li, Y. C., Gao, W. J. & Huang, Y. Q. Dopamine D1 receptor-mediated NMDA receptor insertion depends on Fyn but not Src kinase pathway in prefrontal cortical neurons. Mol. Brain 3, 20 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2056","volume":"15","author":"S Okamoto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Okamoto, S. et al. Balance between synaptic versus extrasynaptic NMDA receptor activity influences inclusions and neurotoxicity of mutant huntingtin. Nature Med. 15, 1407\u20131413 (2009). This is a detailed analysis of the mechanism of action of memantine, and a demonstration of its beneficial effects in a mouse model of HD.","journal-title":"Nature Med."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5245-10.2011","volume":"31","author":"A Sydow","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sydow, A. et al. Tau-induced defects in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory are reversible in transgenic mice after switching off the toxic Tau mutant. J. Neurosci. 31, 2511\u20132525 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.03.036","volume":"146","author":"VW Kung","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kung, V. W., Hassam, R., Morton, A. J. & Jones, S. Dopamine-dependent long term potentiation in the dorsal striatum is reduced in the R6\/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Neuroscience 146, 1571\u20131580 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15927","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3021-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"K Bordji","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bordji, K., Becerril-Ortega, J., Nicole, O. & Buisson, A. Activation of extrasynaptic, but not synaptic, NMDA receptors modifies amyloid precursor protein expression pattern and increases amyloid-\u03b2 production. J. Neurosci. 30, 15927\u201315942 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6627","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0203-11.2011","volume":"31","author":"S Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, S. et al. Soluble A\u03b2 oligomers inhibit long-term potentiation through a mechanism involving excessive activation of extrasynaptic NR2B-containing NMDA receptors. J. Neurosci. 31, 6627\u20136638 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.01.008","volume":"65","author":"AJ Milnerwood","year":"2010","unstructured":"Milnerwood, A. J. et al. Early increase in extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signaling and expression contributes to phenotype onset in Huntington's disease mice. Neuron 65, 178\u2013190 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.01.035","volume":"60","author":"M Filali","year":"2011","unstructured":"Filali, M., Lalonde, R. & Rivest, S. Subchronic memantine administration on spatial learning, exploratory activity, and nest-building in an APP\/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 60, 930\u2013936 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-101929","volume":"25","author":"JB Schulz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schulz, J. B. et al. Sustained effects of once-daily memantine treatment on cognition and functional communication skills in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: results of a 16-week open-label trial. J. Alzheimers Dis. 25, 463\u2013475 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0579-5_14","volume":"68","author":"A Beister","year":"2004","unstructured":"Beister, A. et al. The N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist memantine retards progression of Huntington's disease. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 68, 117\u2013122 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. Suppl."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.23.2.jnp206","volume":"23","author":"LE Hjermind","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hjermind, L. E., Law, I., Jonch, A., Stokholm, J. & Nielsen, J. E. Huntington's disease: effect of memantine on FDG\u2013PET brain metabolism? J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 23, 206\u2013210 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.08.005","volume":"13","author":"WG Ondo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ondo, W. G., Mejia, N. I. & Hunter, C. B. A pilot study of the clinical efficacy and safety of memantine for Huntington's disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 13, 453\u2013454 (2007).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.05.020","volume":"145","author":"D Zwilling","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zwilling, D. et al. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibition in blood ameliorates neurodegeneration. Cell 145, 863\u2013874 (2011). This study provides proof of concept for the beneficial effects of the therapeutic modulation of the pathway that generates quinolinic acid in mouse models of AD and HD.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0350424","volume":"35","author":"A Hennigan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hennigan, A., O'Callaghan, R. M. & Kelly, A. M. Neurotrophins and their receptors: roles in plasticity, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 35, 424\u2013427 (2007).","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02237-X","volume":"866","author":"I Ferrer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ferrer, I., Goutan, E., Marin, C., Rey, M. J. & Ribalta, T. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Huntington disease. Brain Res. 866, 257\u2013261 (2000).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(97)00125-3","volume":"49","author":"B Connor","year":"1997","unstructured":"Connor, B. et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is reduced in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 49, 71\u201381 (1997).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.194","volume":"68","author":"AN Voineskos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Voineskos, A. N. et al. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism and prediction of neural risk for Alzheimer disease. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 68, 198\u2013206 (2011).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.07.009","volume":"387","author":"JT Bian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bian, J. T., Zhang, J. W., Zhang, Z. X. & Zhao, H. L. Association analysis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene 196 A\/G polymorphism with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in mainland Chinese. Neurosci. Lett. 387, 11\u201316 (2005).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000952","volume":"7","author":"M Ventriglia","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ventriglia, M. et al. Association between the BDNF 196 A\/G polymorphism and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Mol. Psychiatry 7, 136\u2013137 (2002).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.01.008","volume":"379","author":"P Desai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Desai, P., Nebes, R., DeKosky, S. T. & Kamboh, M. I. Investigation of the effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) polymorphisms on the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and quantitative measures of AD progression. Neurosci. Lett. 379, 229\u2013234 (2005).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10842","volume":"55","author":"S Bagnoli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bagnoli, S. et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor genetic variants are not susceptibility factors to Alzheimer's disease in Italy. Ann. Neurol. 55, 447\u2013448 (2004).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000077736","volume":"18","author":"O Combarros","year":"2004","unstructured":"Combarros, O., Infante, J., Llorca, J. & Berciano, J. Polymorphism at codon 66 of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene is not associated with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 18, 55\u201358 (2004).","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000175977.57661.b1","volume":"65","author":"J Alberch","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alberch, J. et al. Association between BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and age at onset in Huntington disease. Neurology 65, 964\u2013965 (2005).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.07.008","volume":"24","author":"S Kishikawa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kishikawa, S. et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor does not influence age at neurologic onset of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 24, 280\u2013285 (2006).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/373109a0","volume":"373","author":"SA Neeper","year":"1995","unstructured":"Neeper, S. A., Gomez-Pinilla, F., Choi, J. & Cotman, C. Exercise and brain neurotrophins. Nature 373, 109 (1995).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.12.030","volume":"218","author":"HL Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu, H. L., Zhao, G., Cai, K., Zhao, H. H. & Shi, L. D. Treadmill exercise prevents decline in spatial learning and memory in APP\/PS1 transgenic mice through improvement of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Behav. Brain Res. 218, 308\u2013314 (2011).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2008.05.012","volume":"31","author":"S Arancibia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arancibia, S. et al. Protective effect of BDNF against \u03b2-amyloid induced neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo in rats. Neurobiol. Dis. 31, 316\u2013326 (2008).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.05.023","volume":"214","author":"ND Dey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dey, N. D. et al. Genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells reduce behavioral deficits in the YAC 128 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Behav. Brain Res. 214, 193\u2013200 (2010).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13594","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901402106","volume":"106","author":"M Blurton-Jones","year":"2009","unstructured":"Blurton-Jones, M. et al. Neural stem cells improve cognition via BDNF in a transgenic model of Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 13594\u201313599 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1912","volume":"15","author":"AH Nagahara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nagahara, A. H. et al. Neuroprotective effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rodent and primate models of Alzheimer's disease. Nature Med. 15, 331\u2013337 (2009). This study demonstrates the therapeutic effects of BDNF in six animal models of AD, including mouse models and non-human primate models.","journal-title":"Nature Med."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4906","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811228106","volume":"106","author":"DA Simmons","year":"2009","unstructured":"Simmons, D. A. et al. Up-regulating BDNF with an ampakine rescues synaptic plasticity and memory in Huntington's disease knockin mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 4906\u20134911 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-1004","volume":"16","author":"T Leyhe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leyhe, T. et al. Increase of BDNF serum concentration in lithium treated patients with early Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 16, 649\u2013656 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.080044","volume":"198","author":"OV Forlenza","year":"2011","unstructured":"Forlenza, O. V. et al. Disease-modifying properties of long-term lithium treatment for amnestic mild cognitive impairment: randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Psychiatry 198, 351\u2013356 (2011).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2009.72","volume":"15","author":"EM Toledo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Toledo, E. M. & Inestrosa, N. C. Activation of Wnt signaling by lithium and rosiglitazone reduced spatial memory impairment and neurodegeneration in brains of an APPswe\/PSEN1\u0394E9 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol. Psychiatry 15, 272\u2013285 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33791","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M204861200","volume":"277","author":"J Carmichael","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carmichael, J., Sugars, K. L., Bao, Y. P. & Rubinsztein, D. C. Glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 inhibitors prevent cellular polyglutamine toxicity caused by the Huntington's disease mutation. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 33791\u201333798 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4321-06.2007","volume":"27","author":"E Rockenstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rockenstein, E. et al. Neuroprotective effects of regulators of the glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 signaling pathway in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease are associated with reduced amyloid precursor protein phosphorylation. J. Neurosci. 27, 1981\u20131991 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1159\/000314310","volume":"62","author":"JA Quiroz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Quiroz, J. A., Machado-Vieira, R., Zarate, C. A. Jr & Manji, H. K. Novel insights into lithium's mechanism of action: neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. Neuropsychobiology 62, 50\u201360 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.06.018","volume":"118","author":"LR Gauthier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gauthier, L. R. et al. Huntingtin controls neurotrophic support and survival of neurons by enhancing BDNF vesicular transport along microtubules. Cell 118, 127\u2013138 (2004).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13409","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1964-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"E Peethumnongsin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peethumnongsin, E. et al. Convergence of presenilin- and tau-mediated pathways on axonal trafficking and neuronal function. J. Neurosci. 30, 13409\u201313418 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5614","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.073197","volume":"285","author":"LL Wu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu, L. L., Fan, Y., Li, S., Li, X. J. & Zhou, X. F. Huntingtin-associated protein-1 interacts with pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mediates its transport and release. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 5614\u20135623 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(03)00168-3","volume":"28","author":"P Harjes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Harjes, P. & Wanker, E. E. The hunt for huntingtin function: interaction partners tell many different stories. Trends Biochem. Sci. 28, 425\u2013433 (2003).","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152993","volume":"319","author":"R Dixit","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dixit, R., Ross, J. L., Goldman, Y. E. & Holzbaur, E. L. Differential regulation of dynein and kinesin motor proteins by tau. Science 319, 1086\u20131089 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M509806200","volume":"281","author":"JR McGuire","year":"2006","unstructured":"McGuire, J. R., Rong, J., Li, S. H. & Li, X. J. Interaction of Huntingtin-associated protein-1 with kinesin light chain: implications in intracellular trafficking in neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 3552\u20133559 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7011","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4272-06.2007","volume":"27","author":"O Lazarov","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lazarov, O. et al. Impairments in fast axonal transport and motor neuron deficits in transgenic mice expressing familial Alzheimer's disease-linked mutant presenilin 1. J. Neurosci. 27, 7011\u20137020 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.05.025","volume":"35","author":"L Sereno","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sereno, L. et al. A novel GSK-3\u03b2 inhibitor reduces Alzheimer's pathology and rescues neuronal loss in vivo. Neurobiol. Dis. 35, 359\u2013367 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2010.510514","volume":"19","author":"PA Marks","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marks, P. A. The clinical development of histone deacetylase inhibitors as targeted anticancer drugs. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 19, 1049\u20131066 (2010).","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0037-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"JP Dompierre","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dompierre, J. P. et al. Histone deacetylase 6 inhibition compensates for the transport deficit in Huntington's disease by increasing tubulin acetylation. J. Neurosci. 27, 3571\u20133583 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.01.053","volume":"562","author":"D Butler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Butler, D., Bendiske, J., Michaelis, M. L., Karanian, D. A. & Bahr, B. A. Microtubule-stabilizing agent prevents protein accumulation-induced loss of synaptic markers. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 562, 20\u201327 (2007).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13861","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3059-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"KR Brunden","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brunden, K.R. et al. Epothilone D improves microtubule density, axonal integrity, and cognition in a transgenic mouse model of tauopathy. J. Neurosci. 30, 13861\u201313866 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000328746","volume":"80","author":"H Iwase","year":"2011","unstructured":"Iwase, H. et al. A Phase II multi-center study of triple therapy with paclitaxel, S-1 and cisplatin in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Oncology 80, 76\u201383 (2011).","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2174\/156720508783884620","volume":"5","author":"O Schulte-Herbruggen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schulte-Herbruggen, O., Jockers-Scherubl, M. C. & Hellweg, R. Neurotrophins: from pathophysiology to treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 5, 38\u201344 (2008).","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.02.027","volume":"453","author":"H Gu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gu, H., Long, D., Song, C. & Li, X. Recombinant human NGF-loaded microspheres promote survival of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and improve memory impairments of spatial learning in the rat model of Alzheimer's disease with fimbria-fornix lesion. Neurosci. Lett. 453, 204\u2013209 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1999.7253","volume":"161","author":"P Menei","year":"2000","unstructured":"Menei, P. et al. Intracerebral implantation of NGF-releasing biodegradable microspheres protects striatum against excitotoxic damage. Exp. Neurol. 161, 259\u2013272 (2000).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1239","volume":"11","author":"MH Tuszynski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tuszynski, M. H. et al. A phase 1 clinical trial of nerve growth factor gene therapy for Alzheimer disease. Nature Med. 11, 551\u2013555 (2005). This is a report on the first clinical trial of growth factor therapy in a human neurodegenerative disease.","journal-title":"Nature Med."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.2174\/156720509787602870","volume":"6","author":"S Covaceuszach","year":"2009","unstructured":"Covaceuszach, S. et al. Development of a non invasive NGF-based therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 6, 158\u2013170 (2009).","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2007.00111.x","volume":"18","author":"C Zuccato","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zuccato, C. et al. Systematic assessment of BDNF and its receptor levels in human cortices affected by Huntington's disease. Brain Pathol. 18, 225\u2013238 (2008).","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34295","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M205167200","volume":"277","author":"CM Troy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Troy, C. M., Friedman, J. E. & Friedman, W. J. Mechanisms of p75-mediated death of hippocampal neurons. Role of caspases. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 34295\u201334302 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.01.029","volume":"53","author":"S Peineau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peineau, S. et al. LTP inhibits LTD in the hippocampus via regulation of GSK3\u03b2. Neuron 53, 703\u2013717 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21578","volume":"65","author":"J Fombonne","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fombonne, J., Rabizadeh, S., Banwait, S., Mehlen, P. & Bredesen, D. E. Selective vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease: amyloid precursor protein and p75(NTR) interaction. Ann. Neurol. 65, 294\u2013303 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4862","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709102105","volume":"105","author":"F Jeanneteau","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jeanneteau, F., Garabedian, M. J. & Chao, M. V. Activation of Trk neurotrophin receptors by glucocorticoids provides a neuroprotective effect. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 4862\u20134867 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.62.05.0001","volume":"62","author":"KL Moffitt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moffitt, K. L., Martin, S. L. & Walker, B. From sentencing to execution \u2014 the processes of apoptosis. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 62, 547\u2013562 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-009-0346-6","volume":"14","author":"Y Feinstein-Rotkopf","year":"2009","unstructured":"Feinstein-Rotkopf, Y. & Arama, E. Can't live without them, can live with them: roles of caspases during vital cellular processes. Apoptosis 14, 980\u2013995 (2009).","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07767","volume":"457","author":"A Nikolaev","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nikolaev, A., McLaughlin, T., O'Leary, D. D. & Tessier-Lavigne, M. APP binds DR6 to trigger axon pruning and neuron death via distinct caspases. Nature 457, 981\u2013989 (2009). This study shows that APP-mediated axon pruning and neuronal death result from caspase 6 and caspase 3 activity, respectively.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2513","volume":"13","author":"KJ Park","year":"2010","unstructured":"Park, K. J., Grosso, C. A., Aubert, I., Kaplan, D. R. & Miller, F. D. p75NTR-dependent, myelin-mediated axonal degeneration regulates neural connectivity in the adult brain. Nature Neurosci. 13, 559\u2013566 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6375","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0922-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"Z Schoenmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schoenmann, Z. et al. Axonal degeneration is regulated by the apoptotic machinery or a NAD+-sensitive pathway in insects and mammals. J. Neurosci. 30, 6375\u20136386 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.03.053","volume":"141","author":"Z Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li, Z. et al. Caspase-3 activation via mitochondria is required for long-term depression and AMPA receptor internalization. Cell 141, 859\u2013871 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.060974","volume":"170","author":"S Albrecht","year":"2007","unstructured":"Albrecht, S. et al. Activation of caspase-6 in aging and mild cognitive impairment. Am. J. Pathol. 170, 1200\u20131209 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15019","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2071-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"RK Graham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Graham, R. K. et al. Cleavage at the 586 amino acid caspase-6 site in mutant huntingtin influences caspase-6 activation in vivo. J. Neurosci. 30, 15019\u201315029 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63317-2","volume":"165","author":"H Guo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Guo, H. et al. Active caspase-6 and caspase-6-cleaved tau in neuropil threads, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Pathol. 165, 523\u2013531 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6132","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5874-09.2010","volume":"30","author":"D Halawani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Halawani, D. et al. Identification of caspase-6-mediated processing of the valosin containing protein (p97) in Alzheimer's disease: a novel link to dysfunction in ubiquitin proteasome system-mediated protein degradation. J. Neurosci. 30, 6132\u20136142 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509695103","volume":"103","author":"V Galvan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Galvan, V. et al. Reversal of Alzheimer's-like pathology and behavior in human APP transgenic mice by mutation of Asp664. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 7130\u20137135 (2006). This study shows that AD-like symptoms in a mouse model can be reversed by preventing the caspase-mediated cleavage of APP.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.04.026","volume":"125","author":"RK Graham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Graham, R. K. et al. Cleavage at the caspase-6 site is required for neuronal dysfunction and degeneration due to mutant huntingtin. Cell 125, 1179\u20131191 (2006). This study shows that similarly to AD, HD-like symptoms in a mouse model are prevented by making mutant HTT resistant to cleavage by caspase 6.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2009.066944","volume":"46","author":"S Ghavami","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ghavami, S. et al. Apoptosis and cancer: mutations within caspase genes. J. Med. Genet. 46, 497\u2013510 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR96","first-page":"82","volume":"26","author":"A Philchenkov","year":"2004","unstructured":"Philchenkov, A., Zavelevich, M., Kroczak, T. J. & Los, M. Caspases and cancer: mechanisms of inactivation and new treatment modalities. Exp. Oncol. 26, 82\u201397 (2004).","journal-title":"Exp. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr024","volume":"20","author":"U Shirendeb","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shirendeb, U. et al. Abnormal mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial loss and mutant huntingtin oligomers in Huntington's disease: implications for selective neuronal damage. Hum. Mol. Genet. 20, 1438\u20131455 (2011).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18670","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006586107","volume":"107","author":"H Du","year":"2010","unstructured":"Du, H. et al. Early deficits in synaptic mitochondria in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 18670\u201318675 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925050","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/925050","volume":"2011","author":"L Pagani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pagani, L. & Eckert, A. Amyloid-\u03b2 interaction with mitochondria. Int. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2011, 925050 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1427.010","volume":"1147","author":"D Pratico","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pratico, D. Evidence of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease brain and antioxidant therapy: lights and shadows. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1147, 70\u201378 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1427.008","volume":"1147","author":"EC Stack","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stack, E. C., Matson, W. R. & Ferrante, R. J. Evidence of oxidant damage in Huntington's disease: translational strategies using antioxidants. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1147, 79\u201392 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2785","volume":"14","author":"J Jo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jo, J. et al. A\u03b21\u201342 inhibition of LTP is mediated by a signaling pathway involving caspase-3, Akt1 and GSK-3\u03b2. Nature Neurosci. 14, 545\u2013547 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.07.014","volume":"142","author":"DC Gray","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gray, D. C., Mahrus, S. & Wells, J. A. Activation of specific apoptotic caspases with an engineered small-molecule-activated protease. Cell 142, 637\u2013646 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.07044.x","volume":"115","author":"G Schettini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schettini, G., Govoni, S., Racchi, M. & Rodriguez, G. Phosphorylation of APP-CTF-AICD domains and interaction with adaptor proteins: signal transduction and\/or transcriptional role \u2014 relevance for Alzheimer pathology. J. Neurochem. 115, 1299\u20131308 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.04.077","volume":"567","author":"H Taru","year":"2004","unstructured":"Taru, H., Yoshikawa, K. & Suzuki, T. Suppression of the caspase cleavage of \u03b2-amyloid precursor protein by its cytoplasmic phosphorylation. FEBS Lett. 567, 248\u2013252 (2004).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2008.09.007","volume":"40","author":"SC Warby","year":"2009","unstructured":"Warby, S. C. et al. Phosphorylation of huntingtin reduces the accumulation of its nuclear fragments. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 40, 121\u2013127 (2009).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(02)00188-0","volume":"2","author":"S Humbert","year":"2002","unstructured":"Humbert, S. et al. The IGF-1\/Akt pathway is neuroprotective in Huntington's disease and involves Huntingtin phosphorylation by Akt. Dev. Cell 2, 831\u2013837 (2002).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14318","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1589-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"M Metzler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Metzler, M. et al. Phosphorylation of huntingtin at Ser421 in YAC128 neurons is associated with protection of YAC128 neurons from NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity and is modulated by PP1 and PP2A. J. Neurosci. 30, 14318\u201314329 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01640","volume":"423","author":"CJ Phiel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Phiel, C. J., Wilson, C. A., Lee, V. M. & Klein, P. S. GSK-3\u03b1 regulates production of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-\u03b2 peptides. Nature 423, 435\u2013439 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"BFnrd3556_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.128","volume":"36","author":"Chi-Tso Chiu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chiu, C. T., Liu, G., Leeds, P. & Chuang, D. M. Combined treatment with the mood stabilizers lithium and valproate produces multiple beneficial effects in transgenic mouse models of huntington's disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 27 Jul 2011 (doi:10.1038\/npp.2011.128).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22184","volume":"88","author":"A Valencia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Valencia, A. et al. Mutant huntingtin and glycogen synthase kinase 3-\u03b2 accumulate in neuronal lipid rafts of a presymptomatic knock-in mouse model of Huntington's disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 88, 179\u2013190 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081588","volume":"205","author":"H Qing","year":"2008","unstructured":"Qing, H. et al. Valproic acid inhibits A\u03b2 production, neuritic plaque formation, and behavioral deficits in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. J. Exp. Med. 205, 2781\u20132789 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"BFnrd3556_CR113","first-page":"91","volume":"83","author":"M Gottlicher","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gottlicher, M. Valproic acid: an old drug newly discovered as inhibitor of histone deacetylases. Ann. Hematol. 83 (Suppl. 1), 91\u201392 (2004).","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000097757","volume":"23","author":"N Herrmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Herrmann, N., Lanctot, K. L., Rothenburg, L. S. & Eryavec, G. A placebo-controlled trial of valproate for agitation and aggression in Alzheimer's disease. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 23, 116\u2013119 (2007).","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3996","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710793205363","volume":"17","author":"M Fardilha","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fardilha, M., Esteves, S. L., Korrodi-Gregorio, L., da Cruz e Silva, O. A. & da Cruz e Silva, F. F. The physiological relevance of protein phosphatase 1 and its interacting proteins to health and disease. Curr. Med. Chem. 17, 3996\u20134017 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M806380200","volume":"284","author":"H Cheng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheng, H. et al. S-palmitoylation of \u03b3-secretase subunits nicastrin and APH-1. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 1373\u20131384 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-127399","volume":"23","author":"K Huang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huang, K. et al. Neuronal palmitoyl acyl transferases exhibit distinct substrate specificity. FASEB J. 23, 2605\u20132615 (2009).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1702","volume":"9","author":"A Yanai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yanai, A. et al. Palmitoylation of huntingtin by HIP14 is essential for its trafficking and function. Nature Neurosci. 9, 824\u2013831 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10879","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M009899200","volume":"276","author":"S Benjannet","year":"2001","unstructured":"Benjannet, S. et al. Post-translational processing of \u03b2-secretase (\u03b2-amyloid-converting enzyme) and its ectodomain shedding. The pro- and transmembrane\/cytosolic domains affect its cellular activity and amyloid-\u03b2 production. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 10879\u201310887 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2788","volume":"11","author":"Y Fukata","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fukata, Y. & Fukata, M. Protein palmitoylation in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 11, 161\u2013175 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3356","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr242","volume":"20","author":"K Huang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huang, K. et al. Wild-type HTT modulates the enzymatic activity of the neuronal palmitoyl transferase HIP14. Hum. Mol. Genet. 20, 3356\u20133365 (2011).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3899","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr308","volume":"20","author":"RR Singaraja","year":"2011","unstructured":"Singaraja, R. R. et al. Altered palmitoylation and neuropathological deficits in mice lacking HIP14. Hum. Mol. Genet. 20, 3899\u20133909 (2011).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3109\/13506120309041729","volume":"10","author":"NK Robakis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Robakis, N. K. An Alzheimer's disease hypothesis based on transcriptional dysregulation. Amyloid 10, 80\u201385 (2003).","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.08.017","volume":"41","author":"T Hathorn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hathorn, T., Snyder-Keller, A. & Messer, A. Nicotinamide improves motor deficits and upregulates PGC-1\u03b1 and BDNF gene expression in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 41, 43\u201350 (2011).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0437870100","volume":"100","author":"E Hockly","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hockly, E. et al. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, ameliorates motor deficits in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 2041\u20132046 (2003).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.229","volume":"34","author":"A Ricobaraza","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ricobaraza, A. et al. Phenylbutyrate ameliorates cognitive deficit and reduces tau pathology in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Neuropsychopharmacology 34, 1721\u20131732 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1066","volume":"10","author":"CA Ross","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ross, C. A. & Poirier, M. A. Protein aggregation and neurodegenerative disease. Nature Med. 10, S10\u2013S17 (2004).","journal-title":"Nature Med."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2010.08.009","volume":"18","author":"J Greenwald","year":"2010","unstructured":"Greenwald, J. & Riek, R. Biology of amyloid: structure, function, and regulation. Structure 18, 1244\u20131260 (2010).","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.sj.6300141","volume":"15","author":"V Perrin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Perrin, V. et al. Neuroprotection by Hsp104 and Hsp27 in lentiviral-based rat models of Huntington's disease. Mol. Ther. 15, 903\u2013911 (2007).","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2002.7933","volume":"176","author":"A Dedeoglu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dedeoglu, A., Ferrante, R. J., Andreassen, O. A., Dillmann, W. H. & Beal, M. F. Mice overexpressing 70-kDa heat shock protein show increased resistance to malonate and 3-nitropropionic acid. Exp. Neurol. 176, 262\u2013265 (2002).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6739","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.110138997","volume":"97","author":"V Heiser","year":"2000","unstructured":"Heiser, V. et al. Inhibition of huntingtin fibrillogenesis by specific antibodies and small molecules: implications for Huntington's disease therapy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 6739\u20136744 (2000).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408936102","volume":"102","author":"X Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. A potent small molecule inhibits polyglutamine aggregation in Huntington's disease neurons and suppresses neurodegeneration in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 892\u2013897 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1437","volume":"15","author":"DE Ehrnhoefer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ehrnhoefer, D. E. et al. EGCG redirects amyloidogenic polypeptides into unstructured, off-pathway oligomers. Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 15, 558\u2013566 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl210","volume":"15","author":"DE Ehrnhoefer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ehrnhoefer, D. E. et al. Green tea (\u2013)-epigallocatechin-gallate modulates early events in huntingtin misfolding and reduces toxicity in Huntington's disease models. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15, 2743\u20132751 (2006).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11101","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011101","volume":"5","author":"R Scherzer-Attali","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scherzer-Attali, R. et al. Complete phenotypic recovery of an Alzheimer's disease model by a quinone-tryptophan hybrid aggregation inhibitor. PLoS ONE 5, e11101 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5599-9","volume":"63","author":"T Hamaguchi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hamaguchi, T., Ono, K. & Yamada, M. Anti-amyloidogenic therapies: strategies for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 63, 1538\u20131552 (2006).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2174\/156720507781788765","volume":"4","author":"M Pickhardt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pickhardt, M. et al. N-phenylamine derivatives as aggregation inhibitors in cell models of tauopathy. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 4, 397\u2013402 (2007).","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-010-0142-x","volume":"99","author":"D Mereles","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mereles, D., Buss, S. J., Hardt, S. E., Hunstein, W. & Katus, H. A. Effects of the main green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate on cardiac involvement in patients with AL amyloidosis. Clin. Res. Cardiol. 99, 483\u2013490 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.02.107","volume":"1214","author":"K Rezai-Zadeh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rezai-Zadeh, K. et al. Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) reduces \u03b2-amyloid mediated cognitive impairment and modulates tau pathology in Alzheimer transgenic mice. Brain Res. 1214, 177\u2013187 (2008).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.01.012","volume":"389","author":"A Smith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smith, A. et al. Nanolipidic particles improve the bioavailability and \u03b1-secretase inducing ability of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Pharm. 389, 207\u2013212 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02998","volume":"431","author":"M Arrasate","year":"2004","unstructured":"Arrasate, M., Mitra, S., Schweitzer, E. S., Segal, M. R. & Finkbeiner, S. Inclusion body formation reduces levels of mutant huntingtin and the risk of neuronal death. Nature 431, 805\u2013810 (2004).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22640","volume":"89","author":"T Umeda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Umeda, T. et al. Intraneuronal amyloid \u03b2 oligomers cause cell death via endoplasmic reticulum stress, endosomal\/lysosomal leakage, and mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo. J. Neurosci. Res. 89, 1031\u20131042 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"BFnrd3556_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2091-8-S1-S2","volume":"8","author":"JE Davies","year":"2007","unstructured":"Davies, J. E., Sarkar, S. & Rubinsztein, D. C. The ubiquitin proteasome system in Huntington's disease and the spinocerebellar ataxias. BMC Biochem. 8 (Suppl. 1), 2 (2007).","journal-title":"BMC Biochem."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00276.x","volume":"12","author":"S Oddo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oddo, S. The ubiquitin-proteasome system in Alzheimer's disease. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 12, 363\u2013373 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4398","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M806269200","volume":"284","author":"S Mitra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mitra, S., Tsvetkov, A. S. & Finkbeiner, S. Single neuron ubiquitin-proteasome dynamics accompanying inclusion body formation in huntington disease. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 4398\u20134403 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.11.006","volume":"69","author":"B Bingol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bingol, B. & Sheng, M. Deconstruction for reconstruction: the role of proteolysis in neural plasticity and disease. Neuron 69, 22\u201332 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200709080","volume":"180","author":"J Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Impaired ubiquitin\u2013proteasome system activity in the synapses of Huntington's disease mice. J. Cell Biol. 180, 1177\u20131189 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3321","volume":"10","author":"L Bedford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bedford, L., Lowe, J., Dick, L. R., Mayer, R. J. & Brownell, J. E. Ubiquitin-like protein conjugation and the ubiquitin\u2013proteasome system as drug targets. Nature Rev. Drug Discov. 10, 29\u201346 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09299","volume":"467","author":"BH Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee, B. H. et al. Enhancement of proteasome activity by a small-molecule inhibitor of USP14. Nature 467, 179\u2013184 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200505082","volume":"171","author":"WH Yu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yu, W. H. et al. Macroautophagy \u2014 a novel \u03b2-amyloid peptide-generating pathway activated in Alzheimer's disease. J. Cell Biol. 171, 87\u201398 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.05.008","volume":"141","author":"JH Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee, J. H. et al. Lysosomal proteolysis and autophagy require presenilin 1 and are disrupted by Alzheimer-related PS1 mutations. Cell 141, 1146\u20131158 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq341","volume":"134","author":"DS Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang, D. S. et al. Reversal of autophagy dysfunction in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease ameliorates amyloid pathologies and memory deficits. Brain 134, 258\u2013277 (2011).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e08-07-0726","volume":"20","author":"D del Toro","year":"2009","unstructured":"del Toro, D. et al. Mutant huntingtin impairs post-Golgi trafficking to lysosomes by delocalizing optineurin\/Rab8 complex from the Golgi apparatus. Mol. Biol. Cell 20, 1478\u20131492 (2009).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.258","volume":"67","author":"PA Jaeger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jaeger, P. A. & Wyss-Coray, T. Beclin 1 complex in autophagy and Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 67, 1181\u20131184 (2010).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14474","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M600364200","volume":"281","author":"M Shibata","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shibata, M. et al. Regulation of intracellular accumulation of mutant Huntingtin by Beclin 1. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 14474\u201314485 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14164","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009485107","volume":"107","author":"MM Lipinski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lipinski, M. M. et al. Genome-wide analysis reveals mechanisms modulating autophagy in normal brain aging and in Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 14164\u201314169 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200510065","volume":"172","author":"A Yamamoto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yamamoto, A., Cremona, M. L. & Rothman, J. E. Autophagy-mediated clearance of huntingtin aggregates triggered by the insulin-signaling pathway. J. Cell Biol. 172, 719\u2013731 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddg346","volume":"12","author":"ZH Qin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Qin, Z. H. et al. Autophagy regulates the processing of amino terminal huntingtin fragments. Hum. Mol. Genet. 12, 3231\u20133244 (2003).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13578","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4390-09.2009","volume":"29","author":"B Spencer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Spencer, B. et al. Beclin 1 gene transfer activates autophagy and ameliorates the neurodegenerative pathology in \u03b1-synuclein models of Parkinson's and Lewy body diseases. J. Neurosci. 29, 13578\u201313588 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2575","volume":"13","author":"E Wong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wong, E. & Cuervo, A. M. Autophagy gone awry in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature Neurosci. 13, 805\u2013811 (2010). This is a detailed review on the dysfunction of autophagic pathways in neurodegeneration.","journal-title":"Nature Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1362","volume":"36","author":"B Ravikumar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ravikumar, B. et al. Inhibition of mTOR induces autophagy and reduces toxicity of polyglutamine expansions in fly and mouse models of Huntington disease. Nature Genet. 36, 585\u2013595 (2004).","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9979","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009979","volume":"5","author":"P Spilman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spilman, P. et al. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin abolishes cognitive deficits and reduces amyloid-\u03b2 levels in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS ONE 5, e9979 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2165\/11585040-000000000-00000","volume":"34","author":"S Sofroniadou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sofroniadou, S. & Goldsmith, D. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors: potential uses and a review of haematological adverse effects. Drug Saf. 34, 97\u2013115 (2011).","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.79","volume":"4","author":"A Williams","year":"2008","unstructured":"Williams, A. et al. Novel targets for Huntington's disease in an mTOR-independent autophagy pathway. Nature Chem. Biol. 4, 295\u2013305 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature Chem. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04606","volume":"70","author":"H Hampel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hampel, H. et al. Lithium trial in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter 10-week study. J. Clin. Psychiatry 70, 922\u2013931 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16982","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004498107","volume":"107","author":"AS Tsvetkov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsvetkov, A. S. et al. A small-molecule scaffold induces autophagy in primary neurons and protects against toxicity in a Huntington disease model. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 16982\u201316987 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.4898","volume":"3","author":"RA Floto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Floto, R. A. et al. Small molecule enhancers of rapamycin-induced TOR inhibition promote autophagy, reduce toxicity in Huntington's disease models and enhance killing of mycobacteria by macrophages. Autophagy 3, 620\u2013622 (2007).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.2174\/156720509788929237","volume":"6","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Petersen, R. C. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: is MCI too late? Curr. Alzheimer Res. 6, 324\u2013330 (2009).","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70355-6","volume":"5","author":"O Hansson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hansson, O. et al. Association between CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study. Lancet Neurol. 5, 228\u2013234 (2006).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61349-9","volume":"377","author":"C Ballard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ballard, C. et al. Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 377, 1019\u20131031 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20759","volume":"70","author":"P Calissano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Calissano, P., Matrone, C. & Amadoro, G. Nerve growth factor as a paradigm of neurotrophins related to Alzheimer's disease. Dev. Neurobiol. 70, 372\u2013383 (2010).","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00219-X","volume":"88","author":"MG Murer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Murer, M. G. et al. An immunohistochemical study of the distribution of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the adult human brain, with particular reference to Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 88, 1015\u20131032 (1999).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"BFnrd3556_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.10355","volume":"25","author":"L Colucci-D'Amato","year":"2003","unstructured":"Colucci-D'Amato, L., Perrone-Capano, C. & di Porzio, U. Chronic activation of ERK and neurodegenerative diseases. Bioessays 25, 1085\u20131095 (2003).","journal-title":"Bioessays"}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Drug Discovery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrd3556.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrd3556","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrd3556.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:33:05Z","timestamp":1741825985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrd3556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,21]]},"references-count":173,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrd3556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrd3556","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.13370031.14740159","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1474-1776","1474-1784"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1474-1776","type":"print"},{"value":"1474-1784","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 October 2011","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}