{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:44:28Z","timestamp":1792028668260,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":203,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,18]],"date-time":"2015-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,18]],"date-time":"2015-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Dis Primers"],"DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,18]],"date-time":"2015-06-18T09:32:54Z","timestamp":1434619974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":231,"title":["HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Charles R. M.","family":"Bangham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abelardo","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihisa","family":"Yamano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham P.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6047","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208979","volume":"24","author":"GP Taylor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Taylor, G. P. & Matsuoka, M. Natural history of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma and approaches to therapy. Oncogene 24, 6047\u20136057 (2005).","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V50.3.481.481","volume":"50","author":"T Uchiyama","year":"1977","unstructured":"Uchiyama, T., Yodoi, J., Sagawa, K., Takatsuki, K. & Uchino, H. Adult T-cell leukemia: clinical and hematologic features of 16 cases. Blood 50, 481\u2013492 (1977).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1994.34694295061.x","volume":"34","author":"E Donegan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Donegan, E. et al. Transfusion transmission of retroviruses: human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II compared with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Transfusion 34, 478\u2013483 (1994).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910510609","volume":"51","author":"A Manns","year":"1992","unstructured":"Manns, A. et al. A prospective study of transmission by transfusion of HTLV-I and risk factors associated with seroconversion. Int. J. Cancer 51, 886\u2013891 (1992).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1991.00400100115019","volume":"151","author":"MT Sullivan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sullivan, M. T. et al. Transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II by blood transfusion. A retrospective study of recipients of blood components The American Red Cross HTLV-I\/II Collaborative Study Group. Arch. Intern. Med. 151, 2043\u20132048 (1991).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12105","volume":"53","author":"PE Hewitt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hewitt, P. E., Davison, K., Howell, D. R. & Taylor, G. P. Human T-lymphotropic virus lookback in NHS Blood and Transplant (England) reveals the efficacy of leukoreduction. Transfusion 53, 2168\u20132175 (2013).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003646","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003646","volume":"10","author":"DJ Laydon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laydon, D. J. et al. Quantification of HTLV-1 clonality and TCR diversity. PLoS Comput. Biol. 10, e1003646 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003271","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003271","volume":"9","author":"A Melamed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Melamed, A. et al. Genome-wide determinants of proviral targeting, clonal abundance and expression in natural HTLV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog. 9, e1003271 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-10-312926","volume":"117","author":"NA Gillet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gillet, N. A. et al. The host genomic environment of the provirus determines the abundance of HTLV-1-infected T cell clones. Blood 117, 3113\u20133122 (2011).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2863","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.5.2863-2868.1995","volume":"69","author":"E Wattel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wattel, E., Vartanian, J. P., Pannetier, C. & Wain-Hobson, S. Clonal expansion of human T-cell leukemia virus type I-infected cells in asymptomatic and symptomatic carriers without malignancy. J. Virol. 69, 2863\u20132868 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR11","first-page":"147","volume":"5","author":"EK Cruickshank","year":"1956","unstructured":"Cruickshank, E. K. A neuropathic syndrome of uncertain origin; review of 100 cases. West Indian Med. J. 5, 147\u2013158 (1956).","journal-title":"West Indian Med. J."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/87.3.425","volume":"87","author":"RD Montgomery","year":"1964","unstructured":"Montgomery, R. D., Cruickshank, E. K., Robertson, W. B. & McMenemey, W. H. Clinical and pathological observations on Jamaican neuropathy, a report on 206 cases. Brain 87, 425\u2013462 (1964). This paper provides the classic description of Jamaican neuropathy, as HAM\/TSP was formerly known.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92734-5","volume":"2","author":"A Gessain","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gessain, A. et al. Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 2, 407\u2013410 (1985). This paper identifies HTLV-1 as the probable causative agent of TSP, another former name for HAM\/TSP.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91298-5","volume":"1","author":"M Osame","year":"1986","unstructured":"Osame, M. et al. HTLV-I associated myelopathy, a new clinical entity. Lancet 1, 1031\u20131032 (1986). This article identifies HAM in Japan; the syndrome was subsequently shown to be identical to TSP, leading to the current designation HAM\/TSP.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR15","first-page":"1003","volume":"140","author":"Y Iwasaki","year":"1992","unstructured":"Iwasaki, Y., Ohara, Y., Kobayashi, I. & Akizuki, S. Infiltration of helper\/inducer T lymphocytes heralds central nervous system damage in human T-cell leukemia virus infection. Am. J. Pathol. 140, 1003\u20131008 (1992).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289809114225","volume":"4","author":"M Nagai","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nagai, M. et al. Analysis of HTLV-I proviral load in 202 HAM\/TSP patients and 243 asymptomatic HTLV-I carriers: high proviral load strongly predisposes to HAM\/TSP. J. Neurovirol. 4, 586\u2013593 (1998). This is the largest systematic study of HTLV-1 proviral load and its disease association.","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.11.1560","volume":"63","author":"S Olindo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Olindo, S. et al. Natural history of human T-lymphotropic virus 1-associated myelopathy: a 14-year follow-up study. Arch. Neurol. 63, 1560\u20131566 (2006).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388","volume":"3","author":"A Gessain","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gessain, A. & Cassar, O. Epidemiological aspects and world distribution of HTLV-1 infection. Front. Microbiol. 3, 388 (2012). This article is the most comprehensive analysis of the prevalence of HTLV-1. This invaluable resource for clinicians and public health policymakers alike also identifies the data gaps.","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1993.9.381","volume":"9","author":"G de The","year":"1993","unstructured":"de The, G. & Bomford, R. An HTLV-I vaccine: why, how, for whom? AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9, 381\u2013386 (1993).","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR20","first-page":"205","volume":"11","author":"C Hlela","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hlela, C., Shepperd, S., Khumalo, N. P. & Taylor, G. P. The prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 in the general population is unknown. AIDS Rev. 11, 205\u2013214 (2009).","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR21","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Geographical distribution of areas with a high prevalence of HTLV-1 infection. ECDC[online], (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2643","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002643","volume":"8","author":"L Einsiedel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Einsiedel, L. et al. Clinical associations of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection in an indigenous Australian population. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8, e2643 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit497","volume":"209","author":"YB Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang, Y. B. et al. Seroprevalence and demographic determinants of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 infections among first-time blood donors \u2014 United States, 2000\u20132009. J. Infect. Dis. 209, 523\u2013531 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2002.1107","volume":"46","author":"Y Ando","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ando, Y. et al. Long-term follow up study of vertical HTLV-I infection in children breast-fed by seropositive mothers. J. Infect. 46, 177\u2013179 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115824","volume":"133","author":"EL Murphy","year":"1991","unstructured":"Murphy, E. L. et al. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) seroprevalence in Jamaica. I. Demographic determinants. Am. J. Epidemiol. 133, 1114\u20131124 (1991).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR26","first-page":"1096","volume":"3","author":"JE Kaplan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kaplan, J. E. et al. The risk of development of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis among persons infected with HTLV-I. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 3, 1096\u20131101 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.2.315","volume":"48","author":"EL Murphy","year":"1997","unstructured":"Murphy, E. L. et al. HTLV-associated myelopathy in a cohort of HTLV-I and HTLV-II-infected blood donors. The REDS investigators. Neurology 48, 315\u2013320 (1997).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000096011.92542.DA","volume":"61","author":"JR Orland","year":"2003","unstructured":"Orland, J. R. et al. Prevalence and clinical features of HTLV neurologic disease in the HTLV Outcomes Study. Neurology 61, 1588\u20131594 (2003).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199802010-00011","volume":"17","author":"EM Maloney","year":"1998","unstructured":"Maloney, E. M. et al. Incidence of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) in Jamaica and Trinidad. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 17, 167\u2013170 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2013.0086","volume":"29","author":"LC Romanelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Romanelli, L. C. et al. Incidence of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis in a long-term prospective cohort study of initially asymptomatic individuals in Brazil. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 29, 1199\u20131202 (2013).","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.1.4","volume":"53","author":"K Kayembe","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kayembe, K., Goubau, P., Desmyter, J., Vlietinck, R. & Carton, H. A cluster of HTLV-1 associated tropical spastic paraparesis in Equateur (Zaire): ethnic and familial distribution. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 53, 4\u201310 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(20000201)85:3<319::AID-IJC4>3.0.CO;2-B","volume":"85","author":"K Arisawa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arisawa, K. et al. Evaluation of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma incidence and its impact on non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidence in southwestern Japan. Int. J. Cancer 85, 319\u2013324 (2000).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1993.tb00719.x","volume":"3","author":"Y Iwasaki","year":"1993","unstructured":"Iwasaki, Y. Human T cell leukemia virus type I infection and chronic myelopathy. Brain Pathol. 3, 1\u201310 (1993). This article provides a classic description of the neuropathology of HAM\/TSP.","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s004019900170","volume":"100","author":"MM Aye","year":"2000","unstructured":"Aye, M. M. et al. Histopathological analysis of four autopsy cases of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis: inflammatory changes occur simultaneously in the entire central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. 100, 245\u2013252 (2000).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.1992.tb00972.x","volume":"34","author":"S Izumo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Izumo, S. et al. Neuropathology of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\u2014a report of two autopsy cases. Acta Paediatr. Jpn 34, 358\u2013364 (1992).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Jpn"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2010.01135.x","volume":"30","author":"S Izumo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Izumo, S. Neuropathology of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM\/TSP). Neuropathology 30, 480\u2013485 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199307000-00010","volume":"52","author":"F Umehara","year":"1993","unstructured":"Umehara, F. et al. Immunocytochemical analysis of the cellular infiltrate in the spinal cord lesions in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 52, 424\u2013430 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00588283","volume":"35","author":"F Alcindor","year":"1992","unstructured":"Alcindor, F. et al. Imaging of human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated chronic progressive myeloneuropathies. Neuroradiology 35, 69\u201374 (1992).","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR39","first-page":"1417","volume":"20","author":"M Shakudo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shakudo, M., Inoue, Y. & Tsutada, T. HTLV-I-associated myelopathy: acute progression and atypical MR findings. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 20, 1417\u20131421 (1999).","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.4.943","volume":"166","author":"M Mochizuki","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mochizuki, M. et al. Uveitis associated with human T lymphotropic virus type I: seroepidemiologic, clinical, and virologic studies. J. Infect. Dis. 166, 943\u2013944 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91793-5","volume":"2","author":"OS Morgan","year":"1989","unstructured":"Morgan, O. S., Rodgers-Johnson, P., Mora, C. & Char, G. HTLV-1 and polymyositis in Jamaica. Lancet 2, 1184\u20131187 (1989).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.10.021","volume":"64","author":"R Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee, R. & Schwartz, R. A. Human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1-associated infective dermatitis: a comprehensive review. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 64, 152\u2013160 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90038-X","volume":"1","author":"K Nishioka","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nishioka, K. et al. Chronic inflammatory arthropathy associated with HTLV-I. Lancet 1, 441 (1989).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3848","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.7.3848","volume":"96","author":"KJ Jeffery","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jeffery, K. J. et al. HLA alleles determine human T-lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I) proviral load and the risk of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3848\u20133853 (1999). This paper identifies the protective effect of HLA class I alleles in HTLV-1 infection and provides the first description of population-level protection by a single MHC allele in a natural virus infection.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1086\/342953","volume":"186","author":"AM Vine","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vine, A. M. et al. Polygenic control of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) provirus load and the risk of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. J. Infect. Dis. 186, 932\u2013939 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-07-445593","volume":"120","author":"LB Cook","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cook, L. B., Rowan, A. G., Melamed, A., Taylor, G. P. & Bangham, C. R. HTLV-1-infected T cells contain a single integrated provirus in natural infection. Blood 120, 3488\u20133490 (2012).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939451","volume":"39","author":"CR Bangham","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bangham, C. R. CTL quality and the control of human retroviral infections. Eur. J. Immunol. 39, 1700\u20131712 (2009).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0132","volume":"29","author":"MA Demontis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Demontis, M. A., Hilburn, S. & Taylor, G. P. Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 viral load variability and long-term trends in asymptomatic carriers and in patients with human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1-related diseases. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 29, 359\u2013364 (2013).","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199909010-00012","volume":"22","author":"GP Taylor","year":"1999","unstructured":"Taylor, G. P. et al. Prospective study of HTLV-I infection in an initially asymptomatic cohort. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 22, 92\u2013100 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280701510096","volume":"13","author":"MA Lima","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lima, M. A., Harab, R. C., Schor, D., Andrada-Serpa, M. J. & Araujo, A. Q. Subacute progression of human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. J. Neurovirol. 13, 468\u2013473 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.191239","volume":"81","author":"F Martin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martin, F., Fedina, A., Youshya, S. & Taylor, G. P. A. 15-year prospective longitudinal study of disease progression in patients with HTLV-1 associated myelopathy in the UK. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 81, 1336\u20131340 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.3.1278-1282.1990","volume":"64","author":"S Daenke","year":"1990","unstructured":"Daenke, S., Nightingale, S., Cruickshank, J. K. & Bangham, C. R. Sequence variants of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I from patients with tropical spastic paraparesis and adult T-cell leukemia do not distinguish neurological from leukemic isolates. J. Virol. 64, 1278\u20131282 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3770","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.7.3770-3778.1991","volume":"65","author":"F Komurian","year":"1991","unstructured":"Komurian, F., Pelloquin, F. & de The, G. In vivo genomic variability of human T-cell leukemia virus type I depends more upon geography than upon pathologies. J. Virol. 65, 3770\u20133778 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.9.6.525","volume":"9","author":"JP Slattery","year":"1999","unstructured":"Slattery, J. P., Franchini, G. & Gessain, A. Genomic evolution, patterns of global dissemination, and interspecies transmission of human and simian T-cell leukemia\/lymphotropic viruses. Genome Res. 9, 525\u2013540 (1999).","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1337","volume":"202","author":"AM Vandamme","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vandamme, A. M., Liu, H. F., Goubau, P. & Desmyter, J. Primate T-lymphotropic virus type I LTR sequence variation and its phylogenetic analysis: compatibility with an African origin of PTLV-I. Virology 202, 212\u2013223 (1994).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1086\/315897","volume":"182","author":"Y Furukawa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Furukawa, Y. et al. Phylogenetic subgroups of human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type I in the tax gene and their association with different risks for HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. J. Infect. Dis. 182, 1343\u20131349 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195174908.003.0020","volume-title":"Genetic Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases","author":"CRM Bangham","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bangham, C. R. M. in Genetic Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases (eds Kaslow, R. A., McNicholl, J. M. & Hill, A. V. S.) 303\u2013317 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2008)."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7278","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.12.7278","volume":"165","author":"KJ Jeffery","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jeffery, K. J. et al. The influence of HLA class I alleles and heterozygosity on the outcome of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I infection. J. Immunol. 165, 7278\u20137284 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-008-0096-z","volume":"198","author":"BC Catalan-Soares","year":"2009","unstructured":"Catalan-Soares, B. C. et al. HLA class I alleles in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy and asymptomatic carriers from the Brazilian cohort GIPH. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 198, 1\u20133 (2009).","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21675","volume":"82","author":"M Talledo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Talledo, M. et al. Evaluation of host genetic and viral factors as surrogate markers for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis in Peruvian HTLV-1-infected patients. J. Med. Virol. 82, 460\u2013466 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.05.020","volume":"14","author":"R Deschamps","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deschamps, R. et al. Absence of consistent association between human leukocyte antigen-I and -II alleles and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis risk in an HTLV-1 French Afro-Caribbean population. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 14, e986\u2013e990 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7014-z","volume":"260","author":"A Trevino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trevino, A. et al. Association between HLA alleles and HAM\/TSP in individuals infected with HTLV-1. J. Neurol. 260, 2551\u20132555 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21341","volume":"80","author":"SR Gadelha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gadelha, S. R. et al. Correlation between polymorphisms at interleukin-6 but not at interleukin-10 promoter and the risk of human T lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis in Brazilian individuals. J. Med. Virol. 80, 2141\u20132146 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1086\/423942","volume":"190","author":"AH Sabouri","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sabouri, A. H. et al. Polymorphism in the interleukin-10 promoter affects both provirus load and the risk of human T lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. J. Infect. Dis. 190, 1279\u20131285 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3199","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003199","volume":"8","author":"T Assone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Assone, T. et al. IL28B gene polymorphism SNP rs8099917 genotype GG is associated with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) in HTLV-1 carriers. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8, e3199 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86144","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086144","volume":"9","author":"S Nozuma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nozuma, S. et al. Familial clusters of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. PLoS ONE 9, e86144 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.035709","volume":"76","author":"MA Lima","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lima, M. A., Bica, R. B. & Araujo, A. Q. Gender influence on the progression of HTLV-I associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 76, 294\u2013296 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200301150-00019","volume":"75","author":"C Toro","year":"2003","unstructured":"Toro, C., Rodes, B., Poveda, E. & Soriano, V. Rapid development of subacute myelopathy in three organ transplant recipients after transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I from a single donor. Transplantation 75, 102\u2013104 (2003).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410280110","volume":"28","author":"M Osame","year":"1990","unstructured":"Osame, M. et al. Nationwide survey of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy in Japan: association with blood transfusion. Ann. Neurol. 28, 50\u201356 (1990). This paper demonstrates that blood-donor screening can lead to a reduction in the incidence of HAM\/TSP.","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1701864","volume":"24","author":"CE Emmanouilides","year":"1999","unstructured":"Emmanouilides, C. E. & Territo, M. HTLV-I-associated myelopathy following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 24, 205\u2013206 (1999).","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.2_Part_1.192","volume":"41","author":"JE Kaplan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kaplan, J. E. et al. HTLV-I-associated myelopathy associated with blood transfusion in the United States: epidemiologic and molecular evidence linking donor and recipient. Neurology 41, 192\u2013197 (1991).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3390\/v3081374","volume":"3","author":"C Journo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Journo, C. & Mahieux, R. HTLV-1 and innate immunity. Viruses 3, 1374\u20131394 (2011). A review of recent evidence on the role of innate immunity in HTLV-1 infection.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00323","volume":"3","author":"M Kannagi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kannagi, M., Hasegawa, A., Takamori, A., Kinpara, S. & Utsunomiya, A. The roles of acquired and innate immunity in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-mediated diseases. Front. Microbiol. 3, 323 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002480","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002480","volume":"8","author":"S Tattermusch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tattermusch, S. et al. Systems biology approaches reveal a specific IFN-inducible signature in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. PLoS Pathog. 8, e1002480 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI75250","volume":"124","author":"N Araya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Araya, N. et al. HTLV-1 induces a TH1-like state in CD4+CCR4+ T cells. J. Clin. Invest. 124, 3431\u20133442 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.3.721","volume":"98","author":"E Hanon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hanon, E. et al. High production of interferon \u03b3 but not interleukin-2 by human T-lymphotropic virus type I-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Blood 98, 721\u2013726 (2001).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5101","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02564-08","volume":"83","author":"S Kinpara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kinpara, S. et al. Stromal cell-mediated suppression of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 expression in vitro and in vivo by type I interferon. J. Virol. 83, 5101\u20135108 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13386","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02758-13","volume":"87","author":"A Cachat","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cachat, A. et al. Alpha interferon restricts human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 de novo infection through PKR activation. J. Virol. 87, 13386\u201313396 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6035","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208970","volume":"24","author":"CR Bangham","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bangham, C. R. & Osame, M. Cellular immune response to HTLV-1. Oncogene 24, 6035\u20136046 (2005).","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S187","DOI":"10.1086\/344269","volume":"186","author":"S Jacobson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jacobson, S. Immunopathogenesis of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated neurologic disease. J. Infect. Dis. 186 (Suppl. 2), S187\u2013S192 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1086\/420832","volume":"189","author":"PK Goon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Goon, P. K. et al. Human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type-1-specific CD8+ T cells: frequency and immunodominance hierarchy. J. Infect. Dis. 189, 2294\u20132298 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/348245a0","volume":"348","author":"S Jacobson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jacobson, S., Shida, H., McFarlin, D. E., Fauci, A. S. & Koenig, S. Circulating CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for HTLV-I pX in patients with HTLV-I associated neurological disease. Nature 348, 245\u2013248 (1990).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/3.8.761","volume":"3","author":"M Kannagi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kannagi, M. et al. Predominant recognition of human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) pX gene products by human CD8+ cytotoxic T cells directed against HTLV-I-infected cells. Int. Immunol. 3, 761\u2013767 (1991).","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.14.1.207","volume":"14","author":"D Kagi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kagi, D., Ledermann, B., Burki, K., Zinkernagel, R. M. & Hengartner, H. Molecular mechanisms of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and their role in immunological protection and pathogenesis in vivo .. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14, 207\u2013232 (1996).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100050","volume":"85","author":"B Asquith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Asquith, B. & Bangham, C. R. Quantifying HTLV-I dynamics. Immunol. Cell Biol. 85, 280\u2013286 (2007).","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5258.74","volume":"272","author":"MA Nowak","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nowak, M. A. & Bangham, C. R. Population dynamics of immune responses to persistent viruses. Science 272, 74\u201379 (1996).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001117","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001117","volume":"6","author":"A MacNamara","year":"2010","unstructured":"MacNamara, A. et al. HLA class I binding of HBZ determines outcome in HTLV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog. 6, e1001117 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002270","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002270","volume":"7","author":"NK Seich al Basatena","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seich al Basatena, N. K. et al. KIR2DL2 enhances protective and detrimental HLA class I-mediated immunity in chronic viral infection. PLoS Pathog. 7, e1002270 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3335","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.9.3335","volume":"99","author":"PK Goon","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goon, P. K. et al. High frequencies of TH1-type CD4+ T cells specific to HTLV-1 Env and Tax proteins in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. Blood 99, 3335\u20133341 (2002).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2876","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt183","volume":"136","author":"H Ando","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ando, H. et al. Positive feedback loop via astrocytes causes chronic inflammation in virus-associated myelopathy. Brain 136, 2876\u20132887 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.04.023","volume":"225","author":"S Hashioka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hashioka, S., Klegeris, A., Schwab, C., Yu, S. & McGeer, P. L. Differential expression of interferon-\u03b3 receptor on human glial cells in vivo and in vitro.. J. Neuroimmunol. 225, 91\u201399 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5047","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-10-118539","volume":"111","author":"F Toulza","year":"2008","unstructured":"Toulza, F., Heaps, A., Tanaka, Y., Taylor, G. P. & Bangham, C. R. High frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ cells in HTLV-1 infection: inverse correlation with HTLV-1-specific CTL response. Blood 111, 5047\u20135053 (2008).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24664","volume":"125","author":"F Toulza","year":"2009","unstructured":"Toulza, F. et al. FoxP3+ regulatory T cells are distinct from leukemia cells in HTLV-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia. Int. J. Cancer 125, 2375\u20132382 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903846","volume":"185","author":"F Toulza","year":"2010","unstructured":"Toulza, F. et al. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-induced CC chemokine ligand 22 maintains a high frequency of functional FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. J. Immunol. 185, 183\u2013189 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu438","volume":"211","author":"J Yamauchi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yamauchi, J. et al. Mogamulizumab, an anti-CCR4 antibody, targets human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-infected CD8+ and CD4+ T cells to treat associated myelopathy. J. Infect. Dis. 211, 238\u2013248 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-0572","volume":"20","author":"K Tsukasaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tsukasaki, K. & Tobinai, K. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: new directions in clinical research. Clin. Cancer Res. 20, 5217\u20135225 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.2.931","volume":"180","author":"K Hieshima","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hieshima, K. et al. Tax-inducible production of CC chemokine ligand 22 by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected T cells promotes preferential transmission of HTLV-1 to CCR4-expressing CD4+ T cells. J. Immunol. 180, 931\u2013939 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23913","volume":"115","author":"Y Yamano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yamano, Y. et al. Virus-induced dysfunction of CD4+CD25+ T cells in patients with HTLV-I-associated neuroimmunological disease. J. Clin. Invest. 115, 1361\u20131368 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003630","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003630","volume":"9","author":"N Yamamoto-Taguchi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yamamoto-Taguchi, N. et al. HTLV-1 bZIP factor induces inflammation through labile Foxp3 expression. PLoS Pathog. 9, e1003630 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(91)90125-Q","volume":"105","author":"K Fujihara","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fujihara, K., Itoyama, Y., Yu, F., Kubo, C. & Goto, I. Cellular immune surveillance against HTLV-I infected T lymphocytes in HTLV-I associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). J. Neurol. Sci. 105, 99\u2013107 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-09-2855","volume":"102","author":"M Saito","year":"2003","unstructured":"Saito, M. et al. Low frequency of CD94\/NKG2A+ T lymphocytes in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis, but not in asymptomatic carriers. Blood 102, 577\u2013584 (2003).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(91)90056-D","volume":"33","author":"F Yu","year":"1991","unstructured":"Yu, F., Itoyama, Y., Fujihara, K. & Goto, I. Natural killer (NK) cells in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis-decrease in NK cell subset populations and activity in HTLV-I seropositive individuals. J. Neuroimmunol. 33, 121\u2013128 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1086\/340537","volume":"34","author":"M Hisada","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hisada, M. et al. Virus markers associated with vertical transmission of human T lymphotropic virus type 1 in Jamaica. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34, 1551\u20131557 (2002).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR104","first-page":"74","volume":"11","author":"M Saito","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saito, M. et al. The neutralizing function of the anti-HTLV-1 antibody is essential in preventing in vivo transmission of HTLV-1 to human T cells in NOD-SCID\/\u03b3cnull (NOG) mice. Retrovirology 11, 74 (2014).","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6323","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.10.6323-6331.1994","volume":"68","author":"Y Tanaka","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tanaka, Y. et al. Induction of antibody responses that neutralize human T-cell leukemia virus type I infection in vitro and in vivo by peptide immunization. J. Virol. 68, 6323\u20136331 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059128","volume":"292","author":"J Overbaugh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Overbaugh, J. & Bangham, C. R. Selection forces and constraints on retroviral sequence variation. Science 292, 1106\u20131109 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0502-509","volume":"8","author":"MC Levin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Levin, M. C. et al. Autoimmunity due to molecular mimicry as a cause of neurological disease. Nat. Med. 8, 509\u2013513 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280701883840","volume":"14","author":"M Yukitake","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yukitake, M. et al. Significantly increased antibody response to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients but not in patients with human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. J. Neurovirol. 14, 130\u2013135 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V80.4.1012.1012","volume":"80","author":"Y Furukawa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Furukawa, Y. et al. Frequent clonal proliferation of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected T cells in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM-TSP). Blood 80, 1012\u20131016 (1992).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2013.11.003","volume":"26","author":"CR Bangham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bangham, C. R., Cook, L. B. & Melamed, A. HTLV-1 clonality in adult T-cell leukaemia and non-malignant HTLV-1 infection. Semin. Cancer Biol. 26, 89\u201398 (2014).","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(93)90111-3","volume":"41","author":"S Ijichi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ijichi, S. et al. An autoaggressive process against bystander tissues in HTLV-I-infected individuals: a possible pathomechanism of HAM\/TSP. Med. Hypotheses 41, 542\u2013547 (1993).","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06538.x","volume":"96","author":"S Daenke","year":"1994","unstructured":"Daenke, S. & Bangham, C. R. Do T cells cause HTLV-1-associated disease?: a taxing problem. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 96, 179\u2013181 (1994).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280600827336","volume":"12","author":"H Nose","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nose, H. et al. Clinical symptoms and the odds of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) in healthy virus carriers: application of best-fit logistic regression equation based on host genotype, age, and provirus load. J. Neurovirol. 12, 171\u2013177 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2012.069476","volume":"98","author":"A Hodson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hodson, A., Laydon, D. J., Bain, B. J., Fields, P. A. & Taylor, G. P. Pre-morbid human T-lymphotropic virus type I proviral load, rather than percentage of abnormal lymphocytes, is associated with an increased risk of aggressive adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma. Haematologica 98, 385\u2013388 (2013).","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR115","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Human Retrovirology: HTLV","author":"M Osame","year":"1990","unstructured":"Osame, M. in Human Retrovirology: HTLV (ed. Blattner, W. A.) 191\u2013197 (Raven Press, 1990). This book chapter provides the WHO criteria for the diagnosis of HAM\/TSP; see also reference 116."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2006.22.931","volume":"22","author":"CM De Castro-Costa","year":"2006","unstructured":"De Castro-Costa, C. M. et al. Proposal for diagnostic criteria of tropical spastic paraparesis\/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP\/HAM). AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 22, 931\u2013935 (2006). This paper provides the staged criteria for the diagnosis of HAM\/TSP; see also reference 115.","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1159\/000008063","volume":"42","author":"JL Castillo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Castillo, J. L., Cea, J. G., Verdugo, R. J. & Cartier, L. Sensory dysfunction in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. A comprehensive neurophysiological study. Eur. Neurol. 42, 17\u201322 (1999).","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.11.041","volume":"75","author":"P Oliveira","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oliveira, P. et al. Prevalence of erectile dysfunction in HTLV-1-infected patients and its association with overactive bladder. Urology 75, 1100\u20131103 (2010).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR119","first-page":"377","volume":"49","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1989","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Weekly epidemiological record. Wkly Epidem. Rec. 49, 377\u2013384 (1989).","journal-title":"Wkly Epidem. Rec."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70628-7","volume":"5","author":"AQ Araujo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Araujo, A. Q. & Silva, M. T. The HTLV-1 neurological complex. Lancet Neurol. 5, 1068\u20131076 (2006).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101677","volume":"43","author":"AC Franzoi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Franzoi, A. C. & Araujo, A. Q. Disability profile of patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Spinal Cord 43, 236\u2013240 (2005).","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.8.1085","volume":"74","author":"MT Silva","year":"2003","unstructured":"Silva, M. T., Mattos, P., Alfano, A. & Araujo, A. Q. Neuropsychological assessment in HTLV-1 infection: a comparative study among TSP\/HAM, asymptomatic carriers, and healthy controls. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 74, 1085\u20131089 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2008000500016","volume":"66","author":"FE Leon-Sarmiento","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leon-Sarmiento, F. E., Calderon, A. & Hernandez, H. G. Two Babinski signs in seropositive (HAM) and seronegative tropical spastic paraparesis. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 66, 695\u2013697 (2008).","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1086\/429962","volume":"191","author":"A Lezin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lezin, A. et al. Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) proviral load in cerebrospinal fluid: a new criterion for the diagnosis of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis? J. Infect. Dis. 191, 1830\u20131834 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.4.725","volume":"57","author":"M Puccioni-Sohler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Puccioni-Sohler, M. et al. Diagnosis of HAM\/TSP based on CSF proviral HTLV-I DNA and HTLV-I antibody index. Neurology 57, 725\u2013727 (2001).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.10.011","volume":"159","author":"K Narikawa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Narikawa, K. et al. CSF-chemokines in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy: CXCL10 up-regulation and therapeutic effect of interferon-\u03b1. J. Neuroimmunol. 159, 177\u2013182 (2005). This paper proposes CXCL10 in CSF as a biomarker of HAM\/TSP.","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2479","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002479","volume":"7","author":"T Sato","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sato, T. et al. CSF CXCL10, CXCL9, and neopterin as candidate prognostic biomarkers for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 7, e2479 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03150.x","volume":"145","author":"JB Guerreiro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guerreiro, J. B. et al. Levels of serum chemokines discriminate clinical myelopathy associated with human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) disease from HTLV-1 carrier state. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 145, 296\u2013301 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-8-81","volume":"8","author":"PDW Kirk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirk, P. D. W. et al. Plasma proteome analysis in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. Retrovirology 8, 81 (2011). This paper identifies plasma biomarkers of HAM\/TSP.","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000140496.03342.BC","volume":"63","author":"F Umehara","year":"2004","unstructured":"Umehara, F. et al. Chronic progressive cervical myelopathy with HTLV-I infection: variant form of HAM\/TSP? Neurology 63, 1276\u20131280 (2004).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280701258431","volume":"13","author":"F Umehara","year":"2007","unstructured":"Umehara, F. et al. Abnormalities of spinal magnetic resonance images implicate clinical variability in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy. J. Neurovirol. 13, 260\u2013267 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.47.1284","volume":"47","author":"M Yukitake","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yukitake, M. et al. Incidence and clinical significances of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy with T2 hyperintensity on spinal magnetic resonance images. Intern. Med. 47, 1881\u20131886 (2008).","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V100.2.677","volume":"100","author":"J Pennington","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pennington, J. et al. Persistence of HTLV-I in blood components after leukocyte depletion. Blood 100, 677\u2013681 (2002).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1086\/338868","volume":"34","author":"S Ozden","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ozden, S., Seilhean, D., Gessain, A., Hauw, J. J. & Gout, O. Severe demyelinating myelopathy with low human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 expression after transfusion in an immunosuppressed patient. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34, 855\u2013860 (2002).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.87.152","volume":"87","author":"S Hino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hino, S. Establishment of the milk-borne transmission as a key factor for the peculiar endemicity of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1): the ATL Prevention Program Nagasaki. Proc. Jpn Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci. 87, 152\u2013166 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.1992.tb00333.x","volume":"18","author":"T Oki","year":"1992","unstructured":"Oki, T. et al. A sero-epidemiological study on mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-I in southern Kyushu, Japan. Asia Oceania J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 18, 371\u2013377 (1992).","journal-title":"Asia Oceania J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR137","first-page":"60","volume":"11","author":"T Takezaki","year":"1997","unstructured":"Takezaki, T. et al. Short-term breast-feeding may reduce the risk of vertical transmission of HTLV-I. The Tsushima ATL Study Group. Leukemia 11 (Suppl. 3), 60\u201362 (1997).","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1086\/423957","volume":"39","author":"E Gotuzzo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gotuzzo, E. et al. Clinical characteristics of patients in Peru with human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated tropical spastic paraparesis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39, 939\u2013944 (2004).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289509111010","volume":"1","author":"M Nakagawa","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nakagawa, M. et al. HTLV-I-associated myelopathy: analysis of 213 patients based on clinical features and laboratory findings. J. Neurovirol. 1, 50\u201361 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(94)00266-Q","volume":"129","author":"AQ Araujo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Araujo, A. Q., Leite, A. C., Dultra, S. V. & Andrada-Serpa, M. J. Progression of neurological disability in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). J. Neurol. Sci. 129, 147\u2013151 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289609146899","volume":"2","author":"M Nakagawa","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nakagawa, M. et al. Therapeutic trials in 200 patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/ tropical spastic paraparesis. J. Neurovirol. 2, 345\u2013355 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.01.004","volume":"269","author":"MG Croda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Croda, M. G. et al. Corticosteroid therapy in TSP\/HAM patients: the results from a 10 years open cohort. J. Neurol. Sci. 269, 133\u2013137 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3390\/v3050469","volume":"3","author":"B Macchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Macchi, B. et al. Susceptibility of primary HTLV-1 isolates from patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy to reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Viruses 3, 469\u2013483 (2011).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-3-63","volume":"3","author":"GP Taylor","year":"2006","unstructured":"Taylor, G. P. et al. Zidovudine plus lamivudine in human T-lymphotropic virus type-I-associated myelopathy: a randomised trial. Retrovirology 3, 63 (2006).","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3722","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-04-085076","volume":"110","author":"A Lezin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lezin, A. et al. Histone deacetylase mediated transcriptional activation reduces proviral loads in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis patients. Blood 110, 3722\u20133728 (2007).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1992.tb08059.x","volume":"86","author":"Y Kuroda","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kuroda, Y. et al. Systemic interferon-\u03b1 in the treatment of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Acta Neurol. Scand. 86, 82\u201386 (1992).","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(96)05319-1","volume":"147","author":"K Yamasaki","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yamasaki, K. et al. Long-term, high dose interferon-\u03b1 treatment in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis: a combined clinical, virological and immunological study. J. Neurol. Sci. 147, 135\u2013144 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1675","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001675","volume":"6","author":"F Martin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martin, F. et al. Ciclosporin. A proof of concept study in patients with active, progressive HTLV-1 associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 6, e1675 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-11-S1-P33","volume":"11","author":"S Ahmed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahmed, S. et al. Treatment of patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy with methotrexate. Retrovirology 11 (Suppl.1), 33 (2014).","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(97)00074-9","volume":"151","author":"S Shirabe","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shirabe, S. et al. Successful application of pentoxifylline in the treatment of HTLV-I associated myelopathy. J. Neurol. Sci. 151, 97\u2013101 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1991.7.1031","volume":"7","author":"WJ Harrington Jr","year":"1991","unstructured":"Harrington, W. J. Jr et al. Tropical spastic paraparesis\/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP\/HAM): treatment with an anabolic steroid danazol. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 7, 1031\u20131034 (1991).","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-182","volume":"11","author":"T Nakamura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nakamura, T. et al. Efficacy of prosultiamine treatment in patients with human T lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis: results from an open-label clinical trial. BMC Med. 11, 182 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-014-0244-8","volume":"20","author":"T Nakamura","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nakamura, T. et al. Pentosan polysulfate treatment ameliorates motor function with increased serum soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in HTLV-1-associated neurologic disease. J. Neurovirol. 20, 269\u2013277 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-008-0021-1","volume":"10","author":"A Araujo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Araujo, A., Lima, M. A. & Silva, M. T. Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 neurologic disease. Curr. Treat. Opt. Neurol. 10, 193\u2013200 (2008). A review of treatment regimens for HAM\/TSP.","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Opt. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR155","first-page":"161","volume":"13","author":"F Martin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martin, F. & Taylor, G. P. Prospects for the management of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy. AIDS Rev. 13, 161\u2013170 (2011).","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0068-8","volume":"27","author":"S Mi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mi, S., Pepinsky, R. B. & Cadavid, D. Blocking LINGO-1 as a therapy to promote CNS repair: from concept to the clinic. CNS Drugs 27, 493\u2013503 (2013).","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2012005000006","volume":"70","author":"JV Martins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martins, J. V., Baptista, A. F. & Araujo Ade, Q. Quality of life in patients with HTLV-I associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 70, 257\u2013261 (2012).","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2011000200013","volume":"69","author":"M Shublaq","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shublaq, M., Orsini, M. & Puccioni-Sohler, M. Implications of HAM\/TSP functional incapacity in the quality of life. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 69, 208\u2013211 (2011).","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00021","volume":"6","author":"LB Strober","year":"2015","unstructured":"Strober, L. B. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a look at the role of poor sleep. Front. Neurol. 6, 21 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.07.024","volume":"147","author":"MS Diniz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Diniz, M. S., Feldner, P. C., Castro, R. A., Sartori, M. G. & Girao, M. J. Impact of HTLV-I in quality of life and urogynecologic parameters of women with urinary incontinence. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 147, 230\u2013233 (2009).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181f195d3","volume":"27","author":"EC Netto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Netto, E. C. & Brites, C. Characteristics of chronic pain and its impact on quality of life of patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). Clin. J. Pain 27, 131\u2013135 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2009000500016","volume":"67","author":"CM de Castro-Costa","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Castro-Costa, C. M. et al. Pain in tropical spastic paraparesis\/HTLV-I associated myelopathy patients. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 67, 866\u2013870 (2009).","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt115","volume":"3","author":"EM Donnelly","year":"2012","unstructured":"Donnelly, E. M., Lamanna, J. & Boulis, N. M. Stem cell therapy for the spinal cord. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 3, 24 (2012).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200320098","volume":"112","author":"AF Hallbergson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hallbergson, A. F., Gnatenco, C. & Peterson, D. A. Neurogenesis and brain injury: managing a renewable resource for repair. J. Clin. Invest. 112, 1128\u20131133 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR165","first-page":"163","volume":"367","author":"MM Steward","year":"2013","unstructured":"Steward, M. M. Sridhar, A. & Meyer, J. S. Neural regeneration. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 367, 163\u2013191 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR166","volume-title":"Retroviruses","author":"J Coffin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Coffin, J., Hughes, S. E. & Varmus, H. E. (eds) Retroviruses (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1997)."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00400","volume":"3","author":"XT Bai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bai, X. T. & Nicot, C. Overview on HTLV-1 p12, p8, p30, p13: accomplices in persistent infection and viral pathogenesis. Front. Microbiol. 3, 400 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605345","volume":"101","author":"M Boxus","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boxus, M. & Willems, L. Mechanisms of HTLV-1 persistence and transformation. Br. J. Cancer 101, 1497\u20131501 (2009).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.537","volume":"30","author":"M Matsuoka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Matsuoka, M. & Jeang, K. T. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and leukemic transformation: viral infectivity, Tax, HBZ and therapy. Oncogene 30, 1379\u20131389 (2011).","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2013.08.010","volume":"3","author":"M Matsuoka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Matsuoka, M. & Yasunaga, J. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1: replication, proliferation and propagation by Tax and HTLV-1 bZIP factor. Curr. Opin. Virol. 3, 684\u2013691 (2013). A review that emphasizes the complementary and sometimes opposing roles of Tax and HBZ.","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.475","volume":"19","author":"M Yoshida","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yoshida, M. Multiple viral strategies of HTLV-1 for dysregulation of cell growth control. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19, 475\u2013496 (2001). A classic review of the molecular mechanisms of the effects of Tax and other HTLV-1 proteins on cell growth and transformation.","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507631103","volume":"103","author":"Y Satou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Satou, Y., Yasunaga, J., Yoshida, M. & Matsuoka, M. HTLV-I basic leucine zipper factor gene mRNA supports proliferation of adult T cell leukemia cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 720\u2013725 (2006). This paper shows that the HBZ gene of HTLV-1 is persistently expressed, even when the proviral plus-strand is silent; the HBZ gene products promote clonal persistence.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1080115","volume":"299","author":"T Igakura","year":"2003","unstructured":"Igakura, T. et al. Spread of HTLV-I between lymphocytes by virus-induced polarization of the cytoskeleton. Science 299, 1713\u20131716 (2003). This paper identifies the virological synapse: a specialized cell\u2013cell contact, induced by HTLV-1, across which the virus spreads from cell to cell.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-07-2850","volume":"106","author":"AL Barnard","year":"2005","unstructured":"Barnard, A. L., Igakura, T., Tanaka, Y., Taylor, G. P. & Bangham, C. R. Engagement of specific T-cell surface molecules regulates cytoskeletal polarization in HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes. Blood 106, 988\u2013995 (2005).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29653","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M502639200","volume":"280","author":"M Nejmeddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nejmeddine, M., Barnard, A. L., Tanaka, Y., Taylor, G. P. & Bangham, C. R. Human T-lymphotropic virus, type 1, tax protein triggers microtubule reorientation in the virological synapse. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 29653\u201329660 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2251","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002251","volume":"3","author":"E Majorovits","year":"2008","unstructured":"Majorovits, E. et al. Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 visualized at the virological synapse by electron tomography. PLoS ONE 3, e2251 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2065","volume":"16","author":"AM Pais-Correia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pais-Correia, A. M. et al. Biofilm-like extracellular viral assemblies mediate HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission at virological synapses. Nat. Med. 16, 83\u201389 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09517","volume":"468","author":"GN Maertens","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maertens, G. N., Hare, S. & Cherepanov, P. The mechanism of retroviral integration from X-ray structures of its key intermediates. Nature 468, 326\u2013329 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)92430-5","volume":"2","author":"OS Morgan","year":"1987","unstructured":"Morgan, O. S. et al. Abnormal peripheral lymphocytes in tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 2, 403\u2013404 (1987).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1999.01408.x","volume":"105","author":"RA Sacher","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sacher, R. A. et al. Low prevalence of flower cells in U.S.A. blood donors infected with human T-lymphotrophic virus types I and II. Br. J. Haematol. 105, 758\u2013763 (1999).","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[No authors listed.] Flower cells of leukemia. Blood 115, 1668 (2010).","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-09-245233"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.4.1016","volume":"46","author":"S Izumo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Izumo, S. et al. Interferon-\u03b1 is effective in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Neurology 46, 1016\u20131021 (1996).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280701397627","volume":"13","author":"K Arimura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arimura, K. et al. Safety and efficacy of interferon-\u03b1 in 167 patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy. J. Neurovirol. 13, 364\u2013372 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20429","volume":"57","author":"U Oh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Oh, U. et al. Interferon-\u03b21a therapy in human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated neurologic disease. Ann. Neurol. 57, 526\u2013534 (2005).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(96)00025-1","volume":"139","author":"MJ Andrada-Serpa","year":"1996","unstructured":"Andrada-Serpa, M. J., Schor, D., Araujo, A. Q. & Rumjanek, V. M. Immunological features of HTLV-I myelopathy in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and in vitro effects of cyclosporin A. J. Neurol. Sci. 139, 7\u201314 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1992000300025","volume":"50","author":"A Melo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Melo, A., Moura, L., Meireles, A. & Costa, G. Danazol. A new perspective in the treatment of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (preliminary report). Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 50, 402\u2013403 (1992).","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.11.1213","volume":"56","author":"A Kataoka","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kataoka, A., Imai, H., Inayoshi, S. & Tsuda, T. Intermittent high-dose vitamin C therapy in patients with HTLV-I associated myelopathy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 56, 1213\u20131216 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1729","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001729","volume":"6","author":"B Moens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moens, B. et al. Ascorbic acid has superior ex vivo antiproliferative, cell death-inducing and immunomodulatory effects over IFN-\u03b1 in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 6, e1729 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90525-9","volume":"2","author":"H Matsuo","year":"1988","unstructured":"Matsuo, H. et al. Plasmapheresis in treatment of human T-lymphotropic virus type-I associated myelopathy. Lancet 2, 1109\u20131113 (1988).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370206","volume":"37","author":"TJ Lehky","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lehky, T. J. et al. Detection of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) tax RNA in the central nervous system of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis patients by in situ hybridization. Ann. Neurol. 37, 167\u2013175 (1995).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1086\/376531","volume":"188","author":"SA Hill","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hill, S. A., Lloyd, P. A., McDonald, S., Wykoff, J. & Derse, D. Susceptibility of human T cell leukemia virus type I to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J. Infect. Dis. 188, 424\u2013427 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6306","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-349910","volume":"118","author":"S Olindo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Olindo, S. et al. Safety of long-term treatment of HAM\/TSP patients with valproic acid. Blood 118, 6306\u20136309 (2011).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02493.x","volume":"95","author":"J Sonoda","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sonoda, J. et al. HTLV-1 provirus load in peripheral blood lymphocytes of HTLV-1 carriers is diminished by green tea drinking. Cancer Sci. 95, 596\u2013601 (2004).","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.05.011","volume":"237","author":"T Matsuzaki","year":"2005","unstructured":"Matsuzaki, T. et al. A prospective uncontrolled trial of fermented milk drink containing viable Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota in the treatment of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. J. Neurol. Sci. 237, 75\u201381 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(93)90220-S","volume":"115","author":"K Nagasato","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nagasato, K. et al. Heparin treatment in patients with human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy: a preliminary study. J. Neurol. Sci. 115, 161\u2013168 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00389","volume":"3","author":"Y Yamano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yamano, Y. & Sato, T. Clinical pathophysiology of human T-lymphotropic virus-type 1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. Front. Microbiol. 3, 389 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.121087","volume":"7","author":"A Ghai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ghai, A., Garg, N., Hooda, S. & Gupta, T. Spasticity \u2014 pathogenesis, prevention and treatment strategies. Saudi J. Anaesth. 7, 453\u2013460 (2013).","journal-title":"Saudi J. Anaesth."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816274","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/816274","volume":"2012","author":"PT Dorsher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dorsher, P. T. & McIntosh, P. M. Neurogenic bladder. Adv. Urol. 2012, 816274 (2012).","journal-title":"Adv. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4994","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i36.4994","volume":"18","author":"A Bove","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bove, A. et al. Consensus statement AIGO\/SICCR diagnosis and treatment of chronic constipation and obstructed defecation (part II: treatment). World J. Gastroenterol. 18, 4994\u20135013 (2012).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2006.06.005","volume":"8","author":"RH Dworkin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dworkin, R. H., Jensen, M. P., Gammaitoni, A. R., Olaleye, D. O. & Galer, B. S. Symptom profiles differ in patients with neuropathic versus non-neuropathic pain. J. Pain 8, 118\u2013126 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/730785","volume":"12","author":"DE Moulin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moulin, D. E. et al. Pharmacological management of chronic neuropathic pain \u2014 consensus statement and guidelines from the Canadian Pain Society. Pain Res. Manag. 12, 13\u201321 (2007).","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31822f178f","volume":"36","author":"AP White","year":"2011","unstructured":"White, A. P., Arnold, P. M., Norvell, D. C., Ecker, E. & Fehlings, M. G. Pharmacologic management of chronic low back pain: synthesis of the evidence. Spine 36, S131\u2013S143 (2011).","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"BFnrdp201512_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0245-2013","volume":"47","author":"VL Britto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Britto, V. L., Correa, R. & Vincent, M. B. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 47, 24\u201329 (2014).","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.23","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,6]],"date-time":"2015-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438819200000}}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Disease Primers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrdp201512.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrdp201512","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrdp201512.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T15:39:59Z","timestamp":1717947599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrdp201512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,18]]},"references-count":203,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,17]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrdp201512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2015.12","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-676X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-676X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 June 2015","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15012"}}