{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T20:30:37Z","timestamp":1793824237407,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]],"date-time":"2010-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1269907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]],"date-time":"2010-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1269907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Endocrinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.27","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]],"date-time":"2010-03-30T05:31:36Z","timestamp":1269927096000},"page":"279-289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":242,"title":["Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus: interplay between enterovirus and host"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Didier","family":"Hober","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Sauter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.12.3353","volume":"51","author":"EA Gale","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gale, E. A. The rise of childhood type 1 diabetes in the 20th century. Diabetes 51, 3353\u20133361 (2002).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2008.05.008","volume":"34","author":"H Ja\u00efdane","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ja\u00efdane, H. & Hober, D. Role of coxsackievirus B4 in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 34, 537\u2013548 (2008).","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890410018952","volume":"37","author":"A Kondrashova","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kondrashova, A. et al. A six-fold gradient in the incidence of type 1 diabetes at the eastern border of Finland. Ann. Med. 37, 67\u201372 (2005).","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06406","volume":"450","author":"S Nejentsev","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nejentsev, S. et al. Localization of type 1 diabetes susceptibility to the MHC class I genes HLA-B and HLA-A. Nature 450, 887\u2013892 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1800","volume":"38","author":"DJ Smyth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smyth, D. J. A genome-wide association study of nonsynonymous SNPs identifies a type 1 diabetes locus in the interferon-induced helicase (IFIH1) region. Nat. Genet. 38, 617\u2013619 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2068","volume":"39","author":"JA Todd","year":"2007","unstructured":"Todd, J. A. Robust associations of four new chromosome regions from genome-wide analyses of type 1 diabetes. Nat. Genet. 39, 857\u2013864 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0753","volume":"57","author":"P Concannon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Concannon, P. et al. A human type 1 diabetes susceptibility locus maps to chromosome 21q22.3. Diabetes 57, 2858\u20132861 (2008).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.249","volume":"40","author":"JD Cooper","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cooper, J. D. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association study data identifies additional type 1 diabetes risk loci. Nat. Genet. 40, 1399\u20131401 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.995","volume":"25","author":"H Ja\u00efdane","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ja\u00efdane, H. et al. Coxsackievirus B4 and type 1 diabetes pathogenesis: contribution of animal models. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 25, 591\u2013603 (2009).","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020100","volume":"347","author":"JF Bach","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bach, J. F. The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 911\u2013920 (2002).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.02.017","volume":"8","author":"E Goldberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goldberg, E. & Krause, I. Infection and type 1 diabetes mellitus\u2014a two edged sword? Autoimmun. Rev. 8, 682\u2013686 (2009).","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/dmr.5610110202","volume":"11","author":"JW Yoon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Yoon, J. W. A new look at viruses in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Rev. 11, 83\u2013107 (1995).","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Rev."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.02.006","volume":"8","author":"MJ Richer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Richer, M. J. & Horwitz, M. S. Coxsackievirus infection as an environmental factor in the etiology of type 1 diabetes. Autoimmun. Rev. 8, 611\u2013615 (2009).","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/ann.34.3.138.147","volume":"34","author":"H Hy\u00f6ty","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hy\u00f6ty, H. Enterovirus infections and type 1 diabetes. Ann. Med. 34, 138\u2013147 (2002).","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2003.03.001","volume":"57","author":"HW Haverkos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Haverkos, H. W., Battula, N., Drotman, D. P. & Rennert, O. M. Enteroviruses and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Biomed. Pharmacother. 57, 379\u2013385 (2003).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-0852-3","volume":"45","author":"H Hy\u00f6ty","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hy\u00f6ty, H. & Taylor, K. W. The role of viruses in human diabetes. Diabetologia 45, 1353\u20131361 (2002).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.1999.00098.x","volume":"16","author":"C Nairn","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nairn, C., Galbraith, D. N., Taylor, K. W. & Clements, G. B. Enterovirus variants in the serum of children at the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet. Med. 16, 509\u2013513 (1999).","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.6.1964","volume":"51","author":"H Yin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yin, H., Berg, A. K., Tuvemo, T. & Frisk, G. Enterovirus RNA is found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a majority of type 1 diabetic children at onset. Diabetes 51, 1964\u20131971 (2002).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46015-0","volume":"54","author":"V Moya-Suri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moya-Suri, V. et al. Enterovirus RNA sequences in sera of schoolchildren in the general population and their association with type 1-diabetes-associated autoantibodies. J. Med. Microbiol. 54, 879\u2013883 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930701523429","volume":"40","author":"L Sarmiento","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarmiento, L. et al. Occurrence of enterovirus RNA in serum of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and islet cell autoantibody-positive subjects in a population with a low incidence of type 1 diabetes. Autoimmunity 40, 540\u2013545 (2007).","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21008","volume":"79","author":"A Elfaitouri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Elfaitouri, A. et al. Recent enterovirus infection in type 1 diabetes: evidence with a novel IgM method. J. Med. Virol. 79, 1861\u20131867 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1086\/315516","volume":"181","author":"W Chehadeh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chehadeh, W. et al. Increased level of interferon-\u03b1 in blood of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: relationship with coxsackievirus B infection. J. Infect. Dis. 181, 1929\u20131939 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03529.x","volume":"151","author":"M Oikarinen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oikarinen, M. et al. Detection of enteroviruses in the intestine of type 1 diabetic patients. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 151, 71\u201375 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271958","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/271958","volume":"2008","author":"M Elfving","year":"2008","unstructured":"Elfving, M. et al. Maternal enterovirus infection during pregnancy as a risk factor in offspring diagnosed with type 1 diabetes between 15 and 30 years of age. Exp. Diabetes Res. 2008, 271958 (2008).","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1624-z","volume":"48","author":"A Imagawa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Imagawa, A., Hanafusa, T., Makino, H., Miyagawa, J. I. & Juto, P. High titres of IgA antibodies to enterovirus in fulminant type-1 diabetes. Diabetologia 48, 290\u2013293 (2005).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.03.009","volume":"84","author":"H Akatsuka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Akatsuka, H. et al. A case of fulminant type 1 diabetes with coxsackie B4 virus infection diagnosed by elevated serum levels of neutralizing antibody. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 84, e50\u2013e52 (2009).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939108997147","volume":"10","author":"I Gerling","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gerling, I., Chatterjee, N. K. & Nejman, C. Coxsackievirus B4-induced development of antibodies to 64,000-Mr islet autoantigen and hyperglycemia in mice. Autoimmunity 10, 49\u201356 (1991).","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.6.652","volume":"44","author":"H Hy\u00f6ty","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hy\u00f6ty, H. et al. A prospective study of the role of coxsackie B and other enterovirus infections in the pathogenesis of IDDM. Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group. Diabetes 44, 652\u2013657 (1995).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1157-x","volume":"46","author":"K Sadeharju","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sadeharju, K., Knip, M., Hiltunen, M., Akerblom, H. K. & Hy\u00f6ty, H. The HLA-DR phenotype modulates the humoral immune response to enterovirus antigens. Diabetologia 46, 1100\u20131105 (2003).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.2.364","volume":"22","author":"GG Dahlquist","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dahlquist, G. G., Boman, J. E. & Juto, P. Enteroviral RNA and IgM antibodies in early pregnancy and risk for childhood-onset IDDM in offspring. Diabetes Care 22, 364\u2013365 (1999).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.4.408","volume":"44","author":"GG Dahlquist","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dahlquist, G. G., Ivarsson, S., Lindberg, B. & Forsgren. M. Maternal enteroviral infection during pregnancy as a risk factor for childhood IDDM. A population-based case-control study. Diabetes 44, 408\u2013413 (1995).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91128-7","volume":"2","author":"AK Foulis","year":"1987","unstructured":"Foulis, A. K., Farquharson, M. A. & Meager, A. Immunoreactive alpha-interferon in insulin-secreting beta cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Lancet 2, 1423\u20131427 (1987).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.6.658","volume":"44","author":"X Huang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Huang, X. et al. Interferon expression in the pancreases of patients with type I diabetes. Diabetes 44, 658\u2013664 (1995).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700442104","volume":"104","author":"F Dotta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dotta, F. et al. Coxsackie B4 virus infection of beta cells and natural killer cell insulitis in recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 5115\u20135120 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197905243002102","volume":"300","author":"JW Yoon","year":"1979","unstructured":"Yoon, J. W., Austin, M., Onodera, T. & Notkins, A. L. Isolation of a virus from the pancreas of a child with diabetic ketoacidosis (virus-induced diabetes mellitus). N. Engl. J. Med. 300, 1173\u20131179 (1979).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1297-z","volume":"47","author":"P Ylipaasto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ylipaasto, P. et al. Enterovirus infection in human pancreatic islet cells, islet tropism in vivo and receptor involvement in cultured islet beta cells. Diabetologia 47, 225\u2013239 (2004).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1276-0","volume":"5","author":"SJ Richardson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Richardson, S. J., Willcox, A., Bone, A. J., Foulis, A. K. & Morgan, N. G. The prevalence of enteroviral capsid protein vp1 immunostaining in pancreatic islets in human type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 5, 1143\u20131151 (2009).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1107-8","volume":"51","author":"M Oikarinen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oikarinen, M. et al. Analysis of pancreas tissue in a child positive for islet cell antibodies. Diabetologia 51, 1796\u20131802 (2008).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3277269","volume":"239","author":"MB Oldstone","year":"1988","unstructured":"Oldstone, M. B. Prevention of type I diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by virus infection. Science 239, 500\u2013502 (1988).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17005","volume":"113","author":"U Christen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Christen, U. et al. Cure of prediabetic mice by viral infections involves lymphocyte recruitment along an IP-10 gradient. J. Clin. Invest. 113, 74\u201384 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"BFnrendo201027_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2005.09.024","volume":"25","author":"JF Bach","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bach, J. F. Infections and autoimmune diseases. J. Autoimmun. 25 (Suppl.), 74\u201380 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1780-9","volume":"48","author":"H Viskari","year":"2005","unstructured":"Viskari, H. et al. Relationship between the incidence of type 1 diabetes and maternal enterovirus antibodies: time trends and geographical variation. Diabetologia 48, 1280\u20131287 (2005).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR43","first-page":"432","volume":"85","author":"M Roivainen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Roivainen, M. et al. Mechanisms of coxsackievirus-induced damage to human pancreatic beta-cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 432\u2013440 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10153","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.21.10153-10164.2000","volume":"74","author":"W Chehadeh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chehadeh, W. et al. Persistent infection of human pancreatic islets by coxsackievirus B is associated with alpha interferon synthesis in beta cells. J. Virol. 74, 10153\u201310164 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1155\/EDR.2000.165","volume":"1","author":"G Frisk","year":"2000","unstructured":"Frisk, G. & Diderholm, H. Tissue culture of isolated human pancreatic islets infected with different strains of coxsackievirus B4: assessment of virus replication and effects on islet morphology and insulin release. Int. J. Exp. Diabetes Res. 1, 165\u2013175 (2000).","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1447.012","volume":"1150","author":"P Klemola","year":"2008","unstructured":"Klemola, P., Kaijalainen, S., Ylipaasto, P. & Roivainen, M. Diabetogenic effects of the most prevalent enteroviruses in Finnish sewage. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1150, 210\u2013212 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00404634","volume":"33","author":"TM Szopa","year":"1990","unstructured":"Szopa, T. M., Ward, T., Dronfield, D. M., Portwood, N. D. & Taylor, K. W. Coxsackie B4 viruses with the potential to damage beta cells of the islets are present in clinical isolates. Diabetologia 33, 325\u2013328 (1990).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.08.019","volume":"38","author":"M Roivainen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roivainen, M. Enteroviruses: new findings on the role of enteroviruses in type 1 diabetes. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 38, 721\u2013725 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1839-7","volume":"48","author":"P Ylipaasto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ylipaasto, P. et al. Global profiling of coxsackievirus- and cytokine-induced gene expression in human pancreatic islets. Diabetologia 48, 1510\u20131522 (2005).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.148.4.1068","volume":"148","author":"JW Yoon","year":"1978","unstructured":"Yoon, J. W., Onodera, T. & Notkins, A. L. Virus-induced diabetes mellitus. XV. Beta cell damage and insulin-dependent hyperglycemia in mice infected with coxsackie virus B4. J. Exp. Med. 148, 1068\u20131080 (1978).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2009.6.85","volume":"6","author":"KT Coppieters","year":"2009","unstructured":"Coppieters, K. T. & von Herrath, M. G. Histopathology of type 1 diabetes: old paradigms and new insights. Rev. Diabet. Stud. 6, 85\u201396 (2009).","journal-title":"Rev. Diabet. Stud."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32832e06ba","volume":"16","author":"MA Atkinson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Atkinson, M. A. & Gianani, R. The pancreas in human type 1 diabetes: providing new answers to age-old questions. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 16, 279\u2013285 (2009).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1394.009","volume":"1103","author":"S Tracy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tracy, S. & Drescher, K. M. Coxsackievirus infections and NOD mice relevant models of protection from, and induction of, type 1 diabetes. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1103, 143\u2013151 (2007).","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12097","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.23.12097-12111.2002","volume":"76","author":"S Tracy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tracy, S. et al. Toward testing the hypothesis that group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) trigger insulin-dependent diabetes: inoculating nonobese diabetic mice with CVB markedly lowers diabetes incidence. J. Virol. 76, 12097\u201312111 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1447.025","volume":"1150","author":"R Bortell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bortell, R., Pino, S. C., Greiner, D. L., Zipris, D. & Rossini, A. A. Closing the circle between the bedside and the bench: Toll-like receptors in models of virally induced diabetes. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1150, 112\u2013122 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.2.267","volume":"53","author":"AA Rossini","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rossini, A. A. Autoimmune diabetes and the circle of tolerance. Diabetes 53, 267\u2013275 (2004).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2009.21","volume":"5","author":"DL Eizirik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Eizirik, D. L., Colli, M. L. & Ortis, F. The role of inflammation in insulitis and beta-cell loss in type 1 diabetes. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 5, 219\u2013226 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.05.010","volume":"367","author":"M Hultcrantz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hultcrantz, M. et al. Interferons induce an antiviral state in human pancreatic islet cells. Virology 367, 92\u2013101 (2007).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.3173","volume":"172","author":"L Wen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wen, L., Peng, J., Li, Z. & Wong, F. S. The effect of innate immunity on autoimmune diabetes and the expression of Toll-like receptors on pancreatic islets. J. Immunol. 172, 3173\u20133180 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33984","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M502213200","volume":"280","author":"J Rasschaert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rasschaert, J. et al. Toll-like receptor 3 and STAT-1 contribute to double-stranded RNA+ interferon-gamma-induced apoptosis in primary pancreatic beta-cells. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 33984\u201333991 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.4.8737","volume":"143","author":"D Liu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liu, D., Cardozo, A. K., Darville, M. I. & Eizirik, D. L. Double-stranded RNA cooperates with interferon-gamma and IL-1 beta to induce both chemokine expression and nuclear factor-kappa B-dependent apoptosis in pancreatic beta-cells: potential mechanisms for viral-induced insulitis and beta-cell death in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Endocrinology 143, 1225\u20131234 (2002).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0844","volume":"57","author":"Z Dogusan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dogusan, Z. et al. Double-stranded RNA induces pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis by activation of the toll-like receptor 3 and interferon regulatory factor 3 pathways. Diabetes 57, 1236\u20131245 (2008).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8100367","volume":"260","author":"TA Stewart","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stewart, T. A. et al. Induction of type 1 diabetes by interferon-alpha in transgenic mice. Science 260, 1942\u20131946 (1993).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.2.522","volume":"157","author":"D Chakrabarti","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chakrabarti, D., Hultgren, B. & Stewart, T. A. IFN-alpha induces autoimmune T cells through the induction of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and B7.2. J. Immunol. 157, 522\u2013528 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61693-8","volume":"159","author":"AL Scarim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Scarim, A. L. et al. Mechanisms of beta-cell death in response to double-stranded (ds) RNA and interferon-gamma: dsRNA-dependent protein kinase apoptosis and nitric oxide-dependent necrosis. Am. J. Pathol. 159, 273\u2013283 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.3.1171","volume":"174","author":"M Flodstr\u00f6m-Tullberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Flodstr\u00f6m-Tullberg, M. et al. RNase L and double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase exert complementary roles in islet cell defense during coxsackievirus infection. J. Immunol. 174, 1171\u20131177 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR67","volume-title":"Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses","author":"F Colb\u00e8re-Garapin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Colb\u00e8re-Garapin, F. in Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses (eds Semler, B. L. & Wimmer, E.) (American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, 2002)."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(00)00217-3","volume":"73","author":"G Frisk","year":"2001","unstructured":"Frisk, G., Jansson, K., Ericsson, M. & Diderholm, H. Differences in inhibition of replication between Coxsackie B4 virus strains in various cell lines by antibodies to some cell surface proteins. Virus Res. 73, 121\u2013130 (2001).","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.04.06.db05-0630","volume":"55","author":"S Skarsvik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Skarsvik, S. et al. Decreased in vitro type 1 immune response against coxsackie virus B4 in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 55, 996\u20131003 (2006).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.5.1131","volume":"171","author":"DM See","year":"1995","unstructured":"See, D. M. & Tilles, J. G. Pathogenesis of virus-induced diabetes in mice. J. Infect. Dis. 171, 1131\u20131138 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27372","volume":"116","author":"D Merkler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Merkler, D. et al. \u201cViral d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu\u201d elicits organ-specific immune disease independent of reactivity to self. J. Clin. Invest. 116, 1254\u20131263 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2192","volume":"7","author":"M von Herrath","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Herrath, M., Sanda, S. & Herold, K. Type 1 diabetes as a relapsing\u2013remitting disease? Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7, 988\u2013994 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90163-F","volume":"14","author":"PV Lehmann","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lehmann, P. V., Sercarz, E. E., Forsthuber, T., Dayan, C. M. & Gammon, G. Determinant spreading and the dynamics of the autoimmune T-cell repertoire. Immunol. Today 14, 203\u2013208 (1993).","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.4.583","volume":"46","author":"J Paronen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Paronen, J. et al. Glutamate decarboxylase-reactive peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with IDDM express gut-specific homing receptor alpha4beta7-integrin. Diabetes 46, 583\u2013588 (1997).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0798-781","volume":"4","author":"MS Horwitz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Horwitz, M. S. et al. Diabetes induced by Coxsackie virus: initiation by bystander damage and not molecular mimicry. Nat. Med. 4, 781\u2013785 (1998).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.5.708","volume":"49","author":"DV Serreze","year":"2000","unstructured":"Serreze, D. V., Ottendorfer, E. W., Ellis, T. M., Gauntt, C. J. & Atkinson, M. A. Acceleration of type 1 diabetes by a coxsackievirus infection requires preexisting critical mass of autoreactive T-cells in pancreatic islets. Diabetes 49, 708\u2013711 (2000).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.2000.0486","volume":"16","author":"MS Horwitz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Horwitz, M. S., Fine, C., Ilic, A. & Sarvetnick, N. Requirements for viral-mediated autoimmune diabetes: beta-cell damage and immune infiltration. J. Autoimmun. 16, 211\u2013217 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0211198","volume":"109","author":"MS Horwitz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Horwitz, M. S., Ilic, A., Fine, C., Rodriguez, E. & Sarvetnick, N. Presented antigen from damaged pancreatic beta cells activates autoreactive T cells in virus-mediated autoimmune diabetes. J. Clin. Invest. 109, 79\u201387 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2863","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1023","volume":"57","author":"CM Filippi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Filippi, C. M. & von Herrath, M. G. Viral trigger for type 1 diabetes: pros and cons. Diabetes 57, 2863\u20132871 (2008).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2003.11.014","volume":"40","author":"U Christen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Christen, U. & von Herrath, M. G. Induction, acceleration or prevention of autoimmunity by molecular mimicry. Mol. Immunol. 40, 1113\u20131120 (2004).","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050864","volume":"41","author":"GR Vreugdenhil","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vreugdenhil, G. R. et al. Molecular mimicry in diabetes mellitus: the homologous domain in coxsackie B virus protein 2C and islet autoantigen GAD65 is highly conserved in the coxsackie B-like enteroviruses and binds to the diabetes associated HLA-DR3 molecule. Diabetologia 41, 40\u201346 (1998).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-8859(01)00223-3","volume":"62","author":"NC Schloot","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schloot, N. C. et al. Molecular mimicry in type 1 diabetes mellitus revisited: T-cell clones to GAD65 peptides with sequence homology to Coxsackie or proinsulin peptides do not crossreact with homologous counterpart. Hum. Immunol. 62, 299\u2013309 (2001).","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10306","volume":"69","author":"T H\u00e4rk\u00f6nen","year":"2003","unstructured":"H\u00e4rk\u00f6nen, T. et al. Enterovirus infection may induce humoral immune response reacting with islet cell autoantigens in humans. J. Med. Virol. 69, 426\u2013440 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90165-U","volume":"65","author":"MB Oldstone","year":"1991","unstructured":"Oldstone, M. B., Nerenberg, M., Southern, P., Price, J. & Lewicki, H. Virus infection triggers insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a transgenic model: role of anti-self (virus) immune response. Cell 65, 319\u2013331 (1991).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.08.001","volume":"34","author":"U Christen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Christen, U., Hintermann, E., Holdener, M. & von Herrath, M. G. Viral triggers for autoimmunity: Is the 'glass of molecular mimicry' half full or half empty? J. Autoimmun. 34, 38\u201344 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.7.3284-3292.2000","volume":"74","author":"N Sevilla","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sevilla, N. et al. Virus-induced diabetes in a transgenic model: role of cross-reacting viruses and quantitation of effector T cells needed to cause disease. J. Virol. 74, 3284\u20133292 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200422557","volume":"114","author":"U Christen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Christen, U. et al. A viral epitope that mimics a self antigen can accelerate but not initiate auto-immune diabetes. J. Clin. Invest. 114, 1290\u20131298 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/ni806","volume":"3","author":"MA Brehm","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brehm, M. A. et al. T cell immunodominance and maintenance of memory regulated by unexpectedly cross-reactive pathogens. Nat. Immunol. 3, 627\u2013634 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(03)00356-X","volume":"20","author":"LK Selin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Selin, L. K. & Welsh, R. M. Plasticity of T cell memory responses to viruses. Immunity 20, 5\u201316 (2004).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR90","first-page":"1515","volume":"119","author":"CM Filippi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Filippi, C. M., Estes, E. A., Oldham, J. E. & von Herrath, M. G. Immunoregulatory mechanisms triggered by viral infections protect from type 1 diabetes in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 119, 1515\u20131523 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20022125","volume":"198","author":"MJ Ansari","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ansari, M. J. et al. The programmed death\u20131 (PD-1) pathway regulates autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. J. Exp. Med. 198, 63\u201369 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061577","volume":"203","author":"BT Fife","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fife, B. T. et al. Insulin-induced remission in new-onset NOD mice is maintained by the PD-1-PD-L1 pathway. J. Exp. Med. 203, 2737\u20132747 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.7.3592","volume":"170","author":"D Zipris","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zipris, D. et al. Infections that induce autoimmune diabetes in BBDR rats modulate CD4+CD25+ T cell populations. J. Immunol. 170, 3592\u20133602 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.37.11.1484","volume":"37","author":"C Johnston","year":"1988","unstructured":"Johnston, C. et al. Alterations in T-lymphocyte subpopulations in type I diabetes. Exploration of genetic influence in identical twins. Diabetes 37, 1484\u20131488 (1988).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.40.5.590","volume":"40","author":"D Faustman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Faustman, D., Schoenfeld, D. & Ziegler, R. T-lymphocyte changes linked to autoantibodies. Association of insulin autoantibodies with CD4+CD45R+ lymphocyte subpopulation in prediabetic subjects. Diabetes 40, 590\u2013597 (1991).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890380210","volume":"38","author":"NK Chatterjee","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chatterjee, N. K., Hou, J., Dockstader, P. & Charbonneau, T. Coxsackievirus B4 infection alters thymic, splenic, and peripheral lymphocyte repertoire preceding onset of hyperglycemia in mice. J. Med. Virol. 38, 124\u2013131 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21016","volume":"80","author":"F Brilot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brilot, F., Ja\u00efdane, H., Geenen, V. & Hober, D. Coxsackievirus B4 infection of murine foetal thymus organ cultures. J. Med. Virol. 80, 659\u2013666 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5260","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.10.5260-5265.2002","volume":"76","author":"F Brilot","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brilot, F. et al. Persistent infection of human thymic epithelial cells by coxsackievirus B4. J. Virol. 76, 5260\u20135265 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9854","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.18.9854-9861.2004","volume":"78","author":"F Brilot","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brilot, F., Geenen, V., Hober, D. & Stoddart, C. A. Coxsackievirus B4 infection of human fetal thymus cells. J. Virol. 78, 9854\u20139861 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.01.005","volume":"11","author":"P Sauter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sauter, P. & Hober, D. Mechanisms and results of the antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infections and role in the pathogenesis of coxsackievirus B-induced diseases. Microbes Infect. 11, 443\u2013451 (2009).","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-2-351","volume":"83","author":"J Girn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Girn, J., Kavoosi, M. & Chantler, J. Enhancement of coxsackievirus B3 infection by antibody to a different coxsackievirus strain. J. Gen. Virol. 83, 351\u2013358 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.2002.2087","volume":"34","author":"C Kishimoto","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kishimoto, C., Kurokawa, M. & Ochiai, H. Antibody-mediated immune enhancement in coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 34, 1227\u20131238 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1086\/323801","volume":"184","author":"D Hober","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hober, D., Chehadeh, W., Bouzidi, A. & Wattr\u00e9, P. Antibody-dependent enhancement of coxsackievirus B4 infectivity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells results in increased interferon-alpha synthesis. J. Infect. Dis. 184, 1098\u20131108 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-9-2169","volume":"83","author":"D Hober","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hober, D. et al. Circulating and cell-bound antibodies increase coxsackievirus B4-induced production of IFN-alpha by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with type 1 diabetes. J. Gen. Virol. 83, 2169\u20132176 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13882","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.22.13882-13891.2005","volume":"79","author":"W Chehadeh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chehadeh, W. et al. Viral protein VP4 is a target of human antibodies enhancing coxsackievirus B4- and B3-induced synthesis of alpha interferon. J. Virol. 79, 13882\u201313891 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.01.001","volume":"125","author":"P Sauter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sauter, P. et al. Role of the capsid protein VP4 in the plasma-dependent enhancement of the Coxsackievirus B4E2-infection of human peripheral blood cells. Virus Res. 125, 183\u2013190 (2007).","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21171","volume":"80","author":"P Sauter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sauter, P. et al. A part of the VP4 capsid protein exhibited by coxsackievirus B4 E2 is the target of antibodies contained in plasma from patients with type 1 diabetes. J. Med. Virol. 80, 866\u2013878 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2007.12.007","volume":"24","author":"ER Mardis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mardis, E. R. The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. Trends Genet. 24, 133\u2013141 (2008).","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0808284","volume":"360","author":"P Concannon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Concannon, P., Risch, S. S. & Nepom, G. T. Genetics of type 1A diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 360, 1646\u20131654 (2009).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01621","volume":"423","author":"H Ueda","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ueda, H. et al. Association of the T-cell regulatory gene CTLA4 with susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Nature 423, 506\u2013511 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2102","volume":"39","author":"CE Lowe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lowe, C. E. et al. Large-scale genetic fine mapping and genetic-phenotype associations implicate polymorphism in the IL2RA region in type 1 diabetes. Nat. Genet. 39, 1074\u20131082 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.5.1588","volume":"54","author":"LL Field","year":"2005","unstructured":"Field, L. L. et al. OAS1 splice site polymorphism controlling antiviral enzyme activity influences susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 54, 1588\u20131591 (2005).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1086\/429391","volume":"76","author":"V Bonnevie-Nielsen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bonnevie-Nielsen, V. et al. Variation in antiviral 2\u2032, 5\u2032-oligoadenylate synthetase (2\u20325\u2032OAS) enzyme activity is controlled by a single-nucleotide polymorphism at a splice-acceptor site in the OAS1 gene. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 76, 623\u2013633 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25447","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M100496200","volume":"276","author":"A Ghosh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ghosh, A., Sarkar, S. N., Rowe, T. M. & Sen, G. C. A specific isozyme of 2\u2032-5\u2032 oligoadenylate synthetase is a dual function proapoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 family. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 25447\u201325455 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR115","first-page":"1329","volume":"39","author":"PR Burton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burton, P. R. et al. Association scan of 14,500 nonsynonymous SNPs in four diseases identifies autoimmunity variants. Nat. Genet. 39, 1329\u20131337 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1167728","volume":"324","author":"S Nejentsev","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nejentsev, S., Walker, N., Riches, D., Egholm, M. & Todd, J. A. Rare variants of IFIH1, a gene implicated in antiviral responses, protect against type 1 diabetes. Science 324, 387\u2013389 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13348","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M809449200","volume":"284","author":"T Shigemoto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shigemoto, T. et al. Identification of loss of function mutations in human genes encoding RIG-I and MDA5: implications for resistance to type I diabetes. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 13348\u201313354 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.5.2851","volume":"175","author":"M Yoneyama","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yoneyama, M. et al. Shared and unique functions of the DExD\/H-box helicases RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 in antiviral innate immunity. J. Immunol. 175, 2851\u20132858 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04946","volume":"442","author":"E Meylan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meylan, E., Tschopp, J. & Karin, M. Intracellular pattern recognition receptors in the host response. Nature 442, 39\u201344 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn342","volume":"18","author":"S Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. IFIH1 polymorphisms are significantly associated with type 1 diabetes and IFIH1 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Hum. Mol. Genet. 18, 358\u2013365 (2009).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-008-0310-x","volume":"86","author":"S Gr\u00f6schel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6schel, S. et al. TLR-mediated induction of negative regulatory ligands on dendritic cells. J. Mol. Med. 86, 443\u2013455 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20033","volume":"72","author":"H Viskari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Viskari, H. et al. Relationship between the incidence of type 1 diabetes and enterovirus infections in different European populations: results from the EPIVIR project. J. Med. Virol. 72, 610\u2013617 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/459518a","volume":"459","author":"M von Herrath","year":"2009","unstructured":"von Herrath, M. Diabetes: A virus\u2013gene collaboration. Nature 459, 518\u2013519 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-9027","volume":"58","author":"M von Herrath","year":"2009","unstructured":"von Herrath, M. Can we learn from viruses how to prevent type 1 diabetes? The role of viral infections in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and the development of novel combination therapies. Diabetes 58, 2\u201311 (2009).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1443.020","volume":"1143","author":"T Kawai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kawai, T. & Akira, S. Toll-like receptor and RIG-I-like receptor signaling. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1143, 1\u201320 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrendo201027_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp474","volume":"19","author":"ML Colli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Colli, M. L., Moore, F., Gurzov, E. N., Ortis, F. & Eizirik D. L. MDA5 and PTPN2, two candidate genes for type 1 diabetes, modify pancreatic beta-cell responses to the viral by-product double stranded RNA. Hum. Mol. Genet. 19, 135\u2013146 (2010).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrendo.2010.27","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrendo.2010.27.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrendo.2010.27.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T11:44:37Z","timestamp":1711367077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrendo.2010.27"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrendo201027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2010.27","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5029","1759-5037"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5029","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-5037","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 March 2010","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}