{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T08:45:43Z","timestamp":1792226743487,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]],"date-time":"2012-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1353456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Endocrinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]],"date-time":"2012-11-21T07:14:17Z","timestamp":1353482057000},"page":"743-754","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":964,"title":["The vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex\u2014linking immunity and metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Valentin A.","family":"Pavlov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Tracey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01321","volume":"420","author":"KJ Tracey","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tracey, K. J. The inflammatory reflex. Nature 420, 853\u2013859 (2002).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2566","volume":"9","author":"KJ Tracey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tracey, K. J. Reflex control of immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9, 418\u2013428 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075015","volume":"30","author":"U Andersson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Andersson, U. & Tracey, K. J. Reflex principles of immunological homeostasis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 30, 313\u2013335 (2011).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2009.136","volume":"5","author":"R Baccala","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baccala, R.  et al. Sensors of the innate immune system: their mode of action. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 5, 448\u2013456 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2873","volume":"10","author":"GY Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen, G. Y. & Nunez, G. Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 10, 826\u2013837 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101323","volume":"29","author":"U Andersson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Andersson, U. & Tracey, K. J. HMGB1 is a therapeutic target for sterile inflammation and infection. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 29, 139\u2013162 (2011).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.03.006","volume":"140","author":"R Medzhitov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Medzhitov, R. Inflammation 2010: new adventures of an old flame. Cell 140, 771\u2013776 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2005.03.015","volume":"19","author":"VA Pavlov","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pavlov, V. A. & Tracey, K. J. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Brain Behav. Immun. 19, 493\u2013499 (2005).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30555","volume":"117","author":"KJ Tracey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tracey, K. J. Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. J. Clin. Invest. 117, 289\u2013296 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR10","first-page":"203","volume":"1","author":"VA Pavlov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pavlov, V. A. Cholinergic modulation of inflammation. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 1, 203\u2013212 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR11","first-page":"4","volume":"17","author":"JP Bastard","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bastard, J. P.  et al. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 17, 4\u201312 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2925","volume":"11","author":"MY Donath","year":"2011","unstructured":"Donath, M. Y. & Shoelson, S. E. Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 11, 98\u2013107 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05485","volume":"444","author":"GS Hotamisligil","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hotamisligil, G. S. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature 444, 860\u2013867 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR14","first-page":"966","volume":"20","author":"WO Richter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Richter, W. O., Geiss, H. C., Aleksic, S. & Schwandt, P. Cardiac autonomic nerve function and insulin sensitivity in obese subjects. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 20, 966\u2013969 (1996).","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00066-1","volume":"83","author":"K Karason","year":"1999","unstructured":"Karason, K., Molgaard, H., Wikstrand, J. & Sjostrom, L. Heart rate variability in obesity and the effect of weight loss. Am. J. Cardiol. 83, 1242\u20131247 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924083","volume":"114","author":"D Ziegler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ziegler, D.  et al. Selective contribution of diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors to cardiac autonomic dysfunction in the general population. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 114, 153\u2013159 (2006).","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.11.3035","volume":"26","author":"MR Carnethon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carnethon, M. R., Jacobs, D. R. Jr, Sidney, S. & Liu, K. Influence of autonomic nervous system dysfunction on the development of type 2 diabetes: the CARDIA study. Diabetes Care 26, 3035\u20133041 (2003).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.154633","volume":"332","author":"MB Marrero","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marrero, M. B.  et al. An \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-selective agonist reduces weight gain and metabolic changes in a mouse model of diabetes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 332, 173\u2013180 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0855","volume":"152","author":"X Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, X., Yang, Z., Xue, B. & Shi, H. Activation of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway ameliorates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Endocrinology 152, 836\u2013846 (2011).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2011.00083","volume":"17","author":"SK Satapathy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Satapathy, S. K.  et al. Galantamine alleviates inflammation and other obesity-associated complications in high-fat diet-fed mice. Mol. Med. 17, 599\u2013606 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/35013070","volume":"405","author":"LV Borovikova","year":"2000","unstructured":"Borovikova, L. V.  et al. Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin. Nature 405, 458\u2013462 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01339","volume":"421","author":"H Wang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wang, H.  et al. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor \u03b17 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation. Nature 421, 384\u2013388 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03402177","volume":"9","author":"VA Pavlov","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pavlov, V. A., Wang, H., Czura, C. J., Friedman, S. G. & Tracey, K. J. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: a missing link in neuroimmunomodulation. Mol. Med. 9, 125\u2013134 (2003).","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00219-8","volume":"85","author":"LE Goehler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Goehler, L. E.  et al. Vagal immune-to-brain communication: a visceral chemosensory pathway. Auton. Neurosci. 85, 49\u201359 (2000).","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(96)00098-7","volume":"61","author":"A Niijima","year":"1996","unstructured":"Niijima, A. The afferent discharges from sensors for interleukin 1\u03b2 in the hepatoportal system in the anesthetized rat. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 61, 287\u2013291 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9471","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-22-09471.1998","volume":"18","author":"M Ek","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ek, M., Kurosawa, M., Lundeberg, T. & Ericsson, A. Activation of vagal afferents after intravenous injection of interleukin-1\u03b2: role of endogenous prostaglandins. J. Neurosci. 18, 9471\u20139479 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-07-02799.1999","volume":"19","author":"LE Goehler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goehler, L. E.  et al. Interleukin-1\u03b2 in immune cells of the abdominal vagus nerve: a link between the immune and nervous systems? J. Neurosci. 19, 2799\u20132806 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R929","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2001.280.4.R929","volume":"280","author":"MK Hansen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hansen, M. K., O'Connor, K. A., Goehler, L. E., Watkins, L. R. & Maier, S. F. The contribution of the vagus nerve in interleukin-1\u03b2-induced fever is dependent on dose. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 280, R929\u2013R934 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-4102-3","volume":"61","author":"VA Pavlov","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pavlov, V. A. & Tracey, K. J. Neural regulators of innate immune responses and inflammation. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 61, 2322\u20132331 (2004).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2004.11.012","volume":"120","author":"T Hosoi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hosoi, T., Okuma, Y., Matsuda, T. & Nomura, Y. Novel pathway for LPS-induced afferent vagus nerve activation: possible role of nodose ganglion. Auton. Neurosci. 120, 104\u2013107 (2005).","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E187","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00056.2011","volume":"301","author":"G de Lartigue","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Lartigue, G., Barbier, de la Serre, C., Espero, E., Lee, J. & Raybould, H. E. Diet-induced obesity leads to the development of leptin resistance in vagal afferent neurons. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 301, E187\u2013E195 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.03.029","volume":"63","author":"S Guarini","year":"2004","unstructured":"Guarini, S.  et al. Adrenocorticotropin reverses hemorrhagic shock in anesthetized rats through the rapid activation of a vagal anti-inflammatory pathway. Cardiovasc. Res. 63, 357\u2013365 (2004).","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5219","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600506103","volume":"103","author":"VA Pavlov","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pavlov, V. A.  et al. Central muscarinic cholinergic regulation of the systemic inflammatory response during endotoxemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 5219\u20135223 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.06.011","volume":"23","author":"VA Pavlov","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pavlov, V. A.  et al. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity controls systemic cytokine levels through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Brain Behav. Immun. 23, 41\u201345 (2009).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.10.076","volume":"1309","author":"ST Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee, S. T.  et al. Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain Res. 1309, 164\u2013171 (2010).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000259381.56526.96","volume":"35","author":"VA Pavlov","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pavlov, V. A.  et al. Selective \u03b17-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist GTS-21 improves survival in murine endotoxemia and severe sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 35, 1139\u20131144 (2007).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.2119\/2008-00079.Parrish","volume":"14","author":"WR Parrish","year":"2008","unstructured":"Parrish, W. R.  et al. Modulation of TNF release by choline requires \u03b17 subunit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated signaling. Mol. Med. 14, 567\u2013574 (2008).","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.01.002","volume":"80","author":"M Gallowitsch-Puerta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gallowitsch-Puerta, M. & Pavlov, V. A. Neuro-immune interactions via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Life Sci. 80, 2325\u20132329 (2007).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2011.00405","volume":"18","author":"PS Olofsson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olofsson, P. S.  et al. \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (\u03b17nAChR) expression in bone marrow-derived non-T cells is required for the inflammatory reflex. Mol. Med. 18, 539\u2013543 (2012).","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/01.shk.0000228168.86845.60","volume":"26","author":"R Hamano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hamano, R.  et al. Stimulation of \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibits CD14 and the toll-like receptor 4 expression in human monocytes. Shock 26, 358\u2013364 (2006).","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000050627.90734.ED","volume":"107","author":"S Guarini","year":"2003","unstructured":"Guarini, S.  et al. Efferent vagal fibre stimulation blunts nuclear factor-\u03baB activation and protects against hypovolemic hemorrhagic shock. Circulation 107, 1189\u20131194 (2003).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0341037","volume":"34","author":"VA Pavlov","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pavlov, V. A. & Tracey, K. J. Controlling inflammation: the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 34, 1037\u20131040 (2006).","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1229","volume":"6","author":"WJ de Jonge","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Jonge, W. J.  et al. Stimulation of the vagus nerve attenuates macrophage activation by activating the Jak2-STAT3 signaling pathway. Nat. Immunol. 6, 844\u2013851 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11008","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803237105","volume":"105","author":"M Rosas-Ballina","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rosas-Ballina, M.  et al. Splenic nerve is required for cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway control of TNF in endotoxemia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 11008\u201311013 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209985","volume":"334","author":"M Rosas-Ballina","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rosas-Ballina, M.  et al. Acetylcholine-synthesizing T cells relay neural signals in a vagus nerve circuit. Science 334, 98\u2013101 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.08.016","volume":"131","author":"JE Ghia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ghia, J. E., Blennerhassett, P., Kumar-Ondiveeran, H., Verdu, E. F. & Collins, S. M. The vagus nerve: a tonic inhibitory influence associated with inflammatory bowel disease in a murine model. Gastroenterology 131, 1122\u20131130 (2006).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.08.061","volume":"133","author":"B Bonaz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bonaz, B. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology 133, 1370\u20131373 (2007).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.245563","volume":"109","author":"C Leib","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leib, C.  et al. Role of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway in murine autoimmune myocarditis. Circ. Res. 109, 130\u2013140 (2011).","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2009.31","volume":"5","author":"MA van Maanen","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Maanen, M. A., Vervoordeldonk, M. J. & Tak, P. P. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: towards innovative treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 5, 229\u2013232 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2011.00065","volume":"17","author":"FA Koopman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koopman, F. A.  et al. Restoring the balance of the autonomic nervous system as an innovative approach to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Mol. Med. 17, 937\u2013948 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2010.02321.x","volume":"269","author":"JM Huston","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huston, J. M. & Tracey, K. J. The pulse of inflammation: heart rate variability, the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and implications for therapy. J. Intern. Med. 269, 45\u201353 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.01.006","volume":"1802","author":"CX Yi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yi, C. X., la Fleur, S. E., Fliers, E. & Kalsbeek, A. The role of the autonomic nervous liver innervation in the control of energy metabolism. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1802, 416\u2013431 (2010).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2011.17.4.338","volume":"17","author":"C Owyang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Owyang, C. & Heldsinger, A. Vagal control of satiety and hormonal regulation of appetite. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 17, 338\u2013348 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215736","volume":"110","author":"F Kreier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kreier, F.  et al. Selective parasympathetic innervation of subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat\u2014functional implications. J. Clin. Invest. 110, 1243\u20131250 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1243","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00679.2005","volume":"291","author":"A Giordano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Giordano, A.  et al. White adipose tissue lacks significant vagal innervation and immunohistochemical evidence of parasympathetic innervation. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol 291, R1243\u2013R1255 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06852","volume":"452","author":"PY Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang, P. Y.  et al. Upper intestinal lipids trigger a gut\u2013brain\u2013liver axis to regulate glucose production. Nature 452, 1012\u20131016 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.07.005","volume":"10","author":"GW Cheung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheung, G. W., Kokorovic, A., Lam, C. K., Chari, M. & Lam, T. K. Intestinal cholecystokinin controls glucose production through a neuronal network. Cell Metab. 10, 99\u2013109 (2009).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21913","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.087338","volume":"285","author":"CK Lam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lam, C. K.  et al. Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the dorsal vagal complex lowers glucose production. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 21913\u201321921 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR59","first-page":"E808","volume":"271","author":"H Nakabayashi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nakabayashi, H., Nishizawa, M., Nakagawa, A., Takeda, R. & Niijima, A. Vagal hepatopancreatic reflex effect evoked by intraportal appearance of tGLP-1. Am. J. Physiol. 271, E808\u2013E813 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1449","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.279.4.R1449","volume":"279","author":"B Balkan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Balkan, B. & Li, X. Portal GLP-1 administration in rats augments the insulin response to glucose via neuronal mechanisms. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 279, R1449\u2013R1454 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01673.x","volume":"23","author":"KM Vincent","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vincent, K. M., Sharp, J. W. & Raybould, H. E. Intestinal glucose-induced calcium\u2013calmodulin kinase signaling in the gut\u2013brain axis in awake rats. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 23, e282\u2013e293 (2011).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1202-798","volume":"8","author":"S Obici","year":"2002","unstructured":"Obici, S., Zhang, B. B., Karkanias, G. & Rossetti, L. Hypothalamic insulin signaling is required for inhibition of glucose production. Nat. Med. 8, 1376\u20131382 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03439","volume":"434","author":"A Pocai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pocai, A.  et al. Hypothalamic K(ATP) channels control hepatic glucose production. Nature 434, 1026\u20131031 (2005).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2004.11.001","volume":"1","author":"A Pocai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pocai, A., Obici, S., Schwartz, G. J. & Rossetti, L. A brain\u2013liver circuit regulates glucose homeostasis. Cell Metab. 1, 53\u201361 (2005).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1126\/science.9692","volume":"194","author":"T Shimazu","year":"1976","unstructured":"Shimazu, T., Matsushita, H. & Ishikawa, K. Cholinergic stimulation of the rat hypothalamus: effects of liver glycogen synthesis. Science 194, 535\u2013536 (1976).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90353-6","volume":"163","author":"H Matsushita","year":"1979","unstructured":"Matsushita, H., Ishikawa, K. & Shimazu, T. Chemical coding of the hypothalamic neurones in metabolic control. I. Acetylcholine-sensitive neurones and glycogen synthesis in liver. Brain Res. 163, 253\u2013261 (1979).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2010.10.004","volume":"22","author":"dA Ruiz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ruiz, d. A. I, Gautam, D., Guettier, J. M. & Wess, J. Novel insights into the function of \u03b2-cell M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: therapeutic implications. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 22, 74\u201380 (2011).","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06818.x","volume":"30","author":"J Kampe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kampe, J., Tschop, M. H., Hollis, J. H. & Oldfield, B. J. An anatomic basis for the communication of hypothalamic, cortical and mesolimbic circuitry in the regulation of energy balance. Eur. J. Neurosci. 30, 415\u2013430 (2009).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05026","volume":"443","author":"GJ Morton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morton, G. J., Cummings, D. E., Baskin, D. G., Barsh, G. S. & Schwartz, M. W. Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight. Nature 443, 289\u2013295 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00969-8","volume":"36","author":"CB Saper","year":"2002","unstructured":"Saper, C. B., Chou, T. C. & Elmquist, J. K. The need to feed: homeostatic and hedonic control of eating. Neuron 36, 199\u2013211 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.5.1286","volume":"86","author":"C Erridge","year":"2007","unstructured":"Erridge, C., Attina, T., Spickett, C. M. & Webb,D. J. A high-fat meal induces low-grade endotoxemia: evidence of a novel mechanism of postprandial inflammation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86, 1286\u20131292 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0979","volume":"32","author":"H Ghanim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ghanim, H.  et al. Increase in plasma endotoxin concentrations and the expression of Toll-like receptors and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in mononuclear cells after a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal: implications for insulin resistance. Diabetes Care 32, 2281\u20132287 (2009).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2005.11.009","volume":"17","author":"P Lundman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lundman, P.  et al. A high-fat meal is accompanied by increased plasma interleukin-6 concentrations. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 17, 195\u2013202 (2007).","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2009.11.011","volume":"22","author":"F Laugerette","year":"2011","unstructured":"Laugerette, F.  et al. Emulsified lipids increase endotoxemia: possible role in early postprandial low-grade inflammation. J. Nutr. Biochem. 22, 53\u201359 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20042397","volume":"202","author":"MD Luyer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Luyer, M. D.  et al. Nutritional stimulation of cholecystokinin receptors inhibits inflammation via the vagus nerve. J. Exp. Med. 202, 1023\u20131029 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00406-0","volume":"229","author":"V Bucinskaite","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bucinskaite, V., Kurosawa, M., Miyasaka, K., Funakoshi, A. & Lundeberg, T. Interleukin-1\u03b2 sensitizes the response of the gastric vagal afferent to cholecystokinin in rat. Neurosci. Lett. 229, 33\u201336 (1997).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.054379","volume":"555","author":"S Gaige","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gaige, S., Abou, E., Abysique, A. & Bouvier, M. Effects of interactions between interleukin-1\u03b2 and leptin on cat intestinal vagal mechanoreceptors. J. Physiol. 555, 297\u2013310 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.1997.5157","volume":"71","author":"M Doganay","year":"1997","unstructured":"Doganay, M.  et al. The effects of vagotomy on bacterial translocation: an experimental study. J. Surg. Res. 71, 166\u2013171 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665107005320","volume":"66","author":"RH Eckel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eckel, R. H. Mechanisms of the components of the metabolic syndrome that predispose to diabetes and atherosclerotic CVD. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 66, 82\u201395 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.059","volume":"132","author":"SE Shoelson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shoelson, S. E., Herrero, L. & Naaz, A. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Gastroenterology 132, 2169\u20132180 (2007).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2004.2.82","volume":"2","author":"JP Sutherland","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sutherland, J. P., McKinley, B. & Eckel, R. H. The metabolic syndrome and inflammation. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 2, 82\u2013104 (2004).","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101322","volume":"29","author":"MF Gregor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gregor, M. F. & Hotamisligil, G. S. Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 29, 415\u2013445 (2010).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2921","volume":"11","author":"N Ouchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ouchi, N., Parker, J. L., Lugus, J. J. & Walsh, K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 11, 85\u201397 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1937","volume":"6","author":"H Tilg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tilg, H. & Moschen, A. R. Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6, 772\u2013783 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021909-135846","volume":"72","author":"JM Olefsky","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olefsky, J. M. & Glass, C. K. Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 72, 219\u2013246 (2010).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1964","volume":"15","author":"S Nishimura","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nishimura, S.  et al. CD8+ effector T cells contribute to macrophage recruitment and adipose tissue inflammation in obesity. Nat. Med. 15, 914\u2013920 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.2119\/2008-00038.Nathan","volume":"14","author":"C Nathan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nathan, C. Epidemic inflammation: pondering obesity. Mol. Med. 14, 485\u2013492 (2008).","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.12.008","volume":"13","author":"RG Baker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baker, R. G., Hayden, M. S. & Ghosh, S. NF-\u03baB, inflammation, and metabolic disease. Cell Metab. 13, 11\u201322 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2279","volume":"17","author":"B Vandanmagsar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vandanmagsar, B.  et al. The NLRP3 inflammasome instigates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Nat. Med. 17, 179\u2013188 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1935","volume":"11","author":"SL Masters","year":"2010","unstructured":"Masters, S. L.  et al. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by islet amyloid polypeptide provides a mechanism for enhanced IL-1\u03b2 in type 2 diabetes. Nat. Immunol. 11, 897\u2013904 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-012510-175505","volume":"62","author":"G Musso","year":"2011","unstructured":"Musso, G., Gambino, R. & Cassader, M. Interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolism predisposing to obesity and diabetes. Annu. Rev. Med. 62, 361\u2013380 (2011).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.126","volume":"7","author":"NM Delzenne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Delzenne, N. M., Neyrinck, A. M., Backhed, F. & Cani, P. D. Targeting gut microbiota in obesity: effects of prebiotics and probiotics. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 7, 639\u2013646 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491","volume":"56","author":"PD Cani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cani, P. D.  et al. Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 56, 1761\u20131772 (2007).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1159\/000282083","volume":"28","author":"H Tilg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tilg, H. The role of cytokines in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig. Dis. 28, 179\u2013185 (2010).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.2119\/2007-00119.Tilg","volume":"14","author":"H Tilg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tilg, H. & Moschen, A. R. Inflammatory mechanisms in the regulation of insulin resistance. Mol. Med. 14, 222\u2013231 (2008).","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000053730.47739.3C","volume":"107","author":"PM Ridker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ridker, P. M. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation 107, 363\u2013369 (2003).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.01.008","volume":"13","author":"T Scherer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scherer, T.  et al. Brain insulin controls adipose tissue lipolysis and lipogenesis. Cell Metab. 13, 183\u2013194 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.09.007","volume":"17","author":"JK Howard","year":"2006","unstructured":"Howard, J. K. & Flier, J. S. Attenuation of leptin and insulin signaling by SOCS proteins. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 17, 365\u2013371 (2006).","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G440","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00098.2010","volume":"299","author":"CB de La Serre","year":"2010","unstructured":"de La Serre, C. B.  et al. Propensity to high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats is associated with changes in the gut microbiota and gut inflammation. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 299, G440\u2013G448 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R657","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00345.2011","volume":"302","author":"J Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee, J.  et al. Glucose-sensing by gut endocrine cells and activation of the vagal afferent pathway is impaired in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 302, R657\u2013R666 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1201","volume":"11","author":"TK Lam","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lam, T. K.  et al. Hypothalamic sensing of circulating fatty acids is required for glucose homeostasis. Nat. Med. 11, 320\u2013327 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31139","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M400458200","volume":"279","author":"K Morgan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Morgan, K., Obici, S. & Rossetti, L. Hypothalamic responses to long-chain fatty acids are nutritionally regulated. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 31139\u201331148 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1714-6","volume":"48","author":"RT Ribeiro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ribeiro, R. T., Lautt, W. W., Legare, D. J. & Macedo, M. P. Insulin resistance induced by sucrose feeding in rats is due to an impairment of the hepatic parasympathetic nerves. Diabetologia 48, 976\u2013983 (2005).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199905000-00004","volume":"33","author":"AW Miller","year":"1999","unstructured":"Miller, A. W., Sims, J. J., Canavan, A., Hsu, T. & Ujhelyi, M. R. Impaired vagal reflex activity in insulin-resistant rats. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 33, 698\u2013702 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.04.009","volume":"3","author":"D Gautam","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gautam, D.  et al. A critical role for \u03b2 cell M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in regulating insulin release and blood glucose homeostasis in vivo. Cell Metab. 3, 449\u2013461 (2006).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.065037","volume":"310","author":"RH Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu, R. H., Mizuta, M. & Matsukura, S. The expression and functional role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat adipocytes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 310, 52\u201358 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cancello, R.  et al. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor \u03b17 in subcutaneous mature adipocytes: downregulation in human obesity and modulation by diet-induced weight loss. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) \n                    http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2011.275\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.275."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23807","volume":"58","author":"JM Waldburger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Waldburger, J. M.  et al. Spinal p38 MAP kinase regulates peripheral cholinergic outflow. Arthritis Rheum. 58, 2919\u20132921 (2008).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-200108001-00004","volume":"15","author":"EX Albuquerque","year":"2001","unstructured":"Albuquerque, E. X., Santos, M. D., Alkondon, M., Pereira, E. F. & Maelicke, A. Modulation of nicotinic receptor activity in the central nervous system: a novel approach to the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 15 (Suppl. 1), S19\u2013S25 (2001).","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11133","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3638-05.2005","volume":"25","author":"YH Jo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jo, Y. H., Wiedl, D. & Role, L. W. Cholinergic modulation of appetite-related synapses in mouse lateral hypothalamic slice. J. Neurosci. 25, 11133\u201311144 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201889","volume":"332","author":"YS Mineur","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mineur, Y. S.  et al. Nicotine decreases food intake through activation of POMC neurons. Science 332, 1330\u20131332 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.151092","volume":"28","author":"SM Grundy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grundy, S. M. Metabolic syndrome pandemic. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28, 629\u2013636 (2008).","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2008.01922.x","volume":"263","author":"WP James","year":"2008","unstructured":"James, W. P. The epidemiology of obesity: the size of the problem. J. Intern. Med. 263, 336\u2013352 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.121","volume":"6","author":"ML Vetter","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vetter, M. L., Faulconbridge, L. F., Webb, V. L. & Wadden, T. A. Behavioral and pharmacologic therapies for obesity. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 6, 578\u2013588 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa065213","volume":"356","author":"CM Larsen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Larsen, C. M.  et al. Interleukin-1-receptor antagonist in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 356, 1517\u20131526 (2007).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.148833","volume":"57","author":"AB Goldfine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goldfine, A. B., Fonseca, V. & Shoelson, S. E. Therapeutic approaches to target inflammation in type 2 diabetes. Clin. Chem. 57, 162\u2013167 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204265","volume":"332","author":"JC Cohen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cohen, J. C., Horton, J. D. & Hobbs, H. H. Human fatty liver disease: old questions and new insights. Science 332, 1519\u20131523 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300028","volume":"28","author":"H Kitagawa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kitagawa, H.  et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and effects on cognitive function of multiple doses of GTS-21 in healthy, male volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 28, 542\u2013551 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR119","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov \n                    [online]\n                    \n                  , (2012)."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.027","volume":"213","author":"K Inanaga","year":"2010","unstructured":"Inanaga, K.  et al. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors attenuate atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Atherosclerosis 213, 52\u201358 (2010).","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2009.05.008","volume":"15","author":"T Handa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Handa, T.  et al. Anti-Alzheimer's drug, donepezil, markedly improves long-term survival after chronic heart failure in mice. J. Card. Fail. 15, 805\u2013811 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2371","volume":"17","author":"R Rodriguez-Diaz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Diaz, R.  et al. \u03b1 cells secrete acetylcholine as a non-neuronal paracrine signal priming \u03b2 cell function in humans. Nat. Med. 17, 888\u2013892 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0818c","volume":"66","author":"L Citrome","year":"2005","unstructured":"Citrome, L. & Volavka, J. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes: response to consensus statement. J. Clin. Psychiatry 66, 1073\u20131074 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.05.060","volume":"1350","author":"M Victoriano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Victoriano, M.  et al. Olanzapine-induced accumulation of adipose tissue is associated with an inflammatory state. Brain Res. 1350, 167\u2013175 (2010).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.05.033","volume":"104","author":"KL Teff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Teff, K. L. & Kim, S. F. Atypical antipsychotics and the neural regulation of food intake and peripheral metabolism. Physiol. Behav. 104, 590\u2013598 (2011).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.09.003","volume":"22","author":"K Weston-Green","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weston-Green, K., Huang, X. F., Lian, J. & Deng, C. Effects of olanzapine on muscarinic M3 receptor binding density in the brain relates to weight gain, plasma insulin and metabolic hormone levels. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 22, 364\u2013373 (2011).","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2165\/11530260-000000000-00000","volume":"24","author":"SR Ribeiz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ribeiz, S. R.  et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors as adjunctive therapy in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a review and meta-analysis of the literature. CNS Drugs 24, 303\u2013317 (2010).","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.228","volume":"7","author":"MW Strachan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Strachan, M. W., Reynolds, R. M., Marioni, R. E. & Price, J. F. Cognitive function, dementia and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 7, 108\u2013114 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.554","volume":"15","author":"RE Maser","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maser, R. E., Lenhard, M. J., Irgau, I. & Wynn, G. M. Impact of surgically induced weight loss on cardiovascular autonomic function: one-year follow-up. Obesity (Silver Spring) 15, 364\u2013369 (2007).","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-010-0075-5","volume":"20","author":"M Bueter","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bueter, M.  et al. Vagal sparing surgical technique but not stoma size affects body weight loss in rodent model of gastric bypass. Obes. Surg. 20, 616\u2013622 (2010).","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Clancy, J. A., Deuchars, S. A. & Deuchars, J. 2012 GL Brown Lecture 'The Wonders of the Wanderer'. Exp. Physiol. \n                    http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1113\/expphysiol.2012.064543\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2012.064543"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803666","volume":"31","author":"JV Pardo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pardo, J. V.  et al. Weight loss during chronic, cervical vagus nerve stimulation in depressed patients with obesity: an observation. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 31, 1756\u20131759 (2007).","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond.)"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR133","first-page":"5","volume":"58","author":"AJ Bugajski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bugajski, A. J.  et al. Effect of long-term vagal stimulation on food intake and body weight during diet induced obesity in rats. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 58 (Suppl. 1), 5\u201312 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.06.008","volume":"55","author":"D Val-Laillet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Val-Laillet, D., Biraben, A., Randuineau, G. & Malbert, C. H. Chronic vagus nerve stimulation decreased weight gain, food consumption and sweet craving in adult obese minipigs. Appetite 55, 245\u2013252 (2010).","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2008.07.016","volume":"10","author":"PJ Schwartz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schwartz, P. J.  et al. Long term vagal stimulation in patients with advanced heart failure: first experience in man. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 10, 884\u2013891 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/27376","volume":"395","author":"JM Friedman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Friedman, J. M. & Halaas, J. L. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 395, 763\u2013770 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1350","volume":"4","author":"A La Cava","year":"2004","unstructured":"La Cava, A. & Matarese, G. The weight of leptin in immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4, 371\u2013379 (2004).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8138","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305683101","volume":"101","author":"K Maedler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Maedler, K.  et al. Leptin modulates \u03b2 cell expression of IL-1 receptor antagonist and release of IL-1\u03b2 in human islets. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 8138\u20138143 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117936","volume":"95","author":"GS Hotamisligil","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hotamisligil, G. S., Arner, P., Caro, J. F., Atkinson, R. L. & Spiegelman, B. M. Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 in human obesity and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 2409\u20132415 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(02)00371-4","volume":"166","author":"E Leinonen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leinonen, E.  et al. Insulin resistance and adiposity correlate with acute-phase reaction and soluble cell adhesion molecules in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 166, 387\u2013394 (2003).","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26498","volume":"116","author":"H Kanda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kanda, H.  et al. MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity. J. Clin. Invest. 116, 1494\u20131505 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrendo2012189_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/35053000","volume":"409","author":"CM Steppan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Steppan, C. M.  et al. The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 409, 307\u2013312 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrendo.2012.189.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrendo.2012.189","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrendo.2012.189.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T03:39:18Z","timestamp":1684467558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrendo.2012.189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrendo2012189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2012.189","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5029","1759-5037"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5029","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-5037","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]]}}}