{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:00:56Z","timestamp":1791435656646,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,17]],"date-time":"2012-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1334620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,17]],"date-time":"2012-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1334620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.67","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,17]],"date-time":"2012-04-17T09:10:45Z","timestamp":1334653845000},"page":"355-362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Virus\u2013drug interactions\u2014molecular insight into immunosuppression and HCV"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Qiuwei","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo W.","family":"Tilanus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herold J.","family":"Metselaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry L. A.","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc J. W.","family":"van der Laan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04083","volume":"436","author":"RS Brown","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brown, R. S. Hepatitis C and liver transplantation. Nature 436, 973\u2013978 (2005).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21117","volume":"13","author":"N Yilmaz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yilmaz, N.  et al. A prospective evaluation of fibrosis progression in patients with recurrent hepatitis C virus following liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 13, 975\u2013983 (2007).","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2010.192","volume":"7","author":"J Huskey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huskey, J. & Wiseman, A. C. Chronic viral hepatitis in kidney transplantation. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 7, 156\u2013165 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2003.50095","volume":"124","author":"D Samuel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Samuel, D.  et al. Interferon-alpha 2b plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C after liver transplantation: a randomized study. Gastroenterology 124, 642\u2013650 (2003).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31819dfa83","volume":"87","author":"GW McCaughan","year":"2009","unstructured":"McCaughan, G. W., Shackel, N. A., Bertolino, P. & Bowen, D. G. Molecular and cellular aspects of hepatitis C virus reinfection after liver transplantation: how the early phase impacts on outcomes. Transplantation 87, 1105\u20131111 (2009).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2007.00920.x","volume":"14","author":"B Roche","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roche, B. & Samuel, D. Risk factors for hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. J. Viral Hepat. 14 (Suppl. 1), 89\u201396 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02702.x","volume":"9","author":"K Watt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Watt, K., Veldt, B. & Charlton, M. A practical guide to the management of HCV infection following liver transplantation. Am. J. Transplant. 9, 1707\u20131713 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23138","volume":"50","author":"A Boonstra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boonstra, A., van der Laan, L. J., Vanwolleghem, T. & Janssen, H. L. Experimental models for hepatitis C viral infection. Hepatology 50, 1646\u20131655 (2009).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-4-40","volume":"4","author":"GJ Towers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Towers, G. J. The control of viral infection by tripartite motif proteins and cyclophilin A. Retrovirology 4, 40 (2007).","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.034983-0","volume":"92","author":"AH de Wilde","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Wilde, A. H.  et al. Cyclosporin A inhibits the replication of diverse coronaviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 92, 2542\u20132548 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/372359a0","volume":"372","author":"EK Franke","year":"1994","unstructured":"Franke, E. K., Yuan, H. E. & Luban, J. Specific incorporation of cyclophilin A into HIV-1 virions. Nature 372, 359\u2013362 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2005.05.014","volume":"19","author":"K Watashi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Watashi, K.  et al. Cyclophilin B is a functional regulator of hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase. Mol. Cell 19, 111\u2013122 (2005).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.06.031","volume":"129","author":"M Nakagawa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nakagawa, M.  et al. Suppression of hepatitis C virus replication by cyclosporin A is mediated by blockade of cyclophilins. Gastroenterology 129, 1031\u20131041 (2005).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50449","volume":"38","author":"K Watashi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Watashi, K., Hijikata, M., Hosaka, M., Yamaji, M. & Shimotohno, K. Cyclosporin A suppresses replication of hepatitis C virus genome in cultured hepatocytes. Hepatology 38, 1282\u20131288 (2003).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21809","volume":"46","author":"F Fernandes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fernandes, F.  et al. Sensitivity of hepatitis C virus to cyclosporine A depends on nonstructural proteins NS5A and NS5B. Hepatology 46, 1026\u20131033 (2007).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23281","volume":"50","author":"S Ciesek","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ciesek, S.  et al. Cyclosporine A inhibits hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 2 through cyclophilin A. Hepatology 50, 1638\u20131645 (2009).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7460","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00393-11","volume":"85","author":"TL Foster","year":"2011","unstructured":"Foster, T. L., Gallay, P., Stonehouse, N. J. & Harris, M. Cyclophilin A interacts with domain II of hepatitis C virus NS5A and stimulates RNA binding in an isomerase-dependent manner. J. Virol. 85, 7460\u20137464 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5015","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601367","volume":"25","author":"T Okamoto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Okamoto, T.  et al. Hepatitis C virus RNA replication is regulated by FKBP8 and Hsp90. EMBO J. 25, 5015\u20135025 (2006).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3480","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02253-07","volume":"82","author":"T Okamoto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Okamoto, T.  et al. A single-amino-acid mutation in hepatitis C virus NS5A disrupting FKBP8 interaction impairs viral replication. J. Virol. 82, 3480\u20133489 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(95)00216-S","volume":"160","author":"E Lam","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lam, E., Martin, M. & Wiederrecht, G. Isolation of a cDNA encoding a novel human FK506-binding protein homolog containing leucine zipper and tetratricopeptide repeat motifs. Gene 160, 297\u2013302 (1995).","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.03.059","volume":"343","author":"K Goto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goto, K.  et al. Evaluation of the anti-hepatitis C virus effects of cyclophilin inhibitors, cyclosporin A, and NIM811. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 343, 879\u2013884 (2006).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20532","volume":"12","author":"RJ Firpi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Firpi, R. J.  et al. Cyclosporine suppresses hepatitis C virus in vitro and increases the chance of a sustained virological response after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 12, 51\u201357 (2006).","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.08.027","volume":"131","author":"SD Henry","year":"2006","unstructured":"Henry, S. D.  et al. Mycophenolic acid inhibits hepatitis C virus replication and acts in synergy with cyclosporin A and interferon-alpha. Gastroenterology 131, 1452\u20131462 (2006).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21102","volume":"43","author":"J Paeshuyse","year":"2006","unstructured":"Paeshuyse, J.  et al. The non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin DEBIO-025 is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus replication in vitro. Hepatology 43, 761\u2013770 (2006).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21635","volume":"14","author":"B Roche","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roche, B.  et al. Hepatitis C virus therapy in liver transplant recipients: response predictors, effect on fibrosis progression, and importance of the initial stage of fibrosis. Liver Transpl. 14, 1766\u20131777 (2008).","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-009-0981-3","volume":"55","author":"RJ Firpi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Firpi, R. J.  et al. The use of cyclosporine for recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplant: a randomized pilot study. Dig. Dis. Sci. 55, 196\u2013203 (2010).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000229397.81425.51","volume":"82","author":"Y Sugawara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sugawara, Y., Kaneko, J. & Makuuchi, M. Cyclosporin a for treatment of hepatitis C virus after liver transplantation. Transplantation 82, 579\u2013580 (2006).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21358","volume":"14","author":"K Hirano","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hirano, K.  et al. Differential effects of calcineurin inhibitors, tacrolimus and cyclosporin a, on interferon-induced antiviral protein in human hepatocyte cells. Liver Transpl. 14, 292\u2013298 (2008).","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22032","volume":"16","author":"Q Pan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pan, Q.  et al. Calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus does not interfere with the suppression of hepatitis C virus infection by interferon-alpha. Liver Transpl. 16, 520\u2013526 (2010).","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2011.124","volume":"8","author":"M Berenguer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berenguer, M. Viral hepatitis: Ciclosporin versus tacrolimus for HCV transplant recipients. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8, 422\u2013424 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22400","volume":"18","author":"NM Kneteman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kneteman, N. M.  et al. Impact of calcineurin inhibitors with and without interferon on HCV titers in a chimeric mouse model of HCV infection. Liver Transpl. 18, 38\u201344 (2011).","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10168","volume":"474","author":"M Dorner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dorner, M.  et al. A genetically humanized mouse model for hepatitis C virus infection. Nature 474, 208\u2013211 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2009.05.002","volume":"13","author":"PA Gallay","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gallay, P. A. Cyclophilin inhibitors. Clin. Liver Dis. 13, 403\u2013417 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22131","volume":"47","author":"R Flisiak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Flisiak, R.  et al. The cyclophilin inhibitor Debio-025 shows potent anti-hepatitis C effect in patients coinfected with hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus. Hepatology 47, 817\u2013826 (2008).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22835","volume":"49","author":"R Flisiak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Flisiak, R.  et al. The cyclophilin inhibitor Debio 025 combined with PEG IFNalpha2a significantly reduces viral load in treatment-naive hepatitis C patients. Hepatology 49, 1460\u20131468 (2009).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2007.02.001","volume":"13","author":"M Lowenberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lowenberg, M., Verhaar, A. P., van den Brink, G. R. & Hommes, D. W. Glucocorticoid signaling: a nongenomic mechanism for T-cell immunosuppression. Trends Mol. Med. 13, 158\u2013163 (2007).","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32765","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M704418200","volume":"282","author":"K Watashi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Watashi, K.  et al. Anti-hepatitis C virus activity of tamoxifen reveals the functional association of estrogen receptor with viral RNA polymerase NS5B. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 32765\u201332772 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5424.110","volume":"285","author":"V Lohmann","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lohmann, V.  et al. Replication of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNAs in a hepatoma cell line. Science 285, 110\u2013113 (1999).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1423.046","volume":"1110","author":"SD Henry","year":"2007","unstructured":"Henry, S. D., Metselaar, H. J., Van Dijck, J., Tilanus, H. W. & van der Laan, L. J. Impact of steroids on hepatitis C virus replication in vivo and in vitro. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1110, 439\u2013447 (2007).","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.02.004","volume":"138","author":"S Ciesek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ciesek, S.  et al. Glucocorticosteroids increase cell entry by hepatitis C virus. Gastroenterology 138, 1875\u20131884 (2010).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70352-5","volume":"117","author":"HR Rosen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rosen, H. R.  et al. Association of multispecific CD4(+) response to hepatitis C and severity of recurrence after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 117, 926\u2013932 (1999).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2006.01476.x","volume":"6","author":"PP Boor","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boor, P. P.  et al. Prednisolone suppresses the function and promotes apoptosis of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Am. J. Transplant. 6, 2332\u20132341 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-011-0377-y","volume":"46","author":"A Dolganiuc","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dolganiuc, A. & Szabo, G. Dendritic cells in hepatitis C infection: can they (help) win the battle? J. Gastroenterol. 46, 432\u2013447 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840190203","volume":"19","author":"S Magrin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Magrin, S.  et al. Hepatitis C viremia in chronic liver disease: relationship to interferon-alpha or corticosteroid treatment. Hepatology 19, 273\u2013279 (1994).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90077-9","volume":"107","author":"TL Fong","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fong, T. L.  et al. Short-term prednisone therapy affects aminotransferase activity and hepatitis C virus RNA levels in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 107, 196\u2013199 (1994).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(96)80009-2","volume":"24","author":"JL Calleja","year":"1996","unstructured":"Calleja, J. L.  et al. Interferon and prednisone therapy in chronic hepatitis C with non-organ-specific antibodies. J. Hepatol. 24, 308\u2013312 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21396","volume":"14","author":"DL Segev","year":"2008","unstructured":"Segev, D. L.  et al. Steroid avoidance in liver transplantation: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized trials. Liver Transpl. 14, 512\u2013525 (2008).","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.07.023","volume":"47","author":"M Vivarelli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vivarelli, M.  et al. Influence of steroids on HCV recurrence after liver transplantation: a prospective study. J. Hepatol. 47, 793\u2013798 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8536853","volume":"110","author":"EJ Gane","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gane, E. J.  et al. A longitudinal analysis of hepatitis C virus replication following liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 110, 167\u2013177 (1996).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199603283341302","volume":"334","author":"EJ Gane","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gane, E. J.  et al. Long-term outcome of hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 815\u2013820 (1996).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22417","volume":"17","author":"GB Klintmalm","year":"2011","unstructured":"Klintmalm, G. B.  et al. A randomized multicenter study comparing steroid-free and standard immunosuppression for liver transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis C. Liver Transpl. 17, 1394\u20131403 (2011).","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brok, J., Mellerup, M. T., Krogsgaard, K. & Gluud, C. Glucocorticosteroids for viral hepatitis C. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD002904. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002904.pub2.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002904.pub2"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mellerup, M. T., Krogsgaard, K., Mathurin, P., Gluud, C. & Poynard, T. Sequential combination of glucocorticosteroids and alfa interferon versus alfa interferon alone for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD000345 http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD000345.pub2.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000345.pub2"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600919","volume":"25","author":"MM Reily","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reily, M. M., Pantoja, C., Hu, X., Chinenov, Y. & Rogatsky, I. The GRIP1:IRF3 interaction as a target for glucocorticoid receptor-mediated immunosuppression. EMBO J. 25, 108\u2013117 (2006).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2011-0068","volume":"25","author":"JR Flammer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Flammer, J. R. & Rogatsky, I. Minireview: glucocorticoids in autoimmunity: unexpected targets and mechanisms. Mol. Endocrinol. 25, 1075\u20131086 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4564","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00146-10","volume":"30","author":"JR Flammer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Flammer, J. R.  et al. The type I interferon signaling pathway is a target for glucocorticoid inhibition. Mol. Cell. Biol. 30, 4564\u20134574 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9554","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017296108","volume":"108","author":"S Bhattacharyya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya, S., Zhao, Y., Kay, T. W. & Muglia, L. J. Glucocorticoids target suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and type 1 interferons to regulate Toll-like receptor-induced STAT1 activation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 9554\u20139559 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000114610.40412.C6","volume":"77","author":"JR Stangl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stangl, J. R., Carroll, K. L., Illichmann, M. & Striker, R. Effect of antimetabolite immunosuppressants on Flaviviridae, including hepatitis C virus. Transplantation 77, 562\u2013567 (2004).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.1.3.505","volume":"1","author":"M Shipkova","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shipkova, M., Armstrong, V. W., Oellerich, M. & Wieland, E. Mycophenolate mofetil in organ transplantation: focus on metabolism, safety and tolerability. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 1, 505\u2013526 (2005).","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1685","volume":"304","author":"MS Diamond","year":"2002","unstructured":"Diamond, M. S., Zachariah, M. & Harris, E. Mycophenolic acid inhibits dengue virus infection by preventing replication of viral RNA. Virology 304, 211\u2013221 (2002).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.3.1943-1947.2005","volume":"79","author":"P Leyssen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Leyssen, P., Balzarini, J., De Clercq, E. & Neyts, J. The predominant mechanism by which ribavirin exerts its antiviral activity in vitro against flaviviruses and paramyxoviruses is mediated by inhibition of IMP dehydrogenase. J. Virol. 79, 1943\u20131947 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.10.009","volume":"89","author":"M Khan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khan, M., Dhanwani, R., Patro, I. K., Rao, P. V. & Parida, M. M. Cellular IMPDH enzyme activity is a potential target for the inhibition of Chikungunya virus replication and virus induced apoptosis in cultured mammalian cells. Antiviral Res. 89, 1\u20138 (2011).","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1999.00163.x","volume":"6","author":"ZJ Gong","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gong, Z. J.  et al. Mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressive agent, inhibits HBV replication in vitro. J. Viral Hepat. 6, 229\u2013236 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-3109(00)00188-0","volume":"47","author":"AC Allison","year":"2000","unstructured":"Allison, A. C. & Eugui, E. M. Mycophenolate mofetil and its mechanisms of action. Immunopharmacology 47, 85\u2013118 (2000).","journal-title":"Immunopharmacology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.02.005","volume":"157","author":"K Mori","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mori, K.  et al. Mechanism of action of ribavirin in a novel hepatitis C virus replication cell system. Virus Res. 157, 61\u201370 (2011).","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pan, Q.  et al. Mycophenolic acid augments interferon-stimulated gene expression and inhibits hepatitis C virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Hepatology http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.25562.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25562"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23985","volume":"53","author":"E Thomas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thomas, E.  et al. Ribavirin potentiates interferon action by augmenting interferon-stimulated gene induction in hepatitis C virus cell culture models. Hepatology 53, 32\u201341 (2011).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24202","volume":"53","author":"Q Pan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pan, Q., Tilanus, H. W., Janssen, H. L. & van der Laan, L. J. Ribavirin enhances interferon-stimulated gene transcription by activation of the interferon-stimulated response element. Hepatology 53, 1400\u20131401 (2011).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04082","volume":"436","author":"JJ Feld","year":"2005","unstructured":"Feld, J. J. & Hoofnagle, J. H. Mechanism of action of interferon and ribavirin in treatment of hepatitis C. Nature 436, 967\u2013972 (2005).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80175-X","volume":"29","author":"JH Lee","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lee, J. H.  et al. Effect of ribavirin on virus load and quasispecies distribution in patients infected with hepatitis C virus. J. Hepatol. 29, 29\u201335 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07124-4","volume":"352","author":"T Poynard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Poynard, T.  et al. Randomised trial of interferon alpha2b plus ribavirin for 48 weeks or for 24 weeks versus interferon alpha2b plus placebo for 48 weeks for treatment of chronic infection with hepatitis C virus. International Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group (IHIT). Lancet 352, 1426\u20131432 (1998).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-005-2563-3","volume":"50","author":"SK Herrine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Herrine, S. K.  et al. Peginterferon alpha-2a combination therapies in chronic hepatitis C patients who relapsed after or had a viral breakthrough on therapy with standard interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin: a pilot study of efficacy and safety. Dig. Dis. Sci. 50, 719\u2013726 (2005).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR73","first-page":"133","volume":"23","author":"L Rostaing","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rostaing, L. & Kamar, N. mTOR inhibitor\/proliferation signal inhibitors: entering or leaving the field? J. Nephrol. 23, 133\u2013142 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.9.7.11109","volume":"9","author":"M Dreux","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dreux, M. & Chisari, F. V. Viruses and the autophagy machinery. Cell Cycle 9, 1295\u20131307 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR75","first-page":"126","volume":"4","author":"TX Jordan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jordan, T. X. & Randall, G. Manipulation or capitulation: virus interactions with autophagy. Microbes Infect. 4, 126\u2013139 (2011).","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02093-07","volume":"82","author":"M Ait-Goughoulte","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ait-Goughoulte, M.  et al. Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a growth and induction of autophagy. J. Virol. 82, 2241\u20132249 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22464","volume":"48","author":"D Sir","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sir, D.  et al. Induction of incomplete autophagic response by hepatitis C virus via the unfolded protein response. Hepatology 48, 1054\u20131061 (2008).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.05.032","volume":"405","author":"C Gu\u00e9vin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gu\u00e9vin, C.  et al. Autophagy protein ATG5 interacts transiently with the hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase (NS5B) early during infection. Virology 405, 1\u20137 (2010).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41474","volume":"121","author":"PY Ke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ke, P. Y. & Chen, S. S. Activation of the unfolded protein response and autophagy after hepatitis C virus infection suppresses innate antiviral immunity in vitro. J. Clin. Invest. 121, 37\u201356 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24073","volume":"53","author":"S Shrivastava","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shrivastava, S., Raychoudhuri, A., Steele, R., Ray, R. & Ray, R. B. Knockdown of autophagy enhances the innate immune response in hepatitis C virus-infected hepatocytes. Hepatology 53, 406\u2013414 (2011).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M607365200","volume":"282","author":"S Kaur","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kaur, S.  et al. Regulatory effects of mammalian target of rapamycin-activated pathways in type I and II interferon signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 1757\u20131768 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1645","volume":"9","author":"W Cao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cao, W.  et al. Toll-like receptor-mediated induction of type I interferon in plasmacytoid dendritic cells requires the rapamycin-sensitive PI(3)K-mTOR-p70S76K pathway. Nat. Immunol. 9, 1157\u20131164 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27772","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301364200","volume":"278","author":"F Lekmine","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lekmine, F.  et al. Activation of the p70 S6 kinase and phosphorylation of the 4E-BP1 repressor of mRNA translation by type I interferons. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 27772\u201327780 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/201019","volume":"25","author":"S Asthana","year":"2011","unstructured":"Asthana, S.  et al. The impact of sirolimus on hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 25, 28\u201334 (2011).","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.05.006","volume":"10","author":"D Wagner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wagner, D.  et al. Sirolimus has a potential to influent viral recurrence in HCV positive liver transplant candidates. Int. Immunopharmacol. 10, 990\u2013993 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22193","volume":"16","author":"N Selzner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Selzner, N., Grant, D. R., Shalev, I. & Levy, G. A. The immunosuppressive pipeline: meeting unmet needs in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 16, 1359\u20131372 (2010).","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444910051905","volume":"67","author":"A Kuglstatter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kuglstatter, A.  et al. Structural basis for the cyclophilin A binding affinity and immunosuppressive potency of E-ISA247 (voclosporin). Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 67, 119\u2013123 (2011).","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.03.008","volume":"83","author":"Y Murakami","year":"2009","unstructured":"Murakami, Y.  et al. Identification of bisindolylmaleimides and indolocarbazoles as inhibitors of HCV replication by tube-capture-RT-PCR. Antiviral Res. 83, 112\u2013117 (2009).","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10301","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M807254200","volume":"284","author":"AJ Redig","year":"2009","unstructured":"Redig, A. J.  et al. Activation of protein kinase C{eta} by type I interferons. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 10301\u201310314 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24142","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024142","volume":"6","author":"T von Hahn","year":"2011","unstructured":"von Hahn, T.  et al. The novel immunosuppressive protein kinase C inhibitor sotrastaurin has no pro-viral effects on the replication cycle of hepatitis B or C virus. PLoS ONE 6, e24142 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181b9ced7","volume":"88","author":"ME Quaedackers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Quaedackers, M. E.  et al. Monitoring of the immunomodulatory effect of CP-690,550 by analysis of the JAK\/STAT pathway in kidney transplant patients. Transplantation 88, 1002\u20131009 (2009).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087061","volume":"302","author":"PS Changelian","year":"2003","unstructured":"Changelian, P. S.  et al. Prevention of organ allograft rejection by a specific Janus kinase 3 inhibitor. Science 302, 875\u2013878 (2003).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2009.01.041","volume":"387","author":"NK Williams","year":"2009","unstructured":"Williams, N. K.  et al. Dissecting specificity in the Janus kinases: the structures of JAK-specific inhibitors complexed to the JAK1 and JAK2 protein tyrosine kinase domains. J. Mol. Biol. 387, 219\u2013232 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2011.011060","volume":"236","author":"YT Tsai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tsai, Y. T., Chen, Y. H., Chang, D. M., Chen, P. C. & Lai, J. H. Janus kinase\/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway is crucial in chemokine production from hepatocytes infected by dengue virus. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 236, 1156\u20131165 (2011).","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2001.23356","volume":"7","author":"R Wiesner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wiesner, R.  et al. A randomized double-blind comparative study of mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids in primary liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl. 7, 442\u2013450 (2001).","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2002.29763","volume":"8","author":"A Jain","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jain, A.  et al. A prospective randomized trial of mycophenolate mofetil in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C. Liver Transpl. 8, 40\u201346 (2002).","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2010.10.013","volume":"42","author":"LJ van der Laan","year":"2010","unstructured":"van der Laan, L. J.  et al. Results of a two-center study comparing hepatic fibrosis progression in HCV-positive liver transplant patients receiving cyclosporine or tacrolimus. Transplant. Proc. 42, 4573\u20134577 (2010).","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2011.01228.x","volume":"24","author":"TM Manzia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Manzia, T. M.  et al. Long-term, maintenance MMF monotherapy improves the fibrosis progression in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C. Transpl. Int. 24, 461\u2013468 (2011).","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201267_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24443","volume":"54","author":"V Garg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garg, V.  et al. Effect of telaprevir on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Hepatology 54, 20\u201327 (2011).","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2012.67.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2012.67","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2012.67.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T14:03:57Z","timestamp":1744293837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2012.67"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,17]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrgastro201267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.67","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5045","1759-5053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5045","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-5053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 April 2012","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"H. J. Metselaar has been a consultant and speaker for Astrellas and Novarits. He has also received grant\/research support from Astrellas. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}