{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:14:56Z","timestamp":1793297696878,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]],"date-time":"2013-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371513600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]],"date-time":"2013-06-18T09:24:52Z","timestamp":1371547492000},"page":"529-541","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":386,"title":["Autoimmune atrophic gastritis\u2014pathogenesis, pathology and management"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"William L.","family":"Neumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Coss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Rugge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Genta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01301.x","volume":"16","author":"M Rugge","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rugge, M. et al. Gastric mucosal atrophy: interobserver consistency using new criteria for classification and grading. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16, 1249\u20131259 (2002).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3421.185","volume":"2","author":"CF Coombs","year":"1926","unstructured":"Coombs, C. F. A Note on the Cardiac Symptoms of Pernicious Anaemia. Br. Med. J. 2, 185 (1926).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR3","first-page":"517","volume":"43","author":"T Addison","year":"1849","unstructured":"Addison, T. Disease: Chronic Suprarenal Insufficiency, Usually due to Tuberculosis of Suprarenal Capsule. London Medical Gazette 43, 517\u2013518 (1849).","journal-title":"London Medical Gazette"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR4","first-page":"181","volume":"1","author":"A Flint","year":"1860","unstructured":"Flint, A. A clinical lecture on anemia. American Medical Times 1, 181\u2013186 (1860).","journal-title":"American Medical Times"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR5","first-page":"15","volume":"2","author":"MA Biermer","year":"1872","unstructured":"Biermer, M. A. \u00dcber eine eigent\u00fcmliche Form von progressiver, pernici\u00f6ser Anaemie [German]. Correspondenz-Blatt f\u00fcr Schweizer Aerzte 2, 15\u201317 (1872).","journal-title":"Correspondenz-Blatt f\u00fcr Schweizer Aerzte"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2012.00988.x","volume":"18","author":"D Mapel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mapel, D., Roberts, M., Overhiser, A. & Mason, A. The epidemiology, diagnosis, and cost of dyspepsia and Helicobacter pylori gastritis: a case\u2013control analysis in the Southwestern United States. Helicobacter 18, 54\u201365 (2013).","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2011.00874.x","volume":"16","author":"KL Goh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goh, K. L., Chan, W. K., Shiota, S. & Yamaoka, Y. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and public health implications. Helicobacter 16 (Suppl. 1), 1\u20139 (2011).","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2980.2008.00344.x","volume":"9","author":"HJ Tan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tan, H. J. & Goh, K. L. Changing epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in Asia. J. Dig. Dis. 9, 186\u2013189 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2008.00631.x","volume":"13","author":"MG Bruce","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bruce, M. G. & Maaroos, H. I. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 13 (Suppl. 1), 1\u20136 (2008).","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2006.10.005","volume":"21","author":"HM Malaty","year":"2007","unstructured":"Malaty, H. M. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 21, 205\u2013214 (2007).","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07533.x","volume":"98","author":"DY Graham","year":"2003","unstructured":"Graham, D. Y. The changing epidemiology of GERD: geography and Helicobacter pylori. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 98, 1462\u20131470 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018040","volume":"22","author":"LM Brown","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brown, L. M. Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of transmission. Epidemiol. Rev. 22, 283\u2013297 (2000).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.053785","volume":"54","author":"GA Rook","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rook, G. A. & Brunet, L. R. Microbes, immunoregulation, and the gut. Gut 54, 317\u2013320 (2005).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR14","first-page":"w13513","volume":"142","author":"A Straumann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Straumann, A. Eosinophilic esophagitis: rapidly emerging disorder. Swiss Med. Wkly 142, w13513 (2012).","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3088","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45041","volume":"121","author":"IC Arnold","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arnold, I. C. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection prevents allergic asthma in mouse models through the induction of regulatory T cells. J. Clin. Invest. 121, 3088\u20133093 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.8.821","volume":"167","author":"Y Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen, Y. & Blaser, M. J. Inverse associations of Helicobacter pylori with asthma and allergy. Arch. Intern. Med. 167, 821\u2013827 (2007).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05101.x","volume":"35","author":"M Rugge","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rugge, M. et al. Autoimmune gastritis: histology phenotype and OLGA staging. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 35, 1460\u20131466 (2012).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR18","first-page":"254","volume":"32","author":"S Levine","year":"1921","unstructured":"Levine, S. & Ladd, W. S. Pernicious anemia: a clinical study of one-hundred and fifty consecutive cases with special reference to gastric anacidity. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull. 32, 254\u2013266 (1921).","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-193405000-00007","volume":"187","author":"RD Friedlander","year":"1934","unstructured":"Friedlander, R. D. The racial factor in pernicious anemia: a study of five hundred cases. Am. J. Med. Sci. 187, 634\u2013642 (1934).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181f623af","volume":"34","author":"JY Park","year":"2010","unstructured":"Park, J. Y., Cornish, T. C., Lam-Himlin, D., Shi, C. & Montgomery, E. Gastric lesions in patients with autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (AMAG) in a tertiary care setting. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 34, 1591\u20131598 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199707)182:3<339::AID-PATH854>3.0.CO;2-V","volume":"182","author":"C Bordi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bordi, C. et al. Endocrine cell growths in atrophic body gastritis. Critical evaluation of a histological classification. J. Pathol. 182, 339\u2013346 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-09-3534","volume":"107","author":"C Hershko","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hershko, C. et al. Variable hematologic presentation of autoimmune gastritis: age-related progression from iron deficiency to cobalamin depletion. Blood 107, 1673\u20131679 (2006).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.09.025","volume":"121","author":"E Lahner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lahner, E. et al. Occurrence and risk factors for autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with atrophic body gastritis. Am. J. Med. 121, 136\u2013141 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00040041097008","volume":"156","author":"R Carmel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Carmel, R. Prevalence of undiagnosed pernicious anemia in the elderly. Arch. Intern. Med. 156, 1097\u20131100 (1996).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(96)80203-2","volume":"192","author":"S Eidt","year":"1996","unstructured":"Eidt, S., Oberhuber, G., Schneider, A. & Stolte, M. The histopathological spectrum of type A gastritis. Pathol. Res. Pract. 192, 101\u2013106 (1996).","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197803232981203","volume":"298","author":"R Carmel","year":"1978","unstructured":"Carmel, R. & Johnson, C. S. Racial patterns in pernicious anemia. Early age at onset and increased frequency of intrinsic-factor antibody in black women. N. Engl. J. Med. 298, 647\u2013650 (1978).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1987.00370110123018","volume":"147","author":"R Carmel","year":"1987","unstructured":"Carmel, R., Johnson, C. S. & Weiner, J. M. Pernicious anemia in Latin Americans is not a disease of the elderly. Arch. Intern. Med. 147, 1995\u20131996 (1987).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2007.02.013","volume":"18","author":"E Andres","year":"2007","unstructured":"Andres, E. et al. Clinical aspects of cobalamin deficiency in elderly patients. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestations, and treatment with special focus on oral cobalamin therapy. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 18, 456\u2013462 (2007).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1031155","volume":"171","author":"E Andres","year":"2004","unstructured":"Andres, E. et al. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency in elderly patients. CMAJ 171, 251\u2013259 (2004).","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2007.067421","volume":"84","author":"JC Chan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chan, J. C. et al. Longitudinal study of Chinese patients with pernicious anaemia. Postgrad. Med. J. 84, 644\u2013650 (2008).","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR31","first-page":"681","volume":"49","author":"PO Chuke","year":"1972","unstructured":"Chuke, P. O., Traub, N. E. & Patel, I. C. Pernicious anaemia in a Zambian. East Afr. Med. J. 49, 681\u2013683 (1972).","journal-title":"East Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR32","first-page":"117","volume":"55","author":"R Kocak","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kocak, R. & Paydas, S. Pernicious anemia in Turkey. Int. J. Hematol. 55, 117\u2013119 (1992).","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR33","first-page":"990","volume":"91","author":"C Maktouf","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maktouf, C. et al. Megaloblastic anemia in North Africa. Haematologica 91, 990\u2013991 (2006).","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.2.199","volume":"37","author":"RJ Schlemper","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schlemper, R. J., van der Werf, S. D., Vandenbroucke, J. P., Biemond, I. & Lamers, C. B. Seroepidemiology of gastritis in Japanese and Dutch working populations: evidence for the development of atrophic gastritis that is not related to Helicobacter pylori. Gut 37, 199\u2013204 (1995).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0931","volume":"15","author":"MN Weck","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weck, M. N. & Brenner, H. Prevalence of chronic atrophic gastritis in different parts of the world. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 15, 1083\u20131094 (2006).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000224710.47263.70","volume":"85","author":"JC Wun Chan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wun Chan, J. C. et al. Pernicious anemia in Chinese: a study of 181 patients in a Hong Kong hospital. Medicine (Baltimore) 85, 129\u2013138 (2006).","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70200-8","volume":"115","author":"D Claeys","year":"1998","unstructured":"Claeys, D., Faller, G., Appelmelk, B. J., Negrini, R. & Kirchner, T. The gastric H+,K+-ATPase is a major autoantigen in chronic Helicobacter pylori gastritis with body mucosa atrophy. Gastroenterology 115, 340\u2013347 (1998).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90023-E","volume":"101","author":"R Negrini","year":"1991","unstructured":"Negrini, R. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection induces antibodies cross-reacting with human gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 101, 437\u2013445 (1991).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v111.pm8780570","volume":"111","author":"R Negrini","year":"1996","unstructured":"Negrini, R. et al. Antigenic mimicry between Helicobacter pylori and gastric mucosa in the pathogenesis of body atrophic gastritis. Gastroenterology 111, 655\u2013665 (1996).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00199508","volume":"427","author":"G Faller","year":"1996","unstructured":"Faller, G. et al. Antigastric autoantibodies in Helicobacter pylori gastritis: prevalence, in-situ binding sites and clues for clinical relevance. Virchows Arch. 427, 483\u2013486 (1996).","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.5.619","volume":"41","author":"G Faller","year":"1997","unstructured":"Faller, G. et al. Antigastric autoantibodies in Helicobacter pylori infection: implications of histological and clinical parameters of gastritis. Gut 41, 619\u2013623 (1997).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(98)01281-X","volume":"19","author":"BJ Appelmelk","year":"1998","unstructured":"Appelmelk, B. J., Faller, G., Claeys, D., Kirchner, T. & Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C. M. Bugs on trial: the case of Helicobacter pylori and autoimmunity. Immunol. Today 19, 296\u2013299 (1998).","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/08830180590884648","volume":"24","author":"MP Bergman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bergman, M. P. et al. The story so far: Helicobacter pylori and gastric autoimmunity. Int. Rev. Immunol. 24, 63\u201391 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2004.06.001","volume":"10","author":"MM D'Elios","year":"2004","unstructured":"D'Elios, M. M., Appelmelk, B. J., Amedei, A., Bergman, M. P. & Del, P. G. Gastric autoimmunity: the role of Helicobacter pylori and molecular mimicry. Trends Mol. Med. 10, 316\u2013323 (2004).","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.10.001","volume":"6","author":"MM D'Elios","year":"2004","unstructured":"D'Elios, M. M., Bergman, M. P., Amedei, A., Appelmelk, B. J. & Del, P. G. Helicobacter pylori and gastric autoimmunity. Microbes Infect. 6, 1395\u20131401 (2004).","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2011.645501","volume":"47","author":"L Agreus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Agreus, L. et al. Rationale in diagnosis and screening of atrophic gastritis with stomach-specific plasma biomarkers. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 47, 136\u2013147 (2012).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR47","first-page":"729","volume":"30","author":"M Stolte","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stolte, M. et al. Active autoimmune gastritis without total atrophy of the glands. Z. Gastroenterol. 30, 729\u2013735 (1992).","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR48","first-page":"641","volume":"36","author":"M Stolte","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stolte, M., Meier, E. & Meining, A. Cure of autoimmune gastritis by Helicobacter pylori eradication in a 21-year-old male. Z. Gastroenterol. 36, 641\u2013643 (1998).","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000048836","volume":"64","author":"H Muller","year":"2001","unstructured":"Muller, H., Rappel, S., Wundisch, T., Bayerdorffer, E. & Stolte, M. Healing of active, non-atrophic autoimmune gastritis by, H. pylori eradication. Digestion 64, 30\u201339 (2001).","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104918","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/104918","volume":"2010","author":"MP Bergman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bergman, M. P. & D'Elios, M. M. Cytotoxic T cells in, H. pylori-related gastric autoimmunity and gastric lymphoma. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2010, 104918 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.1997.06b05.x","volume":"2","author":"R Negrini","year":"1997","unstructured":"Negrini, R., Savio, A. & Appelmelk, B. J. Autoantibodies to gastric mucosa in Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2 (Suppl. 1), S13\u2013S16 (1997).","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/08830180590884611","volume":"24","author":"MM D'Elios","year":"2005","unstructured":"D'Elios, M. M. et al. Molecular specificity and functional properties of autoreactive T-cell response in human gastric autoimmunity. Int. Rev. Immunol. 24, 111\u2013122 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1344","volume":"4","author":"M Bergman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bergman, M., Del, P. G., van Kooyk, Y. & Appelmelk, B. Helicobacter pylori phase variation, immune modulation and gastric autoimmunity. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4, 151\u2013159 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.46.4.460","volume":"46","author":"A Oksanen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Oksanen, A. et al. Atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in outpatients referred for gastroscopy. Gut 46, 460\u2013463 (2000).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR55","first-page":"83","volume":"16","author":"LI Veijola","year":"2010","unstructured":"Veijola, L. I., Oksanen, A. M., Sipponen, P. I. & Rautelin, H. I. Association of autoimmune type atrophic corpus gastritis with Helicobacter pylori infection. World J. Gastroenterol. 16, 83\u201388 (2010).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2010.081232","volume":"63","author":"AS Bedeir","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bedeir, A. S., Lash, R. H., Lash, J. G. & Ray, M. B. Significant increase in IgG4+ plasma cells in gastric biopsy specimens from patients with pernicious anaemia. J. Clin. Pathol. 63, 999\u20131001 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-011-8283-x","volume":"41","author":"ME Gershwin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gershwin, M. E. & Shoenfeld, Y. Cutting-edge issues in organ-specific autoimmunity. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 41, 123\u2013125 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.01.009","volume":"10","author":"S Banka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Banka, S., Ryan, K., Thomson, W. & Newman, W. G. Pernicious anemia\u2014genetic insights. Autoimmun. Rev. 10, 455\u2013459 (2011).","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.8.1102","volume":"52","author":"M Ohana","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ohana, M. et al. Inhibitory effects of Helicobacter pylori infection on murine autoimmune gastritis. Gut 52, 1102\u20131110 (2003).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR60","first-page":"771","volume":"3","author":"A Cruchaud","year":"1968","unstructured":"Cruchaud, A. & Juditz, E. An analysis of gastric parietal cell antibodies and thyroid cell antibodies in patients with pernicious anaemia and thyroid disorders. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 3, 771\u2013781 (1968).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5342.1374","volume":"1","author":"D Doniach","year":"1963","unstructured":"Doniach, D., Roitt, I. M. & Taylor, K. B. Autoimmune phenomena in pernicious anaemia. Serological overlap with thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Br. Med. J. 1, 1374\u20131379 (1963).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR62","first-page":"488","volume":"65","author":"D Doniach","year":"1972","unstructured":"Doniach, D., Grant, D. & Newns, G. H. Multi-endocrine autoimmune disorder in mother and son. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 65, 488\u2013490 (1972).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR63","first-page":"73","volume":"23","author":"WJ Irvine","year":"1965","unstructured":"Irvine, W. J., Sumerling, M. D. & Davies, S. H. Immunological aspects of pernicious anaemia. Bibl. Haematol. 23, 73\u201378 (1965).","journal-title":"Bibl. Haematol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)92013-3","volume":"2","author":"WJ Irvine","year":"1974","unstructured":"Irvine, W. J., Cullen, D. R. & Mawhinney, H. Natural history of autoimmune achlorhydric atrophic gastritis. A 1\u201315-year follow-up study. Lancet 2, 482\u2013485 (1974).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5492.904","volume":"1","author":"W Singer","year":"1966","unstructured":"Singer, W. & Sahay, B. M. Myasthenia Gravis, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, and Pernicious Anaemia. Br. Med. J. 1, 904 (1966).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5316.1352","volume":"2","author":"JL Markson","year":"1962","unstructured":"Markson, J. L. & Moore, J. M. Thyroid auto-antibodies in pernicious anaemia. Br. Med. J. 2, 1352\u20131355 (1962).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1983.tb02263.x","volume":"22","author":"U Feldt-Rasmussen","year":"1983","unstructured":"Feldt-Rasmussen, U. et al. Autoantibodies, immune complexes and HLA-D in thyrogastric autoimmunity. Tissue Antigens 22, 342\u2013347 (1983).","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03349707","volume":"18","author":"M Ottesen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ottesen, M., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Andersen, J., Hippe, E. & Schouboe, A. Thyroid function and autoimmunity in pernicious anemia before and during cyanocobalamin treatment. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 18, 91\u201397 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1972.tb03510.x","volume":"23","author":"I Chanarin","year":"1972","unstructured":"Chanarin, I. Pernicious anaemia as an autoimmune disease. Br. J. Haematol. 23 (Suppl.), 101\u2013107 (1972).","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2000.00373.x","volume":"17","author":"P Perros","year":"2000","unstructured":"Perros, P., Singh, R. K., Ludlam, C. A. & Frier, B. M. Prevalence of pernicious anaemia in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disease. Diabet. Med. 17, 749\u2013751 (2000).","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-004-0886-7","volume":"23","author":"S Giannouli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Giannouli, S., Anagnostou, D., Soliotis, F. & Voulgarelis, M. Autoimmune manifestations in common variable immunodeficiency. Clin. Rheumatol. 23, 449\u2013452 (2004).","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.41.1062","volume":"41","author":"T Hashizume","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hashizume, T. Good's syndrome and pernicious anemia. Intern. Med. 41, 1062\u20131064 (2002).","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01540915","volume":"16","author":"S Koskinen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Koskinen, S. Long-term follow-up of health in blood donors with primary selective IgA deficiency. J. Clin. Immunol. 16, 165\u2013170 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MPG.0000153003.59448.36","volume":"41","author":"GM Lackmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lackmann, G. M., Wahn, V., Poremba, C. & Niehues, T. A teenager with X-linked agammaglobulinemia and vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 41, 360\u2013362 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1957.tb05774.x","volume":"3","author":"ST Callender","year":"1957","unstructured":"Callender, S. T. & Denborough, M. A. A family study of pernicious anaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 3, 88\u2013106 (1957).","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711133372007","volume":"337","author":"BH Toh","year":"1997","unstructured":"Toh, B. H., van Driel, I. R. & Gleeson, P. A. Pernicious anemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 1441\u20131448 (1997).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR77","first-page":"1129","volume":"92","author":"PL Delva","year":"1965","unstructured":"Delva, P. L., MacDonell, J. E. & Macintosh, O. C. Megaloblastic anemia occurring simultaneously in white female monozygotic twins. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 92, 1129\u20131131 (1965).","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1157\/13112591","volume":"30","author":"H Masnou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Masnou, H. et al. Pernicious anaemia in triplets. A case report and literature review. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 30, 580\u2013582 (2007).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.728","volume":"105","author":"P Correa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Correa, P., Piazuelo, M. B. & Wilson, K. T. Pathology of gastric intestinal metaplasia: clinical implications. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105, 493\u2013498 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2011.08.017","volume":"317","author":"JR Goldenring","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goldenring, J. R., Nam, K. T. & Mills, J. C. The origin of pre-neoplastic metaplasia in the stomach: chief cells emerge from the Mist. Exp. Cell Res. 317, 2759\u20132764 (2011).","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.5858\/2003-127-854-PACMIA","volume":"127","author":"NC Jhala","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jhala, N. C. et al. Pancreatic acinar cell metaplasia in autoimmune gastritis. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 127, 854\u2013857 (2003).","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0b013e32835cc22c","volume":"45","author":"M Bettington","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bettington, M. & Brown, I. Autoimmune gastritis: novel clues to histological diagnosis. Pathology 45, 145\u2013149 (2013).","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-3528(93)90035-Q","volume":"7","author":"E Solcia","year":"1993","unstructured":"Solcia, E., Rindi, G., Silini, E. & Villani, L. Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells and their growths: relationships to gastrin, reduced acid secretion and gastritis. Baillieres Clin. Gastroenterol. 7, 149\u2013165 (1993).","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529109093193","volume":"180","author":"E Solcia","year":"1991","unstructured":"Solcia, E. et al. Morphology and pathogenesis of endocrine hyperplasias, precarcinoid lesions, and carcinoids arising in chronic atrophic gastritis. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 180, 146\u2013159 (1991).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR85","first-page":"793","volume":"65","author":"E Solcia","year":"1992","unstructured":"Solcia, E. et al. Distinct patterns of chronic gastritis associated with carcinoid and cancer and their role in tumorigenesis. Yale J. Biol. Med. 65, 793\u2013804 (1992).","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3880499","volume":"15","author":"M Torbenson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Torbenson, M., Abraham, S. C., Boitnott, J., Yardley, J. H. & Wu, T. T. Autoimmune gastritis: distinct histological and immunohistochemical findings before complete loss of oxyntic glands. Mod. Pathol. 15, 102\u2013109 (2002).","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0902-4441.2006.t01-1-EJH2913.x","volume":"77","author":"J Junca","year":"2006","unstructured":"Junca J., de Soria, P. L., Granada, M. L., Flores, A. & Marquez, E. Detection of early abnormalities in gastric function in first-degree relatives of patients with pernicious anemia. Eur. J. Haematol. 77, 518\u2013522 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19890301)63:5<881::AID-CNCR2820630515>3.0.CO;2-K","volume":"63","author":"M Itsuno","year":"1989","unstructured":"Itsuno, M. et al. Multiple carcinoids and endocrine cell micronests in type A gastritis. Their morphology, histogenesis, and natural history. Cancer 63, 881\u2013890 (1989).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198712000-00001","volume":"11","author":"J Muller","year":"1987","unstructured":"Muller, J., Kirchner, T. & Muller-Hermelink, H. K. Gastric endocrine cell hyperplasia and carcinoid tumors in atrophic gastritis type A. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 11, 909\u2013917 (1987).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2008.02.030","volume":"40","author":"M Rugge","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rugge, M. et al. OLGA staging for gastritis: a tutorial. Dig. Liver Dis. 40, 650\u2013658 (2008).","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2004.12.008","volume":"36","author":"M Rugge","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rugge, M. & Genta, R. M. Staging and grading of chronic gastritis. Hum. Pathol. 36, 228\u2013233 (2005).","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04277.x","volume":"31","author":"M Rugge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rugge, M, et al. Gastritis OLGA-staging and gastric cancer risk: a twelve-year clinico-pathological follow-up study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 31, 1104\u20131111 (2010).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2008.00599.x","volume":"13","author":"K Satoh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Satoh, K. et al. Assessment of atrophic gastritis using the OLGA system. Helicobacter 13, 225\u2013229 (2008).","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213337.25111.37","volume":"30","author":"D Jevremovic","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jevremovic, D., Torbenson, M., Murray, J. A., Burgart, L. J. & Abraham, S. C. Atrophic autoimmune pangastritis: A distinctive form of antral and fundic gastritis associated with systemic autoimmune disease. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 30, 1412\u20131419 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR95","first-page":"285","volume":"71","author":"E Solcia","year":"1998","unstructured":"Solcia, E. et al. Natural history, clinicopathologic classification and prognosis of gastric ECL cell tumors. Yale J. Biol. Med. 71, 285\u2013290 (1998).","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0b013e31828d185d","volume":"20","author":"AN Cockburn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cockburn, A. N., Morgan, C. J. & Genta, R. M. Neuroendocrine proliferations of the stomach: a pragmatic approach for the perplexed pathologist. Adv. Anat. Pathol. 20, 148\u2013157 (2013).","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR97","first-page":"64","volume-title":"WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System","author":"E Solcia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Solcia, E. et al. in WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System 2nd edn (eds Bosman, F. T., Carneiro, F., Hruban, R. H. & Theise, N. D.) 64\u201368 (IARC, 2010)."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2009.70","volume":"6","author":"SW Carmack","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carmack, S. W., Genta, R. M., Graham, D. Y. & Lauwers, G. Y. Management of gastric polyps: a pathology-based guide for gastroenterologists. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6, 331\u2013341 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shaib, Y. H., Rugge, M., Graham, D. Y. & Genta, R. M. Management of gastric polyps: an endoscopy based approach. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.019 .","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.019"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200104000-00010","volume":"25","author":"SC Abraham","year":"2001","unstructured":"Abraham, S. C., Singh, V. K., Yardley, J. H. & Wu, T. T. Hyperplastic polyps of the stomach: associations with histologic patterns of gastritis and gastric atrophy. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 25, 500\u2013507 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199110000-00019","volume":"13","author":"K Haruma","year":"1991","unstructured":"Haruma, K., Sumii, K., Yoshihara, M., Watanabe, C. & Kajiyama, G. Gastric mucosa in female patients with fundic glandular polyps. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 13, 565\u2013569 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR102","first-page":"1107","volume":"90","author":"K Haruma","year":"1995","unstructured":"Haruma, K. et al. Pernicious anemia and Helicobacter pylori infection in Japan: evaluationin a country with a high prevalence of infection. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 90, 1107\u20131110 (1995).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.1984.12005766","volume":"19","author":"F Laxen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Laxen, F. Gastric carcinoma and pernicious anaemia in long-term endoscopic follow-up of subjects with gastric polyps. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 19, 535\u2013540 (1984).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528309181630","volume":"18","author":"F Laxen","year":"1983","unstructured":"Laxen, F., Kekki, M., Sipponen, P. & Siurala, M. The gastric mucosa in stomachs with polyps: morphologic and dynamic evaluation. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 18, 503\u2013511 (1983).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR105","first-page":"62","volume":"25","author":"K Varis","year":"1978","unstructured":"Varis, K., Stenman, U. H., Lehtola, J. & Siurala, M. Gastric lesion and pernicious anemia: a family study. Acta Hepatogastroenterol. (Stuttg.) 25, 62\u201367 (1978).","journal-title":"Acta Hepatogastroenterol. (Stuttg.)"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200302000-00013","volume":"27","author":"AM Krasinskas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Krasinskas, A. M., Abraham, S. C., Metz, D. C. & Furth, E. E. Oxyntic mucosa pseudopolyps: a presentation of atrophic autoimmune gastritis. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 27, 236\u2013241 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-002-0750-6","volume":"442","author":"M Vieth","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vieth, M., Kushima, R., Borchard, F. & Stolte, M. Pyloric gland adenoma: a clinico-pathological analysis of 90 cases. Virchows Arch. 442, 317\u2013321 (2003).","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31817d7ff4","volume":"33","author":"ZM Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen, Z. M., Scudiere, J. R., Abraham, S. C. & Montgomery, E. Pyloric gland adenoma: an entity distinct from gastric foveolar type adenoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 33, 186\u2013193 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200210000-00004","volume":"26","author":"SC Abraham","year":"2002","unstructured":"Abraham, S. C., Montgomery, E. A., Singh, V. K., Yardley, J. H. & Wu, T. T. Gastric adenomas: intestinal-type and gastric-type adenomas differ in the risk of adenocarcinoma and presence of background mucosal pathology. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 26, 1276\u20131285 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4153","volume":"229","author":"A Matsubara","year":"2013","unstructured":"Matsubara, A. et al. Frequent GNAS and KRAS mutations in pyloric gland adenoma of the stomach and duodenum. J. Pathol. 229, 579\u2013587 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01071995","volume":"18","author":"RG Strickland","year":"1973","unstructured":"Strickland, R. G. & Mackay, I. R. A reappraisal of the nature and significance of chronic atrophic gastritis. Am. J. Dig. Dis. 18, 426\u2013440 (1973).","journal-title":"Am. J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04268.x","volume":"31","author":"L Vannella","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vannella, L. et al. Risk factors for progression to gastric neoplastic lesions in patients with atrophic gastritis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 31, 1042\u20131050 (2010).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i12.1279","volume":"18","author":"L Vannella","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vannella, L., Lahner, E. & Annibale, B. Risk for gastric neoplasias in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis: a critical reappraisal. World J. Gastroenterol. 18, 1279\u20131285 (2012).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12177","volume":"37","author":"L Vannella","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vannella, L., Lahner, E., Osborn, J. & Annibale, B. Systematic review: gastric cancer incidence in pernicious anaemia. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 37, 375\u2013382 (2012).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528609034616","volume":"21","author":"K Borch","year":"1986","unstructured":"Borch, K. Epidemiologic, clinicopathologic, and economic aspects of gastroscopic screening of patients with pernicious anemia. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 21, 21\u201330 (1986).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR116","first-page":"2264","volume":"50","author":"G Bresky","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bresky, G. et al. Endoscopic findings in a biennial follow-up program in patients with pernicious anemia. Hepatogastroenterology 50, 2264\u20132266 (2003).","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.1973.12096661","volume":"8","author":"L Elsborg","year":"1973","unstructured":"Elsborg, L., Andersen, D. & Bastrup-Madsen, P. Gastrocamera screening in pernicious anaemia. With special reference to the occurrence of gastric polyps and cancer. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 8, 5\u20138 (1973).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/00365529850166266","volume":"33","author":"A Kokkola","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kokkola, A. et al. The risk of gastric carcinoma and carcinoid tumours in patients with pernicious anaemia. A prospective follow-up study. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 33, 88\u201392 (1998).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.1.28","volume":"34","author":"SM Sjoblom","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sjoblom, S. M., Sipponen, P. & Jarvinen, H. Gastroscopic follow up of pernicious anaemia patients. Gut 34, 28\u201332 (1993).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1083-4389.2001.00032.x","volume":"6","author":"B Annibale","year":"2001","unstructured":"Annibale, B. et al. Two-thirds of atrophic body gastritis patients have evidence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 6, 225\u2013233 (2001).","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2001.112189","volume":"53","author":"E Lahner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lahner, E. et al. First endoscopic-histologic follow-up in patients with body-predominant atrophic gastritis: when should it be done? Gastrointest. Endosc. 53, 443\u2013448 (2001).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2001.01221.x","volume":"39","author":"B Ruiz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ruiz, B. et al. Morphometric assessment of gastric antral atrophy: comparison with visual evaluation. Histopathology 39, 235\u2013242 (2001).","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1998.00003.x","volume":"12","author":"RM Genta","year":"1998","unstructured":"Genta, R. M. Review article: Gastric atrophy and atrophic gastritis\u2014nebulous concepts in search of a definition. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 12 (Suppl. 1), 17\u201323 (1998).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199610000-00001","volume":"20","author":"MF Dixon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dixon, M. F., Genta, R. M., Yardley, J. H. & Correa, P. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney System. International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 20, 1161\u20131181 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04659.x","volume":"33","author":"L Vannella","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vannella, L. et al. Development of type I gastric carcinoid in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 33, 1361\u20131369 (2011).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200112000-00008","volume":"13","author":"B Annibale","year":"2001","unstructured":"Annibale, B. et al. Atrophic body gastritis patients with enterochromaffin-like cell dysplasia are at increased risk for the development of type I gastric carcinoid. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 1449\u20131456 (2001).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10375","volume":"94","author":"HM El-Zimaity","year":"2002","unstructured":"El-Zimaity, H. M., Ota, H., Graham, D. Y., Akamatsu, T. & Katsuyama, T. Patterns of gastric atrophy in intestinal type gastric carcinoma. Cancer 94, 1428\u20131436 (2002).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1097\/01.meg.0000231753.58211.05","volume":"18","author":"RM Genta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Genta, R. M. & Pusztaszeri, M. The gastric mucosa in gastric cancer patients in a low-incidence area. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 1085\u20131093 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132440","volume":"24","author":"SP Stabler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stabler, S. P. & Allen, R. H. Vitamin B12 deficiency as a worldwide problem. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 24, 299\u2013326 (2004).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-011-0225-5","volume":"13","author":"B Annibale","year":"2011","unstructured":"Annibale, B., Lahner, E. & Fave, G. D. Diagnosis and management of pernicious anemia. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 13, 518\u2013524 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1113996","volume":"368","author":"SP Stabler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stabler, S. P. Clinical practice. Vitamin B12 deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 368, 149\u2013160 (2013).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR132","first-page":"1032","volume":"25","author":"LS Zuckier","year":"1984","unstructured":"Zuckier, L. S. & Chervu, L. R. Schilling evaluation of pernicious anemia: current status. J. Nucl. Med. 25, 1032\u20131039 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR133","first-page":"1659","volume":"36","author":"BR Krynyckyi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Krynyckyi, B. R. & Zuckier, L. S. Accuracy of measurement of dual-isotope Schilling test urine samples: a multicenter study [corrected]. J. Nucl. Med. 36, 1659\u20131665 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310007044","volume":"38","author":"F Di Mario","year":"2003","unstructured":"Di Mario, F. et al. 'Serological biopsy' in first-degree relatives of patients with gastric cancer affected by Helicobacter pylori infection. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 38, 1223\u20131227 (2003).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9206-1","volume":"51","author":"F Di Mario","year":"2006","unstructured":"Di Mario, F. et al. Usefulness of serum pepsinogens in Helicobacter pylori chronic gastritis: relationship with inflammation, activity, and density of the bacterium. Dig. Dis. Sci. 51, 1791\u20131795 (2006).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2005.01.016","volume":"37","author":"B Germana","year":"2005","unstructured":"Germana, B. et al. Clinical usefulness of serum pepsinogens I and II, gastrin-17 and anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies in the management of dyspeptic patients in primary care. Dig. Liver Dis. 37, 501\u2013508 (2005).","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2008.12.014","volume":"402","author":"G Guariso","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guariso, G. et al. GastroPanel: evaluation of the usefulness in the diagnosis of gastro-duodenal mucosal alterations in children. Clin. Chim. Acta 402, 54\u201360 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.853","volume":"15","author":"K Iijima","year":"2009","unstructured":"Iijima, K. et al. Serum biomarker tests are useful in delineating between patients with gastric atrophy and normal, healthy stomach. World J. Gastroenterol. 15, 853\u2013859 (2009).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06413.x","volume":"26","author":"U Peitz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peitz, U. et al. Correlation of serum pepsinogens and gastrin-17 with atrophic gastritis in gastroesophageal reflux patients: a matched-pairs study. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 26, 82\u201389 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520970","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/520970","volume":"2012","author":"A Antico","year":"2012","unstructured":"Antico, A. et al. Clinical usefulness of the serological gastric biopsy for the diagnosis of chronic autoimmune gastritis. Clin. Dev. Immunol. 2012, 520970 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR141","first-page":"1310","volume":"5","author":"KK Faber","year":"1909","unstructured":"Faber, K. K. Achylia Gastrica mit Anamie [German]. Medizinische Klinik 5, 1310\u20131325 (1909).","journal-title":"Medizinische Klinik"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR142","first-page":"585","volume":"90","author":"C Hershko","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hershko, C. et al. Role of autoimmune gastritis, Helicobacter pylori and celiac disease in refractory or unexplained iron deficiency anemia. Haematologica 90, 585\u2013595 (2005).","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200112000-00003","volume":"13","author":"RM Genta","year":"2001","unstructured":"Genta, R. M. One more dysplasia. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 1411\u20131414 (2001).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5254","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0580","volume":"90","author":"N Alonso","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alonso, N. et al. A. Serum pepsinogen I: an early marker of pernicious anemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 5254\u20135258 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2134","volume":"93","author":"CE De Block","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Block, C. E., De Leeuw, I. H. & Van Gaal, L. F. Autoimmune gastritis in type 1 diabetes: a clinically oriented review. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93, 363\u2013371 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.1.82","volume":"26","author":"CE De Block","year":"2003","unstructured":"De Block, C. E. et al. Autoimmune gastropathy in type 1 diabetic patients with parietal cell antibodies: histological and clinical findings. Diabetes Care 26, 82\u201388 (2003).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR147","first-page":"22","volume":"1","author":"WK Lam-Tse","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lam-Tse, W. K. et al. The association between autoimmune thyroiditis, autoimmune gastritis and type 1 diabetes. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev. 1, 22\u201337 (2003).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR148","volume-title":"Histoire des phlegmasies ou inflammations chroniques: fond\u00e9e sur de nouvelles observations de clinique et d'anatomie pathologique","author":"FJV Broussais","year":"1822","unstructured":"Broussais, F. J. V. Histoire des phlegmasies ou inflammations chroniques: fond\u00e9e sur de nouvelles observations de clinique et d'anatomie pathologique [French]. (Gabon & Crochard, 1822)."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2013101_CR149","volume-title":"Acad\u00e9mie Royale de M\u00e9decine. Rapport fait \u00e0 cette Acad\u00e9mie dans la s\u00e9ance du 22 Cctobre 1839 sur les pi\u00e8ces pathologiques model\u00e9es en relief et publi\u00e9es par le Dr F\u00e9lix Thibert","author":"J Cruveilhier","year":"1839","unstructured":"Cruveilhier, J. Acad\u00e9mie Royale de M\u00e9decine. Rapport fait \u00e0 cette Acad\u00e9mie dans la s\u00e9ance du 22 Cctobre 1839 sur les pi\u00e8ces pathologiques model\u00e9es en relief et publi\u00e9es par le Dr F\u00e9lix Thibert [French]. (Impr. de F. Didot Fr\u00e8res, 1839)."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2013.101.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2013.101","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2013.101.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T14:33:57Z","timestamp":1715524437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2013.101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrgastro2013101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.101","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5045","1759-5053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5045","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-5053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]]}}}