{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:31:41Z","timestamp":1793215901851,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]],"date-time":"2015-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421712000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]],"date-time":"2015-01-20T08:13:47Z","timestamp":1421741627000},"page":"108-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["The concept of gut rehabilitation and the future of visceral transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kareem","family":"Abu-Elmagd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03140100042009","volume":"203","author":"DW Wilmore","year":"1968","unstructured":"Wilmore, D. W. & Dudrick, S. J. Growth and development of an infant receiving all nutrients exclusively by vein. JAMA 203, 860\u2013864 (1968).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90275-A","volume":"335","author":"D Grant","year":"1990","unstructured":"Grant, D. et al. Successful small-bowel\/liver transplantation. Lancet 335, 181\u2013184 (1990).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199202010-00020","volume":"53","author":"S Todo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Todo, S. et al. Cadaveric small bowel and small bowel-liver transplantation in humans. Transplantation 53, 369\u2013379 (1992).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607111428452","volume":"36","author":"JK Bijo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bijo, J. K., Maqsood, K. A. & Speerhas, R. Ethanol lock therapy in reducing catheter-related bloodstream infections in adult hom parenteral nutrition patients: results of a retrospective study. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 36, 603 (2012).","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3283385407","volume":"13","author":"B Koletzko","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koletzko, B. & Goulet, O. Fish oil containing intravenous lipid emulsions in parental nutrition-associated cholestatic liver disease. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. 13, 321\u2013326 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000186479.53295.14","volume":"242","author":"TA Byrne","year":"2005","unstructured":"Byrne, T. A. et al. Growth hormone, glutamine, and an optimal diet reduces parenteral nutrition in patients with short bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Ann. Surg. 242, 655\u2013661 (2005).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000046","volume":"30","author":"PB Jeppesen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jeppesen, P. B. New approaches to the treatments of short bowel syndrome-associated intestinal failure. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 30, 182\u2013188 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.2217\/14750708.2.6.853","volume":"2","author":"KM Abu-Elmagd","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. M. et al. Gut rehabilitation and intestinal transplantation. Therapy 2, 853\u2013864 (2005).","journal-title":"Therapy"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318155aa0c","volume":"246","author":"D Sudan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sudan, D. et al. Comparison of intestinal lengthening procedures for patients with short bowel syndrome. Ann. Surg. 246, 593\u2013601 (2007).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR10","first-page":"335","volume":"172","author":"TE Starzl","year":"1991","unstructured":"Starzl, T. E. et al. The many faces of multivisceral transplantation. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 172, 335\u2013344 (1991).","journal-title":"Surg. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2008.00785.x","volume":"22","author":"KM Abu-Elmagd","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. M. et al. Evolution of the immunosuppressive strategies for the intestinal and multivisceral recipients with special reference to allograft immunity and achievement of partial tolerance. Transpl. Int. 22, 96\u2013109 (2009).","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91014-3","volume":"2","author":"TE Starzl","year":"1989","unstructured":"Starzl, T. E. et al. FK 506 for human liver, kidney, and pancreas transplantation. Lancet 2, 1000\u20131004 (1989).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1142\/9781848160057_0008","volume-title":"History of Organ and Cell Transplantation","author":"KM Abu-Elmagd","year":"2003","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. M. in History of Organ and Cell Transplantation (eds Hakim, N. S. & Papalois, V. E.) 171\u2013193 (Imperial College Press, 2003)."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR14","first-page":"65","volume":"36","author":"K Abu-Elmagd","year":"2002","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K., Bond, G., Reyes, J. & Fung, J. Intestinal transplantation: a coming of age. Adv. Surg. 36, 65\u2013101 (2002).","journal-title":"Adv. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199509000-00006","volume":"222","author":"S Todo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Todo, S. et al. Outcome analysis of 71 clinical intestinal transplantations. Ann. Surg. 222, 270\u2013280 (1995).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91619-0","volume":"347","author":"D Grant","year":"1996","unstructured":"Grant, D. International Intestinal Transplant Registry: current results of intestinal transplantation. Lancet 347, 1801\u20131803 (1996).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(98)00083-0","volume":"186","author":"K Abu-Elmagd","year":"1998","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. et al. Clinical intestinal transplantation: new perspectives and immunologic considerations. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 186, 512\u2013525 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181b67725","volume":"250","author":"KM Abu-Elmagd","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. M. et al. Five hundred intestinal and multivisceral transplantations at a single center: major advances with new challenges. Ann. Surg. 250, 567\u2013581 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000157265.85388.a1","volume":"241","author":"D Grant","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grant, D. et al. 2003 report of the intestine transplant registry: a new era has dawned. Ann. Surg. 241, 607\u2013613 (2005).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR20","unstructured":"Grant, D. et al. Intestinal transplant registry Report: global availability of intestine transplantation with observed trends in clinical practice and graft survival. Am. J. Transplant. (in press)."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1177\/0115426505020005493","volume":"20","author":"LE Matarese","year":"2005","unstructured":"Matarese, L. E. et al. Short bowel syndrome: clinical guidelines for nutrition management. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 20, 493\u2013502 (2005).","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR22","first-page":"245","volume-title":"Intestinal Failure: Diagnosis, Management and Transplantation","author":"KM Abu-Elmagd","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. M. in Intestinal Failure: Diagnosis, Management and Transplantation (eds Langnas, A. N., Goulet, O., Quigley, E. M. & Tappenden, K. A.) 245\u2013253 (Wiley-Blackwell, 2008)."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR23","first-page":"481","volume":"27","author":"L Howard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Howard, L. & Hassan, N. Home parenteral nutrition: 25 years later. Clin. Nutr. 27, 481\u2013512 (1998).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197806222982505","volume":"298","author":"RCN Williamson","year":"1978","unstructured":"Williamson, R. C. N. Intestinal adaptation (first of two parts). Structural, functional and cytokinetic changes. N. Engl. J. Med. 298, 1393\u20131402 (1978).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197806292982604","volume":"298","author":"RCN Williamson","year":"1978","unstructured":"Williamson, R. C. N. Intestinal adaptation (second of two parts). Mechanisms of control. N. Engl. J. Med. 298, 1444\u20131450 (1978).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6918(03)00080-5","volume":"17","author":"PB Jeppesen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jeppesen, P. B. & Mortensen, P. B. Experimental approaches: dietary and hormone therapy. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 17, 1041\u20131054 (2003).","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23S","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607114525210","volume":"38","author":"K Tappenden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tappenden, K. Intestinal adaptation following resection. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 38, 23S\u201331S (2014).","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.03.062","volume":"16","author":"RH Squires","year":"2012","unstructured":"Squires, R. H. et al. Natural history of pediatric intestinal failure: initial report from the Pediatric Intestinal Failure Consortium. J. Pediatr. 16, 723\u2013728.e722 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000179647.24046.03","volume":"242","author":"AU Spencer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Spencer, A. U. et al. Pediatric short bowel syndrome: redefining predictors of success. Ann. Surg. 242, 403\u2013409 (2005).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-5614(91)90049-I","volume":"10","author":"SB Doldi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Doldi, S. B. Intestinal adaptation following jejuno-ileal bypass. Clin. Nutr. 10, 138\u2013145 (1991).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.03.027","volume":"46","author":"LA McDuffle","year":"2011","unstructured":"McDuffle, L. A. et al. Intestinal adaptation after small bowel resection in human infants. J. Pediatr. Surg. 46, 1045\u20131051 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12800","volume":"14","author":"S Pondrom","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pondrom, S. The evolving field of gut rehabilitation. Am. J. Transplant. 14, 1227\u20131228 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2009.07.005","volume":"18","author":"IR Diamond","year":"2009","unstructured":"Diamond, I. R., Pencharz, P. B. & Wales, P. W. Omega-3 lipids for intestinal failure associated liver disease. Semin. Pediatr. Surg. 18, 239\u2013245 (2009).","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607112450301","volume":"37","author":"DL Burns","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burns, D. L. & Gill, B. M. Reversal of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease with a fish oil-based lipid emulsion (Omegaven) in an adult dependent on home parenteral nutrition. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 37, 274\u2013280 (2013).","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607112450300","volume":"37","author":"JC Seida","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seida, J. C. et al. Parenteral w-3 fatty acid lipid emulsions for children with intestinal failure and other conditions: a systemic review. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 37, 44\u201355 (2013).","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.03.034","volume":"165","author":"CS Matsumoto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Matsumoto, C. S. et al. Hepatic explant pathology of pediatric intestinal transplant recipients previously treated with omega-e fatty acid lipid emulsion. J. Pediatr. 165, 59\u201364 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1586\/17474124.2013.842894","volume":"7","author":"K Vipperla","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vipperla, K. & O'Keefe, S. J. Study of teduglutide effectiveness in parenteral nutrition-dependent short-bowel syndrome subjects. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 683\u2013687 (2013).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.09.007","volume":"143","author":"PB Jeppesen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jeppesen, P. B. et al. Teduglutide reduces need for parenteral support among patients with short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure. Gastreoentology 143, 1473\u20131481 (2012).","journal-title":"Gastreoentology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-010-0678-0","volume":"305","author":"P Arda-Pirinci","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arda-Pirinci, P. & Bolkent, S. The role of glucagon-like peptide-2 on apoptosis, cell proliferation, and oxidant-antioxidant system at a mouse model of intestinal injury induced by tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1\/actinomycin D. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 305, 13\u201327 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00039.2011","volume":"301","author":"KJ Rowland","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rowland, K. J. & Brubaker, P. L. The 'cryptic' mechanism of action of glucagon-like peptide-2. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 301, G1\u2013G8 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.10.004","volume":"130","author":"JJ Meier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meier, J. J. et al. Glucagon-like peptide-2 stimulates glucagon secretion, enhances lipid absorption, and inhibits gastric acid secretion in humans. Gastroenterology 130, 44\u201354 (2006).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520802200028","volume":"43","author":"JB Gottschalck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gottschalck, J. B. et al. Effects of treatment with glucagon-like peptide-2 on bone resorption in colectomized patients with distal ileostomy or jejunostomy and short-bowel syndrome. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 43, 1304\u20131310 (2008).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2011.03.003","volume":"168","author":"L Bremholm","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bremholm, L. et al. The effect of glucagon-like peptide-2 on mesenteric blood flow and cardiac parameters in end-jejunostomy short bowel patients. Regul. Pept. 168, 32\u201338 (2011).","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR44","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2014)."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2012.01.003","volume":"152","author":"AG Tzakis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tzakis, A. G. et al. Intestinal and multivisceral autotransplantation for tumors of the root of the mesentery: long-term follow-up. Surgery 152, 82\u201389 (2012).","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03945.x","volume":"12","author":"T Kato","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kato, T. et al. Multivisceral ex vivo surgery for tumors involving celiac and superior mesenteric arteries. Am. J. Transplant. 12, 1323\u20131328 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(80)80005-4","volume":"15","author":"A Bianchi","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bianchi, A. Intestinal loop lengthening\u2014a technique for increasing small intestinal length. J. Pediatr. Surg. 15, 145\u2013151 (1980).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2003.50073","volume":"38","author":"H Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim, H. et al. Serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP): a novel bowel lengthening procedure. J. Pediatr. Surg. 38, 425\u2013429 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318265f310","volume":"256","author":"KM Abu-Elmagd","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. M. et al. Long-term survival, nutritional autonomy, and quality of life after intestinal and multivisceral transplantation. Ann. Surg. 256, 494\u2013508 (2012).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010051020","volume":"97","author":"MA Idoate","year":"1999","unstructured":"Idoate, M. A. et al. The neuropathology of intestinal failure and small bowel transplantation. Acta Neuropathol. 97, 502\u2013508 (1999).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410040410","volume":"4","author":"AS Dekaban","year":"1978","unstructured":"Dekaban, A. S. Changes in brain weights during the span of human life: relation of brain weights to body heights and body weights. Ann. Neurol. 4, 345\u2013356 (1978).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR52","first-page":"434","volume":"4","author":"S El-Tatawy","year":"1983","unstructured":"El-Tatawy, S., Badrawi, N. & El Bishlawy, A. Cerebral atrophy in infants with protein energy malnutrition. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 4, 434\u2013436 (1983).","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.70.821.215","volume":"70","author":"K Kawakubo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kawakubo, K. et al. Progressive encephalopathy in a Crohn's disease patient on long-term total parenteral nutrition: possible relationship to selenium deficiency. Postgrad. Med. J. 70, 215\u2013219 (1994).","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199209000-00002","volume":"216","author":"S Todo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Todo, S. et al. Intestinal transplantation in composite visceral grafts or alone. Ann. Surg. 216, 223\u2013234 (1992).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR55","first-page":"385","volume":"179","author":"KA Abu-Elmagd","year":"1994","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. A. et al. Three years clinical experience with intestinal transplantation. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 179, 385\u2013400 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199904150-00021","volume":"67","author":"D Grant","year":"1999","unstructured":"Grant, D. Intestinal transplantation: 1997 report of the international registry: Intestinal Transplant Registry. Transplantation 67, 1061\u20131064 (1999).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200109000-00014","volume":"234","author":"K Abu-Elmagd","year":"2001","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. et al. Clinical intestinal transplantation: a decade of experience at a single center. Ann. Surg. 234, 404\u2013416 (2001).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S132","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.09.069","volume":"130","author":"KM Abu-Elmagd","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. M. Intestinal transplantation for short bowel syndrome and gastrointestinal failure: current consensus, rewarding outcomes, and practical guidelines. Gastroenterology 130, S132\u2013S137 (2006).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31821d262b","volume":"92","author":"AR Kumar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kumar, A. R. et al. Proteomic analysis reveals innate immune activity in intestinal transplant dysfunction. Transplantation 92, 119\u2013119 (2011).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03860.x","volume":"12","author":"PL Oh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oh, P. L. et al. Characterization of the ileal microbiota in rejecting and nonrejecting recipients of small bowel transplants. Am. J. Transplant. 12, 753\u2013762 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12148","volume":"13","author":"QR Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li, Q. R. et al. Reciprocal interaction between intestinal microbiota and mucosal lymphocyte in cynomolgus monkeys after alemtuzumab treatment. Am. J. Transplant. 13, 899\u2013910 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04183.x","volume":"12","author":"R Girlanda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Girlanda, R. et al. Metabolomics of human intestinal transplant rejection. Am. J. Transplant. 12, S18\u2013S26 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17187","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904847106","volume":"106","author":"AL Hartman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hartman, A. L. et al. Human gut microbiome adopts an alternative state following small bowel transplantation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 17187\u201317192 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12760","volume":"14","author":"ML Alegre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alegre, M. L., Mannon, R. B. & Mannon, P. J. The microbiota, the immune system and the allograft. Am. J. Transplant. 14, 1236\u20131248 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2011.261","volume":"9","author":"NJ Wood","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wood, N. J. Potential of intestinal microbiota profile as a diagnostic biomarker of small bowel transplant rejection. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9, 61 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181910f51","volume":"86","author":"GV Mazariegos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mazariegos, G. V. et al. Pediatric intestinal retransplantation: techniques, management, and outcomes. Transplantation 86, 1777\u20131782 (2008).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31823aa54d","volume":"93","author":"CS Desai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Desai, C. S. et al. Intestinal retransplantation: analysis of Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database. Transplantation 93, 120\u2013125 (2012).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-010-1317-5","volume":"14","author":"RJ Cruz Jr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cruz, R. J. Jr et al. Modified \u201cliver-sparing\u201d multivisceral transplant with preserved native spleen, pancreas, and duodenum: technique and long-term outcome. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 14, 1709\u20131721 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(94)90361-1","volume":"29","author":"JP Lawrence","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lawrence, J. P. et al. Isolated liver transplantation for liver failure in patients with short bowel syndrome. J. Pediatr. Surg. 29, 751\u2013753 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31825429c0","volume":"255","author":"RM Vianna","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vianna, R. M. et al. Multivisceral transplantation for diffuse portomesenteric thrombosis. Ann. Surg. 255, 1144\u20131150 (2012).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR71","first-page":"891","volume-title":"Surgical Clinics of North America","author":"G Costa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Costa, G. et al. in Surgical Clinics of North America (ed. Geller, D.) 891\u2013905 (Elsevier Saunders, 2010)."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.1997.tb00832.x","volume":"11","author":"J Reyes","year":"1997","unstructured":"Reyes, J. et al. Graft-versus-host disease after liver and small bowel transplantation in a child. Clin. Transplant. 11, 345\u2013348 (1997).","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.12211","volume":"18","author":"RT Fischer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fischer, R. T. et al. Intestinal transplantation in children with multiple intestinal atresias and immunodeficienty. Pediatr. Transplant. 18, 190\u2013196 (2014).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR74","unstructured":"Intestinal Transplant Report: Bi-Annual Report in Intestinal Transplant Registry (ed. Grant, D). (Intestinal Transplant Association, 2013)."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR75","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. Data. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network [online] , (2014)."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118873434.ch42","volume-title":"Textbook of Organ Transplantation","author":"KM Abu-Elmagd","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. M. in Textbook of Organ Transplantation 1st edn (eds Kirk, A., Knechtle, S., Larsen, C., Madsen, J. & Pearson, T.) 489\u2013494 (Wiley-Blackwell, 2014)."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR77","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. Policies. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network [online] , (2014)."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR78","unstructured":"Hashimoto, K. et al. Recent advances in intestinal and multivisceral transplantation. Adv. Surg. (in press)."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200011000-00010","volume":"232","author":"K Abu-Elmagd","year":"2000","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. et al. Logistics and technique for procurement of intestinal, pancreatic, and hepatic grafts from the same donor. Ann. Surg. 232, 680\u2013687 (2000).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31821ab93b","volume":"91","author":"RJ Cruz Jr","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cruz, R. J. Jr et al. Modified multivisceral transplantation with spleen-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis \u201cGardner's Syndrome\u201d. Transplantation 91, 1417\u20131423 (2011).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000248885.76183.1b","volume":"83","author":"C Matsumoto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Matsumoto, C. & Fishbein, T. M. Modified multivisceral transplantation with splenopancreatic preservation. Transplantation 83, 234\u2013236 (2007).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000287242.61220.4a","volume":"84","author":"KM Abu-Elmagd","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. M. Preservation of the native spleen, duodenum, and pancreas in patients with multivisceral transplantation: nomenclature, dispute of origin, and proof of premise. Transplantation 84, 1208\u20131209 (2007).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03044.x","volume":"10","author":"GV Mazariegos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mazariegos, G. V. et al. Intestine transplantation in the United States, 1999\u20132008. Am. J. Transplant. 10, 1020\u20131034 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03354.x","volume":"11","author":"KM Abu-Elmagd","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. M. The small bowel contained allografts: existing and proposed nomenclature. Am. J. Transplant. 11, 184\u2013185 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199403270-00012","volume":"57","author":"S Todo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Todo, S. et al. Small intestinal transplantation in humans with or without the colon. Transplantation 57, 840\u2013848 (1994).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31817ef01c","volume":"86","author":"T Kato","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kato, T. et al. Inclusion of donor colon and ileocecal valve in intestinal transplantation. Transplantation 86, 293\u2013297 (2008).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000183347.61361.7a","volume":"242","author":"AG Tzakis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tzakis, A. G. et al. 100 multivisceral transplants at a single center. Ann. Surg. 242, 480\u2013490 (2005).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181485124","volume":"246","author":"T Kato","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kato, T. et al. Transplantation of the spleen: effect of splenic allograft in human multivisceral transplantation. Ann. Surg. 246, 436\u2013444 (2007).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12623","volume":"14","author":"K Vakili","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vakili, K. & Kim, H. B. Partial esophageal transplantation is possible as part of a multivisceral graft. Am. J. Transplant. 14, 720\u2013723 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12627","volume":"14","author":"H Hartog","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hartog, H., Mirza, D. F. & Perera, M. T. Heterotaxy syndrome with malrotation of the gut and interrupted vena cava does not preclude safe procurement of multivisceral graft. Am. J. Transplant. 14, 724\u2013728 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03167.x","volume":"10","author":"KR Eid","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eid, K. R. et al. An innovative sphincter preserving pull-through technique with en bloc colon and small bowel transplantation. Am. J. Transplant. 10, 1940\u20131946 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000254401.33682.e9","volume":"119","author":"BT Carlsen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carlsen, B. T. et al. Incidence and management of abdominal wall defects after intestinal and multivisceral transplantation. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 119, 1247\u20131255 (2007).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04279.x","volume":"12","author":"RS Mangus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mangus, R. S. et al. Closure of the abdominal wall with acellular dermal allograft in intestinal transplantation. Am. J. Transplant. 12, S55\u2013S59 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.12187","volume":"26","author":"MJ Watson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Watson, M. J. et al. Role of tissue expanders in patients with loss of abdominal domain awaiting intestinal transplantation. Transpl. Int. 26, 1184\u20131190 (2013).","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181a7697a","volume":"87","author":"G Gondolesi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gondolesi, G. et al. Use of the abdominal rectus fascia as a nonvascularized allograft for abdominal wall closure after liver, intestinal, and multivisceral transplantation. Transplantation 87, 1884\u20131888 (2009).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13769-5","volume":"361","author":"DM Levi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Levi, D. M. et al. Transplantation of the abdominal wall. Lancet 361, 2173\u20132176 (2003).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804605","volume":"361","author":"TM Fishbein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fishbein, T. M. Intestinal transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 998\u20131008 (2009).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04332.x","volume":"12","author":"M Berger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berger, M. et al. Immunologic challenges in small bowel transplantation. Am. J. Transplant. 12, S2\u2013S8 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13175-3","volume":"361","author":"TE Starzl","year":"2003","unstructured":"Starzl, T. E. et al. Tolerogenic immunosuppression for organ transplantation. Lancet 361, 1502\u20131510 (2003).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(00)01180-5","volume":"32","author":"K Abu-Elmagd","year":"2000","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. et al. The efficacy of daclizumab for intestinal transplantation: preliminary report. Transplant. Proc. 32, 1195\u20131196 (2000).","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(02)02657-X","volume":"34","author":"DG Farmer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Farmer, D. G. et al. Outcomes after intestinal transplantation: a single-center experience over a decade. Transplant. Proc. 34, 896\u2013897 (2002).","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000065192.53065.50","volume":"75","author":"AG Tzakis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tzakis, A. G. et al. Preliminary experience with campath 1H (C1H) in intestinal and liver transplantation. Transplantation 75, 1227\u20131231 (2003).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"4","key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000083042.03188.6C","volume":"76","author":"TM Fishbein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fishbein, T. M. et al. Isolated intestinal transplantation: proof of clinical efficacy. Transplantation 76(4): 636\u2013640 (2003).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/35105088","volume":"1","author":"TE Starzl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Starzl, T. E. & Zinkernagel, R. M. Transplantation tolerance from a historical perspective. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 1, 233\u2013239 (2001).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR105","first-page":"155","volume":"2012","author":"KM Abu-Elmagd","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. M. et al. A decade of experience with a single dose of rabbit antithymocyte globulin or alemtuzumab pretreatment for intestinal and multivisceral transplantation. Clin. Transpl. 2012, 155\u2013166 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Transpl."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12510","volume":"14","author":"JA Bradley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bradley, J. A. Transplant tolerance by Treg therapy. Am. J. Transplant. 14, 5\u20136 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3227","volume":"12","author":"KJ Wood","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wood, K. J., Bushnell, A. & Hester, J. Regulatory immune cells in transplantation. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 12, 417\u2013430 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12854","volume":"14","author":"AL Bayer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bayer, A. L. et al. T regulatory cell adoptive therapy for tolerance induction in autoimmunity and transplantion. Am. J. Transplant. 14, 2432\u20132433 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.05.012","volume":"18","author":"PM Porrett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Porrett, P. M., Hashmi, S. K. & Shaked, A. Immunosuppression: trends and tolerance. Clin. Liver Dis. 18, 687\u2013716 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181b7509c","volume":"88","author":"KM Abu-Elmagd","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. M. et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders and de novo malignancies in intestinal and multivisceral recipients: improved outcomes with new outlooks. Transplantation 88, 926\u2013934 (2009).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR111","unstructured":"Intensive Care Society and the British Transplantation Society. Survival rates following transplantation. Organ Donation [online] , (2014)."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04237.x","volume":"12","author":"KM Abu-Elmagd","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. M. et al. Preformed and de novo donor specific antibodies in visceral transplantation: long-term outcome with special reference to the liver. Am. J. Transplant. 12, 3047\u20133060 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR113","first-page":"286","volume":"3","author":"K Abu-Elmagd","year":"1998","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K., Reyes, J. & Fung, J. Transplantation of the human intestine: the forbidden organ. Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant. 3, 286\u2013292 (1998).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12224","volume":"13","author":"MU Boehnert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boehnert, M. U. et al. Normothermic acelluar ex vivo perfusion reduces liver and bile duct injury of pig livers retrieved after cardiac death. Am. J. Transplant. 13, 1441\u20131449 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0b013e328337349d","volume":"15","author":"T Vogel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vogel, T., Brockman, J. G. & Friend, P. J. Ex-vivo normothermic liver perfusion: an update. Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant. 15, 167\u2013172 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(02)02718-5","volume":"34","author":"D Sudan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sudan, D. et al. Assessment of quality of life after pediatric intestinal transplantation by parents and pediatric recipients using the child health questionnaire. Transplant. Proc. 34, 963\u2013964 (2002).","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2011.01590.x","volume":"15","author":"KD Ngo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ngo, K. D. et al. Pediatric health-related quality of life after intestinal transplantation. Pediatr. Transplant. 15, 849\u2013854 (2011).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607198022006357","volume":"22","author":"A DiMartini","year":"1998","unstructured":"DiMartini, A. et al. Quality of life after small intestinal transplantation and among home parenteral nutrition patients. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 22, 357\u2013362 (1998).","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199811150-00005","volume":"66","author":"GM Rovera","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rovera, G. M. et al. Quality of life of patients after intestinal transplantation. Transplantation 66, 1141\u20131145 (1998).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(98)00704-0","volume":"30","author":"GM Rovera","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rovera, G. M. et al. Quality of life after intestinal transplantation and on total parenteral nutrition. Transplant. Proc. 30, 2513\u20132514 (1998).","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR121","first-page":"1251","volume":"24","author":"PG Stenn","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stenn, P. G. et al. Psychiatric psychosocial and ethical aspects of small bowel transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 24, 1251\u20131252 (1992).","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(02)02719-7","volume":"34","author":"EA Cameron","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cameron, E. A. et al. Quality of life in adults following small bowel transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 34, 965\u2013966 (2002).","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2006.05.035","volume":"38","author":"L Pironi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pironi, L. et al. Quality of life on home parenteral nutrition or after intestinal transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 38, 1673\u20131675 (2006).","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(00)01190-8","volume":"32","author":"DL Sudan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sudan, D. L. et al. Assessment of function, growth and development, and long-term quality of life after small bowel transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 32, 1211\u20131212 (2000).","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2009.12.021","volume":"42","author":"L Golfieri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Golfieri, L. et al. Psychological adaptation and quality of life of adult intestinal transplant recipients: University of Bologna experience. Transplant. Proc. 42, 42\u201344 (2010).","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01125.x","volume":"102","author":"SJ O'Keefe","year":"2007","unstructured":"O'Keefe, S. J. et al. Nutrition and quality of life following small intestinal transplantation. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102, 1093\u20131100 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04244.x","volume":"12","author":"L Pironi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pironi, L. et al. Assessment of quality of life on home parenteral nutrition and after intestinal transplantation using treatment-specific questionnaires. Am. J. Transplant. 12, S60\u2013S66 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92517-6","volume":"331","author":"Y Iwaki","year":"1991","unstructured":"Iwaki, Y. et al. Replacement of donor lymphoid tissue in human small bowel transplants under FK-506 immunosuppression. Lancet 331, 818 (1991).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2004.00524.x","volume":"4","author":"GV Mazariegos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mazariegos, G. V. et al. Graft versus host disease in intestinal transplantation. Am. J. Transplant. 4, 1459\u20131465 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181ff86ec","volume":"91","author":"G Wu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu, G. et al. Graft-versus-host disease after intestinal and multivisceral transplantation. Transplantation 91, 219\u2013224 (2011).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.04.016","volume":"46","author":"CR Shin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shin, C. R. et al. Incidence of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease and donor T-cell chimerism after small bowel or combined organ transplantation. J. Pediatr. Surg. 46, 1732\u20131738 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2009.10.071","volume":"45","author":"AM Andres","year":"2010","unstructured":"Andres, A. M. et al. Graft-vs-host disease after small bowel transplantation in children. J. Pediatr. Surg. 45, 330\u2013336 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04155.x","volume":"12","author":"T Hibi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hibi, T. et al. Citrulline level is a potent indicator of acute rejection in the long term following pediatric intestinal\/multivisceral transplantation. Am. J. Transplant. 12, S27\u2013S32 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3180f61af4","volume":"246","author":"D Sudan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sudan, D. et al. Calprotectin: a novel noninvasive marker for intestinal allograft monitoring. Ann. Surg. 246, 311\u2013315 (2007).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2011.01617.x","volume":"16","author":"R Sindhi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sindhi, R. et al. Allospecific CD154+ T-cytotoxic memory cells as potential surrogate for rejection risk in pediatric intestine transplantation. Pediatr. Transplant. 16, 83\u201391 (2012).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2013.08.079","volume":"45","author":"S Alvarez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alvarez, S. et al. Urinary exosomes as a source of kidney dysfunction biomarker in renal transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 45, 3719\u20133723 (2013).","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03790.x","volume":"12","author":"FA Fleissner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fleissner, F. A. et al. Microvesicles as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in transplantation medicine. Am. J. Transplant. 12, 289\u2013297 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-04-1187","volume":"103","author":"RK Gilroy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gilroy, R. K. et al. Donor immune reconstitution after liver-small bowel transplantation for multiple intestinal atresia with immunodeficiency. Blood 103, 1171\u20131174 (2004).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.07.055","volume":"128","author":"M Rizzi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rizzi, M. et al. Outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in adults with common variable immunodeficiency. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 128, 1371\u20131374 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199507000-00009","volume":"60","author":"N Murase","year":"1995","unstructured":"Murase, N. et al. Variable chimerism, graft versus host disease, and tolerance after different kinds of cell and whole organ transplantation from Lewis to Brown-Norway rats. Transplantation 60, 158\u2013171 (1995).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR141","volume-title":"Transplantation of the Liver","author":"T Starzl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Starzl, T. et al. in Transplantation of the Liver (eds Busuttil, R. W. & Klintmalm, G. B.) (in press) (Elsevier, PA, 2014)"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03757.x","volume":"11","author":"MD Stegall","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stegall, M. D. et al. Terminal complement inhibition decreases antibody-mediated rejection in sensitized renal transplant recipients. Am. J. Transplant. 11, 2405\u20132413 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.133322","volume":"57","author":"T Fishbein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fishbein, T. et al. NOD2-expressing bone marrow-derived cells appear to regulate epithelial innate immunity of the transplanted human small intestine. Gut 57, 323\u2013330 (2008).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(98)01565-6","volume":"31","author":"KM Abu-Elmagd","year":"1999","unstructured":"Abu-Elmagd, K. M. et al. Evolution of clinical intestinal transplantation: improved outcome and cost effectiveness. Transplant. Proc. 31, 582\u2013584 (1999).","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2014216_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2014.06.011","volume":"23","author":"GG Belchoir","year":"2014","unstructured":"Belchoir, G. G., Sogayar, M. C. & Grikscheit, T. C. Stem cells and biopharmaceuticals: vitals roles in the growth of tissue-engineered small intestine. Semin. Pediatr. Surg. 23, 141\u2013149 (2014).","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2014.216.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2014.216","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2014.216.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]],"date-time":"2025-05-17T04:45:46Z","timestamp":1747457146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2014.216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrgastro2014216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.216","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5045","1759-5053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5045","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-5053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 January 2015","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The author declares no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}