{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T12:09:31Z","timestamp":1762430971454,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]],"date-time":"2015-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.45","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]],"date-time":"2015-03-31T09:56:43Z","timestamp":1427795803000},"page":"332-341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Therapeutic options in oesophageal dysphagia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"Tack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Zaninotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01834.x","volume":"24","author":"AJ Bredenoord","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bredenoord, A. J. et al. International High Resolution Manometry Working Group. Chicago classification criteria of esophageal motility disorders defined in high resolution esophageal pressure topography. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 24 (Suppl. 1), 57\u201365 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199302000-00006","volume":"217","author":"HJ Stein","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stein, H. J. & DeMeester, T. R. Indications, technique, and clinical use of ambulatory 24-hour esophageal motility monitoring in a surgical practice. Ann. Surg. 217, 128\u2013137 (1993).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2008.06.006","volume":"54","author":"S Kindt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kindt, S. & Tack, J. Pathophysiology of noncardiac chest pain: not only acid. Dis. Mon. 54, 615\u2013626 (2008).","journal-title":"Dis. Mon."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zerbib, F. & Omari, T. Oesophageal dysphagia: manifestations and diagnosis. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.195 .","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.195"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-012-1864-z","volume":"16","author":"GE Boeckxstaens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boeckxstaens, G. E., Tack, J. & Zaninotto, G. Achalasia: pneumatic dilation or laparoscopic heller myotomy? J. Gastrointest. Surg. 16, 1284\u20131285 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1976.03630050026006","volume":"136","author":"J Christensen","year":"1976","unstructured":"Christensen, J. Effects of drugs on esophageal motility. Arch. Intern. Med. 136, 532\u2013537 (1976).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR7","first-page":"976","volume":"70","author":"JB Lobis","year":"1976","unstructured":"Lobis, J. B. & Fischer, R. S. Anticholinergic therapy for achalasia. A controlled study. Gastroenterology 70, 976 (1976).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(51)90014-9","volume":"11","author":"M Nickerson","year":"1957","unstructured":"Nickerson, M. & Call, L. S. Treatment of cardiospasm with adrenergic blockade. Am. J. Med. 11, 123\u2013127 (1957).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02088038","volume":"39","author":"L Marzio","year":"1994","unstructured":"Marzio, L. et al. Effect of cimetropium bromide on esophageal motility and transit in patients affected by primary achalasia. Dig. Dis. Sci. 39, 1389\u20131394 (1994).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529409094887","volume":"29","author":"B Penagini, Bartesaghi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Penagini, Bartesaghi, B., Negri, G. & Bianchi, P. A. Effect of loperamide on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure in idiopathic achalasia. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 29, 1057\u20131060 (1994).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90187-6","volume":"80","author":"M Bortolotti","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bortolotti, M. & Labo, G. Clinical and manometric effects of nifedipine in patients with esophageal achalasia. Gastroenterology 80, 39\u201344 (1981).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80062-0","volume":"83","author":"M Gelfond","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gelfond, M., Rozen, P. & Gilat, T. Isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine treatment of achalasia: a clinical, manometric and radionuclide evaluation. Gastroenterology 83, 963\u2013969 (1982).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.6.604","volume":"32","author":"G Coccia","year":"1991","unstructured":"Coccia, G., Bortolotti, M., Micheti, P. & Dodero, M. Prospective clinical and manometric study comparing pneumatic dilatation and sublingual nifedipine in the treatment of oesophageal achalasia. Gut 32, 604\u2013606 (1991).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR14","first-page":"1259","volume":"84","author":"M Traube","year":"1989","unstructured":"Traube, M., Dubovik, R., Lange, R. C. & McCallum, R. W. The role of nifedipine therapy in achalasia: results of a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 84, 1259\u20131262 (1989).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01318193","volume":"36","author":"G Triadafilopoulos","year":"1991","unstructured":"Triadafilopoulos, G., Aaronson, M., Sackel, S. & Burakoff, R. Medical treatment of esophageal achalasia. Double-blind crossover study with oral nifedipine, verapamil, and placebo. Dig. Dis. Sci. 36, 260\u2013267 (1991).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)72548-7","volume":"2","author":"AJ Douthwaite","year":"1943","unstructured":"Douthwaite, A. J. Achalasia of cardia. Treatment with nitrites. Lancet 2, 353\u2013354 (1943).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.22.4.312","volume":"22","author":"M Gelfond","year":"1981","unstructured":"Gelfond, M., Rozen, P., Keren, S. & Gilat, T. Effect of nitrates on LOS pressure in achalasia: a potential therapeutic aid. Gut 22, 312\u2013318 (1981).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503233321203","volume":"332","author":"PJ Pasricha","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pasricha, P. J., Ravich, W. J., Hendrix, T. R., Sostre, S. & Kalloo, A. N. Intrasphincteric botulinum toxin for the treatment of achalasia. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 774\u2013778 (1995).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31818e43ab","volume":"249","author":"GM Campos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Campos, G. M. et al. Endoscopic and surgical treatments for achalasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Surg. 249, 45\u201357 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04655.x","volume":"33","author":"BK Enestvedt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Enestvedt, B. K., Williams, J. L. & Sonnenberg, A. Epidemiology and practice patterns of achalasia in a large multicentre database. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 33, 1209\u20131211 (2011).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2050.2011.01207.x","volume":"25","author":"G Triadafilopoulos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Triadafilopoulos, G. et al. The Kagoshima consensus on esophageal achalasia. Dis. Esophagus 25, 337\u2013348 (2012).","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0637-8","volume":"54","author":"L Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang, L., Li, Y. M. & Li, L. Meta-analysis of randomized and controlled treatment trials for achalasia. Dig. Dis. Sci. 54, 2303\u20132311 (2009).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR23","first-page":"493","volume":"38","author":"J Tack","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tack, J., Janssens, J. & Vantrappen, G. Non-surgical treatment of achalasia. Hepatogastroenterology 38, 493\u2013497 (1991).","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.09.020","volume":"8","author":"M Hulselmans","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hulselmans, M. et al. Long-term outcome of pneumatic dilation in the treatment of achalasia. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8, 30\u201335 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.6.765","volume":"50","author":"MF Vaezi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vaezi, M. F., Baker, M. E., Achkar, E. & Richter, J. E. Timed barium oesophagram: better predictor of long term success after pneumatic dilation in achalasia than symptom assessment. Gut 50, 765\u2013770 (2002).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.04.048","volume":"143","author":"WO Rohof","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rohof, W. O., Hirsch, D. P., Kessing, B. F. & Boeckxstaens, G. E. Efficacy of treatment for patients with achalasia depends on the distensibility of the esophagogastric junction. Gastroenterology. 143, 328\u2013335 (2012).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1010502","volume":"364","author":"GE Boeckxstaens","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boeckxstaens, G. E. et al. Pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller's myotomy for idiopathic achalasia. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 1807\u20131816 (2011).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.07.022","volume":"135","author":"JE Pandolfino","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pandolfino, J. E. et al. Achalasia: a new clinically relevant classification by high-resolution manometry. Gastroenterology 135, 1526\u20131533 (2008).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.12.027","volume":"144","author":"WO Rohof","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rohof, W. O. et al. Outcomes of treatment for achalasia depend on manometric subtype. Gastroenterology 144, 718\u2013725 (2012).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31818e43ab","volume":"249","author":"GM Campos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Campos, G. M. et al. Endoscopic and surgical treatments for achalasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Surg. 249, 45\u201357 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05771.x","volume":"97","author":"RL West","year":"2002","unstructured":"West, R. L. et al. Long term results of pneumatic dilation in achalasia followed for more than 5 years. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 97, 346\u20131351 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(05)00986-9","volume":"4","author":"MF Vela","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vela, M. F. et al. The long-term efficacy of pneumatic dilatation and Heller myotomy for the treatment of achalasia. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4, 580\u2013587 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.10.032","volume":"10","author":"T Vanuytsel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vanuytsel, T. et al. Conservative management of esophageal perforations during pneumatic dilation for idiopathic esophageal achalasia. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10, 142\u2013149 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60651-0","volume":"383","author":"GE Boeckxstaens","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boeckxstaens, G. E., Zaninotto, G. & Richter, J. E. Achalasia. Lancet 383, 83\u201393 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(80)73249-2","volume":"26","author":"JA Ortega","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ortega, J. A., Madureri, V. & Perez, L. Endoscopic myotomy in the treatment of achalasia. Gastrointest. Endosc. 26, 8\u201310 (1980).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-966764","volume":"39","author":"PJ Pasricha","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pasricha, P. J. et al. Submucosal endoscopic esophageal myotomy: a novel experimental approach for the treatment of achalasia. Endoscopy 39, 761\u2013764 (2007).","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1244080","volume":"42","author":"H Inoue","year":"2010","unstructured":"Inoue, H. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for esophageal achalasia. Endoscopy 42, 265\u2013271 (2010).","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12257","volume":"26","author":"AJ Bredenoord","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bredenoord, A. J., Rosch, T. & Fockens, P. Peroral endoscopic myotomy for achalasia. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 26, 3\u201312 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.057","volume":"145","author":"D von Renteln","year":"2013","unstructured":"von Renteln, D. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy for the treatment of achalasia. An international prospective study. Gastroenterology 145, 309\u2013311 (2013).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31826b5212","volume":"256","author":"LL Swanstrom","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swanstrom, L. L. et al. Long-term outcome of an endoscopic myotomy for achalasia. The POEM procedure. Ann. Surg. 256, 659\u2013667 (2012).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.388","volume":"107","author":"D von Renteln","year":"2012","unstructured":"von Renteln, D. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy for esophageal achalasia. A prospective single center study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107, 411\u2013417 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-014-3628-1","volume":"28","author":"EN Teitelbaum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Teitelbaum, E. N. et al. Symptomatic and physiologic outcomes one year after peroral esophageal myotomy (POEM) for treatment of achalasia. Surg. Endosc. 28, 3359\u20133365 (2014).","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR43","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR44","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2014)."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2013.04.042","volume":"154","author":"MB Ujiki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ujiki, M. B. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy: a short-term comparison with the standard laparoscopic approach. Surgery 154, 893\u2013900 (2013).","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000268","volume":"259","author":"NH Bhayani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhayani, N. H. et al. A comparative study on comprehensive, objective outcomes of laparoscopic Heller myotomy with peroral endoscopic myotomy for esophageal achalasia. Ann. Surg. 259, 1098\u20131103 (2014).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR47","unstructured":"Heller, E. Extramukose cardiaplastik beim chronischen cardiospasmus mit dilatation des oesophagus [German]. Mitt. Grenzgeb Med. Chir. 27141\u201327149 (1914)."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-67202014000100001","volume":"27","author":"NA Andreoll","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andreoll, N. A., Lope, L. R. & Malafai, O. Heller's myotomy: a hundred years of success! Arq. Bras. Cir. Dig. 27 1\u20132 (2014).","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cir. Dig."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-192305000-00014","volume":"77","author":"JH Zaaijer","year":"1923","unstructured":"Zaaijer, J. H. Cardiospasm in the aged. Ann. Surg. 77, 615\u2013617 (1923).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR50","first-page":"2563","volume":"75","author":"J Dor","year":"1967","unstructured":"Dor, J., Humbert, P., Paoli, J. M., Miorclerc, M. & Aubert, J. Treatment of reflux by the so-called modified Heller-Nissen technique [French]. Presse Med. 75, 2563\u20132565 (1967).","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR51","first-page":"152","volume":"36","author":"C Shimi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Shimi, C., Nathason, L. K. & Cuschieri, A. Laparoscopic cardiomyotomy for achalasia. J. R. Coll. Surg. Edinb. 36, 152\u2013154 (1991).","journal-title":"J. R. Coll. Surg. Edinb."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199209000-00008","volume":"216","author":"C Pellegrini","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pellegrini, C. et al. Thoracoscopic esophagomyotomy. Initial experience with a new approach for the treatment of achalasia. Ann. Surg. 216, 291\u2013296 (1992).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00311744","volume":"7","author":"E Ancona","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ancona, E. et al. Heller laparoscopic cardiomyotomy with antireflux anterior fundoplication in the treatment of esophageal achalasia. Surg. Endosc. 7, 459\u2013461 (1993).","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.02049.x","volume":"103","author":"YR Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang, Y. R., Dempsey, D. T., Friedenberg, F. K. & Richter, J. E. Trends of Heller myotomy hospitalizations for achalasia in the United States, 1993\u20132005 Effect of surgery volume on perioperative outcomes. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103, 2454\u20132464 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-013-2334-y","volume":"18","author":"R Salvador","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salvador, R. et al. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy can be used as primary therapy for esophageal achalasia regardless of age. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 18, 106\u2013111 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-004-8941-7","volume":"19","author":"M Costantini","year":"2005","unstructured":"Costantini, M. et al. The laparoscopic Heller-Dor operation remains an effective treatment for esophageal achalasia at a minimum 6-year follow-up. Surg. Endosc. 19, 345\u2013351 (2005).","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-010-1158-2","volume":"14","author":"Z Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Bessell, J. R., Chew, A. & Watson, D. I. Laparoscopic cardiomyotomy for achalasia: clinical outcomes beyond 5 years. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 14, 594\u2013600 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000216782.10502.47","volume":"243","author":"A Torquati","year":"2006","unstructured":"Torquati, A., Richards, W. O., Holzman, M. D. & Sharp, K. W. Laparoscopic myotomy for achalasia: predictors of successful outcome after 200 cases. Ann. Surg. 243, 587\u2013591 (2006).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2007.11.017","volume":"85","author":"MJ Schuchert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schuchert, M. J. et al. Minimally-invasive esophagomyotomy in 200 consecutive patients: factors influencing postoperative outcomes. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 85, 1729\u20131734 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181907bdd","volume":"248","author":"G Zaninotto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zaninotto, G. et al. Four hundred laparoscopic myotomies for esophageal achalasia: a single-centre experience. Ann. Surg. 248, 986\u2013993 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-010-1318-4","volume":"14","author":"R Salvador","year":"2010","unstructured":"Salvador, R. et al. The preoperative manometric pattern predicts the outcome of surgical treatment for esophageal achalasia. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 14, 1635\u20131645 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-009-1049-6","volume":"13","author":"CW Snyder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Snyder, C. W. et al. Multiple preoperative endoscopic interventions are associated with worse outcomes after laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 13, 2095\u20132103 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2009.10.046","volume":"89","author":"CJ Finley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Finley, C. J., Kondra, J., Clifton, J., Yee, J. & Finley, R. Factors associated with postoperative symptoms after laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 89, 392\u2013396 (2010).","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2010.01.035","volume":"210","author":"AS Rosemurgy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rosemurgy, A. S., Morton, C. A., Rosas, M., Albrink, M. & Ross, S. B. A single institution's experience with more than 500 laparoscopic Heller myotomies for achalasia. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 210, 637\u2013645 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2005.10.001","volume":"9","author":"G Portale","year":"2005","unstructured":"Portale, G. et al. Long-term outcome of laparoscopic Heller-Dor surgery for esophageal achalasia: possible detrimental role of previous endoscopic treatment. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 9, 1332\u20131339 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000136940.32255.51","volume":"240","author":"WO Richards","year":"2004","unstructured":"Richards, W. O. et al. Heller myotomy versus Heller myotomy with Dor fundoplication for achalasia: a prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial. Ann. Surg. 240, 405\u2013412 (2004).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-011-1822-y","volume":"26","author":"A Rawlings","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rawlings, A. et al. Laparoscopic Dor versus Toupet fundoplication following Heller myotomy for achalasia: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized-controlled trial. Surg. Endosc. 26, 18\u201326 (2012).","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318190a776","volume":"248","author":"F Rebecchi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rebecchi, F., Giaccone, C., Farinella, E., Campaci, R. & Morino, M. Randomized controlled trial of laparoscopic Heller myotomy plus Dor fundoplication versus Nissen fundoplication for achalasia: long-term results. Ann. Surg. 248, 1023\u20131030 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurgery.2013.409","volume":"148","author":"AA Kurian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kurian, A. A. et al. Partial anterior vs partial posterior fundoplication following transabdominal esophagocardiomyotomy for achalasia of the esophagus. Meta-regression of objective post-operative gastro-esophageal reflux and dysphagia. JAMA Surg. 148, 85\u201390 (2013).","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.138.5.490","volume":"138","author":"BK Oelschlager","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oelschlager, B. K., Chang, L. & Pellegrini, C. A. Improved outcome after extended gastric myotomy for achalasia. Arch. Surg. 138, 490\u2013497 (2003).","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salvador, R. et al. Shorter myotomy on the gastric site (&lt;2.5 cm) provides adequate relief of dysphagia in achalasia patients. Dis. Esophagus http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/dote.12226 .","DOI":"10.1111\/dote.12226"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.03.1335","volume":"78","author":"M Yaghooobi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yaghooobi, M. et al. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy vs pneumatic dilatation in the treatment of idiopathic achalasia: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Gastrointest. Endosc. 78, 468\u2013475 (2013).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000212","volume":"258","author":"B Schoenberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schoenberg, B. et al. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy versus endoscopic balloon dilatation for the treatment of achalasia. A network meta-analysis. Ann. Surg. 258, 943\u2013952 (2013).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-006-0600-9","volume":"31","author":"S Kostic","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kostic, S. et al. Pneumatic dilatation or laparoscopic myotomy in the management of newly diagnosed achalasia. World J. Surg. 31, 470\u2013478 (2007).","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04461.x","volume":"32","author":"PA Novais","year":"2010","unstructured":"Novais, P. A. & Lemme, E. M. 24-H pH monitoring patterns and clinical response after achalasia treatment with pneumatic dilatation or laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 32, 1257\u20131265 (2010).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200202000-00005","volume":"235","author":"G Zaninotto","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zaninotto, G. et al. Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of failures after laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia. Ann. Surg. 235, 186\u2013192 (2002).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2012.12.008","volume":"216","author":"MF Loviscek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Loviscek, M. F. et al. Recurrent dysphagia after Heller myotomy: is esophagectomy always the answer? J. Am. Coll. Surg. 216, 736\u2013743 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2050.2010.01157.x","volume":"25","author":"A Duranceau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Duranceau, A., Liberman, M., Martin, J. & Ferraro, P. End-stage achalasia. Dis. Esophagus 25, 319\u2013330 (2012).","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-009-0975-7","volume":"13","author":"JR Scherer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Scherer, J. R., Kwiatek, M. A., Soper, N. J., Pandolfino, J. E. & Kahrilas, P. J. Functional esophagogastric junction obstruction with intact peristalsis: a heterogeneous syndrome sometimes akin to achalasia. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 13, 2219\u20132225 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197307052890106","volume":"289","author":"RC Orlando","year":"1973","unstructured":"Orlando, R. C. & Bozymski, E. M. Clinical and manometric effects of nitroglycerin in diffuse esophageal spasm. N. Engl. J. Med. 289, 23\u201325 (1973).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(77)80297-7","volume":"72","author":"N Swamy","year":"1977","unstructured":"Swamy, N. Esophageal spasm: clinical and manometric responses to nitroglycerine and long acting nitrites. Gastroenterology 72, 23\u201327 (1977).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80329-6","volume":"83","author":"MH Mellow","year":"1982","unstructured":"Mellow, M. H. Effect of isosorbide and hydralazine in painful primary esophageal motility disorders. Gastroenterology 83, 364\u2013379 (1982).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198503000-00019","volume":"78","author":"SM Nasrallah","year":"1985","unstructured":"Nasrallah, S. M., Tommaso, C. T., Singleton, R. T. & Backhaus, E. A. Primary esophageal motor disorders: clinical response to nifedipine. South. Med. J. 78, 312\u2013315 (1985).","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198207153070342","volume":"307","author":"HA Davies","year":"1982","unstructured":"Davies, H. A., Lewis, M., Rhodes, J. & Henderson, A. Nifedipine for relief of esophageal chest pain? N. Engl. J. Med. 307, 1274 (1982).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200107000-00007","volume":"3","author":"M Pimentel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pimentel, M., Bonorris, G. G., Chow, E. J. & Lin, H. C. Peppermint oil improves the manometric findings in diffuse esophageal spasm. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 3, 27\u201331 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.6.758","volume":"50","author":"AJ Eherer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eherer, A. J. et al. Effect of sildenafil on oesophageal motor function in healthy subjects and patients with oesophageal motor disorders. Gut 50, 758\u2013764 (2002).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2007.00957.x","volume":"19","author":"M Fox","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fox, M., Sweis, R., Wong, T. & Anggiansah, A. Sildenafil relieves symptoms and normalizes motility in patients with oesophageal spasm: a report of two cases. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 19, 798\u2013803 (2007).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90979-6","volume":"92","author":"RY Clouse","year":"1987","unstructured":"Clouse, R. Y., Lustman, P. J., Eckert, T. C., Ferney, D. M. & Griffith, L. S. Low dose trazodone for symptomatic patients with esophageal contraction abnormalities. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 92, 1027 (1987).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05821.x","volume":"97","author":"LS Miller","year":"2002","unstructured":"Miller, L. S. et al. Treatment of chest pain in patients with noncardiac, nonreflux, nonachalasia spastic esophageal motor disorders using botulinum toxin injection into the gastroesophageal junction. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 97, 1640\u20131646 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02093606","volume":"41","author":"LS Miller","year":"1996","unstructured":"Miller, L. S. et al. Treatment of symptomatic nonachalasia esophageal motor disorders with botulinum toxin injection at the lower esophageal sphincter. Dig. Dis. Sci. 41, 2025\u20132031 (1996).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR91","first-page":"A802","volume":"116","author":"JC Nebendahl","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nebendahl, J. C. et al. Treatment of diffuse esophageal spasm with botulinum toxin: a prospective study with 6 month follow up [abstract]. Gastroenterology 116, A802 (1999).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2001.119256","volume":"54","author":"M Storr","year":"2001","unstructured":"Storr, M. et al. Treatment of symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm by endoscopic injections of botulinum toxin: a prospective study with long-term follow-up. Gastrointest. Endosc. 54, 754\u2013759 (2001).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.021","volume":"11","author":"T Vanuytsel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vanuytsel, T., et al. Botulinum toxin reduces dysphagia in patients with nonachalasia primary esophageal motility disorders. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11, 1115\u20131121 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E405","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1344908","volume":"45","author":"S Marjoux","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marjoux, S. et al. Fatal mediastinitis following botulinum toxin injection for esophageal spasm. Endoscopy 45 (Suppl. 2), E405\u2013E406 (2013).","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90090-6","volume":"79","author":"G Vantrappen","year":"1980","unstructured":"Vantrappen, G. & Hellemans, J. Treatment of achalasia and related motor disorders. Gastroenterology 79, 144\u2013154 (1980).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01888544","volume":"17","author":"JD Irving","year":"1992","unstructured":"Irving, J. D. et al. Management of diffuse esophageal spasm with balloon dilatation. Gastrointest Radiol. 17, 189\u2013192 (1992).","journal-title":"Gastrointest Radiol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2050.2010.01172.x","volume":"25","author":"R Salvador","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salvador, R., Costantini, M., Rizzetto, C. & Zaninotto, G. Diffuse esophageal spasm: the surgical approach. Dis. Esophagus 25, 311\u2013318 (2012).","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR98","unstructured":"Nomura, T. et al. Thoracoscopic long myotomy in prone position to treat rapid esophageal contraction with normal latency. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. http:\/\/dx.doi.org.10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000123 ."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.02.008","volume":"77","author":"H Shiwaku","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shiwaku, H. et al. Successful treatment of diffuse esophageal spasm by peroral endoscopic myotomy. Gastrointest. Endosc. 77, 149\u2013150 (2013).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.317","volume":"107","author":"H Louis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Louis, H. et al. Distal esophageal spasm treated by peroral endoscopic myotomy. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107, 1926\u20131927 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E79","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1309922","volume":"46","author":"H Minami","year":"2014","unstructured":"Minami, H. et al. Peroral esophageal myotomy (POEM) for diffuse esophageal spasm. Endoscopy 46 (Suppl. 1) E79\u2013E81 (2014).","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318167b89d","volume":"43","author":"W Blonski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Blonski, W., Vela, M. F., Freeman, J., Sharma, N. & Castell, D. O. The effect of oral buspirone, pyridostigmine, and bethanechol on esophageal function evaluated with combined multichannel esophageal impedance-manometry in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 43, 253\u2013260 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000225542.03880.68","volume":"41","author":"A Agrawal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Agrawal, A., Hila, A., Tutuian, R., Mainie, I. & Castell, D. O. Bethanechol improves smooth muscle function in patients with severe ineffective esophageal motility. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 41, 366\u2013370 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03525.x","volume":"26","author":"F Fornari","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fornari, F. et al. Relevance of mild ineffective oesophageal motility (IOM) and potential pharmacological reversibility of severe IOM in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 26, 1345\u20131354 (2007).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05011.x","volume":"35","author":"J Tack","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tack, J. et al. Systematic review: cardiovascular safety profile of 5-HT4 agonists developed for gastrointestinal disorders. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 35, 745\u2013767 (2012).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02968.x","volume":"24","author":"R Tutuian","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tutuian, R. et al. Effects of a 5-HT4 receptor agonist on oesophageal function and gastro-oesophageal reflux: studies using combined impedance-manometry and combined impedance-pH. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 24, 155\u2013162 (2006).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12359","volume":"26","author":"BF Kessing","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kessing, B. F. et al. Prucalopride decreases esophageal acid exposure and accelerates gastric emptying in healthy subjects. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 26, 1079\u20131086 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2050.2011.01275.x","volume":"25","author":"M Di Stefano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Di Stefano, M. et al. Effect of buspirone, a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, on esophageal motility in healthy volunteers. Dis. Esophagus 25, 470\u2013476 (2012).","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karamanolis . et al., Beneficial effect of the 5-HT1A agonist buspirone on esophagal dysfunction associated with systemic sclerosis: a pilot study. United European Gastroenterol. J. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/2050640614560453 .","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640614560453"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2006.00793.x","volume":"18","author":"L Grossi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grossi, L., Cappello, G. & Marzio, L. Effect of an acute intraluminal administration of capsaicin on oesophageal motor pattern in GORD patients with ineffective oesophageal motility. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 18, 632\u2013636 (2006).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(96)70002-1","volume":"111","author":"V Annese","year":"1996","unstructured":"Annese, V. et al. Controlled trial of botulinum toxin injection versus placebo and pneumatic dilation in achalasia. Gastroenterology 111, 1418\u20131424 (1996).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.2.231","volume":"44","author":"MF Vaezi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vaezi, M. F. et al. Botulinum toxin versus pneumatic dilatation in the treatment of achalasia: a randomised trial. Gut 44, 231\u2013239 (1999).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1055\/s-1999-56","volume":"31","author":"SM Muehldorfer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Muehldorfer, S. M. et al. Esophageal achalasia: intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin A versus balloon dilation. Endoscopy 31, 517\u2013521 (1999).","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.850_1.x","volume":"94","author":"C Prakash","year":"1999","unstructured":"Prakash, C., Freedland, K. E., Chan, M. F. & Clouse, R. E. Botulinum toxin injections for achalasia symptoms can approximate the short term efficacy of a single pneumatic dilation: a survival analysis approach. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94, 328\u2013333 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.01065.x","volume":"15","author":"J Mikaeli","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mikaeli, J. Fazel, A., Montazeria, G., Yaghoobi, M. & Malekzadeh, R., Randomized controlled trial comparing botulinum toxin injection to pneumatic dilatation for the treatment of achalasia. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 15, 1389\u20131396 (2001).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2050.2001.00189.x","volume":"14","author":"UC Ghoshal","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ghoshal, U. C. et al. Randomized controlled trial of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin A injection versus balloon dilatation in treatment of achalasia cardia. Dis. Esophagus 14, 227\u2013231 (2001).","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-18935","volume":"33","author":"HD Allescher","year":"2001","unstructured":"Allescher, H. D. et al. Treatment of achalasia: botulinum toxin injection vs. pneumatic balloon dilation. A prospective study with long-term follow-up. Endoscopy 33, 1007\u20131017 (2001).","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200303000-00005","volume":"36","author":"R Bansal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bansal, R. et al. Intrasphincteric botulinum toxin versus pneumatic balloon dilation for treatment of primary achalasia. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 36, 209\u2013214 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129S","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)80068-B","volume":"92","author":"FH Ellis Jr.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ellis, F. H. Jr. Esophagomyotomy for noncardiac chest pain resulting from diffuse esophageal spasm and related disorders. Am. J. Med. 92, 129S\u2013131S (1992).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)34663-X","volume":"104","author":"EP Eypasch","year":"1992","unstructured":"Eypasch, E. P., DeMeester, T. R., Klingman, R. R. & Stein, H. J. Physiologic assessment and surgical management of diffuse esophageal spasm. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 104, 859\u2013868 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00843474","volume":"8","author":"CJ Filipi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Filipi, C. J. & Hinder, R. A. Thorascopic esophageal myotomy\u2014a surgical technique for achalasia diffuse esophageal spasm and \u201cnutcracker esophagus\u201d. Surg. Endosc. 8, 921\u2013925 (1994).","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1995.01430060047009","volume":"130","author":"MG Patti","year":"1995","unstructured":"Patti, M. G. et al. Comparison of medical and minimally invasive surgical therapy for primary esophageal motility disorders. Arch. Surg. 130, 609\u2013615 (1995).","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-255X(02)00016-1","volume":"6","author":"D Nastos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nastos, D., Chen, L. Q., Ferraro, P., Taillefer, R. & Duranceau, A. C. Long myotomy with antireflux repair for esophageal spastic disorders. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 6, 713\u2013722 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrgastro201545_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5761","volume":"94","author":"M Leconte","year":"2007","unstructured":"Leconte, M. et al. Functional results after extended myotomy for diffuse oesophageal spasm. Br. J. Surg. 94, 1113\u20131118 (2007).","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2015.45","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2015.45.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2015.45.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T03:53:52Z","timestamp":1684468432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2015.45"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrgastro201545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.45","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5045","1759-5053"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1759-5045"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1759-5053"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 March 2015","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}