{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:51:53Z","timestamp":1769010713350,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]],"date-time":"2017-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507680000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,18]],"date-time":"2017-10-18T04:12:57Z","timestamp":1508299977000},"page":"60-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Coeliac disease: to biopsy or not?"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Norelle R.","family":"Reilly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Husby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter H. R.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071600","volume":"357","author":"PH Green","year":"2007","unstructured":"Green, P. H. & Cellier, C. Celiac disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 357, 1731\u20131743 (2007).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(58)90077-9","volume":"25","author":"RB Smith","year":"1958","unstructured":"Smith, R. B., Sprinz, H., Crosby, W. H. & Sullivan, B. H. Jr. Peroral small bowel mucosal biopsy. Am. J. Med. 25, 391\u2013394 (1958).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)35459-9","volume":"37","author":"LL Brandborg","year":"1959","unstructured":"Brandborg, L. L., Rubin, G. E. & Quinton, W. E. A multipurpose instrument for suction biopsy of the esophagus, stomach, small bowel, and colon. Gastroenterology 37, 1\u201316 (1959).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3109\/00365527709181349","volume":"12","author":"R Gillberg","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gillberg, R. & Ahren, C. Coeliac disease diagnosed by means of duodenoscopy and endoscopic duodenal biopsy. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 12, 911\u2013916 (1977).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2010.06.026","volume":"72","author":"S Gonzalez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gonzalez, S.  et al. Prospective study of the role of duodenal bulb biopsies in the diagnosis of celiac disease. Gastrointest. Endosc. 72, 758\u2013765 (2010).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31821a23d0","volume":"54","author":"S Husby","year":"2012","unstructured":"Husby, S.  et al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 54, 136\u2013160 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.79","volume":"108","author":"A Rubio-Tapia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rubio-Tapia, A.  et al. ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 108, 656\u2013676 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306578","volume":"63","author":"JF Ludvigsson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ludvigsson, J. F.  et al. Diagnosis and management of adult coeliac disease: guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut 63, 1210\u20131228 (2014).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h4513","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h4513","volume":"351","author":"L Downey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Downey, L., Houten, R., Murch, S. & Longson, D. Recognition, assessment, and management of coeliac disease: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ 351, h4513 (2015).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.05.011","volume":"76","author":"B Lebwohl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lebwohl, B.  et al. Sex and racial disparities in duodenal biopsy to evaluate for celiac disease. Gastrointest. Endosc. 76, 779\u2013785 (2012).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.03.1236","volume":"74","author":"B Lebwohl","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lebwohl, B., Kapel, R. C., Neugut, A. I., Green, P. H. & Genta, R. M. Adherence to biopsy guidelines increases celiac disease diagnosis. Gastrointest. Endosc. 74, 103\u2013109 (2011).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-995361","volume":"40","author":"AD Hopper","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hopper, A. D., Cross, S. S. & Sanders, D. S. Patchy villous atrophy in adult patients with suspected gluten-sensitive enteropathy: is a multiple duodenal biopsy strategy appropriate? Endoscopy 40, 219\u2013224 (2008).","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001460","volume":"64","author":"MM Leonard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leonard, M. M.  et al. Value of IgA tTG in predicting mucosal recovery in children with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 64, 286\u2013291 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.12.008","volume":"6","author":"AD Hopper","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hopper, A. D.  et al. What is the role of serologic testing in celiac disease? A prospective, biopsy-confirmed study with economic analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6, 314\u2013320 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.276","volume":"105","author":"DA Leffler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leffler, D. A. & Schuppan, D. Update on serologic testing in celiac disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105, 2520\u20132524 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02967.x","volume":"24","author":"NR Lewis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lewis, N. R. & Scott, B. B. Systematic review: the use of serology to exclude or diagnose coeliac disease (a comparison of the endomysial and tissue transglutaminase antibody tests). Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 24, 47\u201354 (2006).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318216f2e5","volume":"54","author":"K Giersiepen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Giersiepen, K.  et al. Accuracy of diagnostic antibody tests for coeliac disease in children: summary of an evidence report. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 54, 229\u2013241 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.42.3.362","volume":"42","author":"F Cataldo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cataldo, F., Marino, V., Ventura, A., Bottaro, G. & Corazza, G. R. Prevalence and clinical features of selective immunoglobulin A deficiency in coeliac disease: an Italian multicentre study. Italian Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology (SIGEP) and \u201cClub del Tenue\u201d Working Groups on Coeliac Disease. Gut 42, 362\u2013365 (1998).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31824b2277","volume":"46","author":"MA Chow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chow, M. A., Lebwohl, B., Reilly, N. R. & Green, P. H. Immunoglobulin A deficiency in celiac disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 46, 850\u2013854 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mooney, P. D., Kurien, M. & Sanders, D. S. Simtomax, a novel point of care test for coeliac disease. Expert Opin. Med. Diagn. (2013).","DOI":"10.1517\/17530059.2013.836179"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39405.472975.80","volume":"335","author":"IR Korponay-Szabo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Korponay-Szabo, I. R.  et al. Population screening for coeliac disease in primary care by district nurses using a rapid antibody test: diagnostic accuracy and feasibility study. BMJ 335, 1244\u20131247 (2007).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302196","volume":"62","author":"D Leffler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leffler, D.  et al. Kinetics of the histological, serological and symptomatic responses to gluten challenge in adults with coeliac disease. Gut 62, 996\u20131004 (2013).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-3528(95)90032-2","volume":"9","author":"MN Marsh","year":"1995","unstructured":"Marsh, M. N. & Crowe, P. T. Morphology of the mucosal lesion in gluten sensitivity. Bailleres Clin. Gastroenterol. 9, 273\u2013293 (1995).","journal-title":"Bailleres Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510023422","volume":"40","author":"K Kaukinen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kaukinen, K.  et al. Small-bowel mucosal transglutaminase 2-specific IgA deposits in coeliac disease without villous atrophy: a prospective and randomized clinical study. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 40, 564\u2013572 (2005).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301346","volume":"62","author":"JF Ludvigsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ludvigsson, J. F.  et al. The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms. Gut 62, 43\u201352 (2013).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1.686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.10.024","volume":"14","author":"U Volta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Volta, U.  et al. Features and progression of potential celiac disease in adults. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 14, e1.686\u2013e1.693 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640615594935","volume":"4","author":"R Kondala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kondala, R., Puri, A. S., Banka, A. K., Sachdeva, S. & Sakhuja, P. Short-term prognosis of potential celiac disease in Indian patients. United European Gastroenterol. J. 4, 275\u2013280 (2016).","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001234","volume":"64","author":"M Repo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Repo, M.  et al. Anemia and iron deficiency in children with potential celiac disease. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 64, 56\u201362 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.030","volume":"151","author":"MN Marsh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marsh, M. N. & Rostami, K. What is a normal intestinal mucosa? Gastroenterology 151, 784\u2013788 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.02.010","volume":"4","author":"JA Abrams","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abrams, J. A., Brar, P., Diamond, B., Rotterdam, H. & Green, P. H. Utility in clinical practice of immunoglobulin a anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody for the diagnosis of celiac disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4, 726\u2013730 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.01.029","volume":"150","author":"PD Mooney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mooney, P. D.  et al. Clinical and immunologic features of ultra-short celiac disease. Gastroenterology 150, 1125\u20131134 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2014.10.024","volume":"81","author":"M Latorre","year":"2015","unstructured":"Latorre, M.  et al. Endoscopic biopsy technique in the diagnosis of celiac disease: one bite or two? Gastrointest. Endosc. 81, 1228\u20131233 (2015).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03609.x","volume":"27","author":"PG Hill","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hill, P. G. & Holmes, G. K. Coeliac disease: a biopsy is not always necessary for diagnosis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 27, 572\u2013577 (2008).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4775","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.4775","volume":"15","author":"S Vivas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vivas, S.  et al. Duodenal biopsy may be avoided when high transglutaminase antibody titers are present. World J. Gastroenterol. 15, 4775\u20134780 (2009).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181a81384","volume":"50","author":"I Dahlbom","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dahlbom, I.  et al. Prediction of clinical and mucosal severity of coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis by quantification of IgA\/IgG serum antibodies to tissue transglutaminase. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 50, 140\u2013146 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2011.10.013","volume":"44","author":"B Zanini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zanini, B.  et al. High tissue-transglutaminase antibody level predicts small intestinal villous atrophy in adult patients at high risk of celiac disease. Dig. Liver Dis. 44, 280\u2013285 (2012).","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-19","volume":"13","author":"A Burgin-Wolff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burgin-Wolff, A., Mauro, B. & Faruk, H. Intestinal biopsy is not always required to diagnose celiac disease: a retrospective analysis of combined antibody tests. BMC Gastroenterol. 13, 19 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.12.015","volume":"11","author":"J Wakim-Fleming","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wakim-Fleming, J.  et al. Diagnosis of celiac disease in adults based on serology test results, without small-bowel biopsy. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11, 511\u2013516 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12970","volume":"40","author":"R Tortora","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tortora, R.  et al. The presence of anti-endomysial antibodies and the level of anti-tissue transglutaminases can be used to diagnose adult coeliac disease without duodenal biopsy. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 40, 1223\u20131229 (2014).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000105","volume":"49","author":"P Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh, P.  et al. Titers of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody correlate well with severity of villous abnormalities in celiac disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 49, 212\u2013217 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.242","volume":"110","author":"E Sugai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sugai, E.  et al. Should ESPGHAN guidelines for serologic diagnosis of celiac disease be used in adults? A prospective analysis in an adult patient cohort with high pretest probability. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 110, 1504\u20131505 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR42","first-page":"e1.1278","volume":"13","author":"PD Mooney","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mooney, P. D.  et al. Increased detection of celiac disease with measurement of deamidated gliadin peptide antibody before endoscopy. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, e1.1278\u2013e1.1284 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.55.7.488","volume":"55","author":"RC Wong","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wong, R. C., Wilson, R. J., Steele, R. H., Radford-Smith, G. & Adelstein, S. A comparison of 13 guinea pig and human anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody ELISA kits. J. Clin. Pathol. 55, 488\u2013494 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31826531f6","volume":"55","author":"W Egner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Egner, W., Shrimpton, A., Sargur, R., Patel, D. & Swallow, K. ESPGHAN guidance on coeliac disease 2012: multiples of ULN for decision making do not harmonise assay performance across centres. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 55, 733\u2013735 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1996.66237000.x","volume":"10","author":"S O'Mahony","year":"1996","unstructured":"O'Mahony, S., Howdle, P. D. & Losowsky, M. S. Review article: management of patients with non-responsive coeliac disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 10, 671\u2013680 (1996).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.02.002","volume":"152","author":"E Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, E.  et al. High incidence of celiac disease in a long-term study of adolescents with susceptibility genotypes. Gastroenterology 152, 1329\u20131336 (2017).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.54.10.783","volume":"54","author":"AS McNeish","year":"1979","unstructured":"McNeish, A. S.  et al. The diagnosis of coeliac disease. A commentary on the current practices of members of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (ESPGAN). Arch. Dis. Child 54, 783\u2013786 (1979).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[No authors listed.] Revised criteria for diagnosis of coeliac disease. Report of Working Group of European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Arch. Dis. Child 65, 909\u2013911 (1990).","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.65.8.909"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200501000-00001","volume":"40","author":"ID Hill","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hill, I. D.  et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 40, 1\u201319 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.10.003","volume":"131","author":"Martin F. Kagnoff","year":"2006","unstructured":"AGA Institute. AGA Institute Medical Position Statement on the Diagnosis and Management of Celiac Disease. Gastroenterology 131, 1977\u20131980 (2006).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318181afed","volume":"47","author":"A Fasano","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fasano, A.  et al. Federation of International Societies of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition consensus report on celiac disease. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 47, 214\u2013219 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.04.007","volume":"139","author":"MM Walker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Walker, M. M.  et al. Detection of celiac disease and lymphocytic enteropathy by parallel serology and histopathology in a population-based study. Gastroenterology 139, 112\u2013119 (2010).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-303996","volume":"98","author":"S Murch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Murch, S.  et al. Joint BSPGHAN and Coeliac UK guidelines for the diagnosis and management of coeliac disease in children. Arch. Dis. Child 98, 806\u2013811 (2013).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2000.d01-72.x","volume":"108","author":"B Weile","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weile, B., Hansen, B. F., Hagerstrand, I., Hansen, J. P. & Krasilnikoff, P. A. Interobserver variation in diagnosing coeliac disease. A joint study by Danish and Swedish pathologists. APMIS 108, 380\u2013384 (2000).","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.03.019","volume":"5","author":"GR Corazza","year":"2007","unstructured":"Corazza, G. R.  et al. Comparison of the interobserver reproducibility with different histologic criteria used in celiac disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 838\u2013843 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2011-200372","volume":"65","author":"C Arguelles-Grande","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arguelles-Grande, C., Tennyson, C. A., Lewis, S. K., Green, P. H. & Bhagat, G. Variability in small bowel histopathology reporting between different pathology practice settings: impact on the diagnosis of coeliac disease. J. Clin. Pathol. 65, 242\u2013247 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76163","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076163","volume":"8","author":"J Taavela","year":"2013","unstructured":"Taavela, J.  et al. Validation of morphometric analyses of small-intestinal biopsy readouts in celiac disease. PLoS ONE 8, e76163 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR58","first-page":"99","volume":"8","author":"NM Marsh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marsh, N. M., Johnson, W. M. & Rostami, K. Mucosal histopathology in celiac disease: a rebuttal of Oberhuber's sub-division of Marsh III Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench 8, 99\u2013109 (2015).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200501000-00017","volume":"17","author":"P Collin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Collin, P.  et al. Antiendomysial and antihuman recombinant tissue transglutaminase antibodies in the diagnosis of coeliac disease: a biopsy-proven European multicentre study. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 85\u201391 (2005).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.47.8.693","volume":"47","author":"RG Shidrawi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shidrawi, R. G., Przemioslo, R., Davies, D. R., Tighe, M. R. & Ciclitira, P. J. Pitfalls in diagnosing coeliac disease. J. Clin. Pathol. 47, 693\u2013694 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR61","first-page":"250","volume":"39","author":"MI Pinto Sanchez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pinto Sanchez, M. I.  et al. Very high rate of misdiagnosis of celiac disease in clinical practice. Acta Gastroenterol. Latinoam. 39, 250\u2013253 (2009).","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol. Latinoam."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.10.004","volume":"131","author":"A Rostom","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rostom, A., Murray, J. A. & Kagnoff, M. F. American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute technical review on the diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Gastroenterology 131, 1981\u20132002 (2006).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.387","volume":"111","author":"J Taavela","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taavela, J.  et al. A prospective study on the usefulness of duodenal bulb biopsies in celiac disease diagnosis in children: urging caution. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 111, 124\u2013133 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01471.x","volume":"103","author":"VM Wolters","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wolters, V. M. & Wijmenga, C. Genetic background of celiac disease and its clinical implications. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103, 190\u2013195 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-5-200709040-00003","volume":"147","author":"M Hadithi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hadithi, M.  et al. Accuracy of serologic tests and HLA-DQ typing for diagnosing celiac disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 147, 294\u2013302 (2007).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-309754","volume":"101","author":"RT Mitchell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mitchell, R. T.  et al. Coeliac screening in a Scottish cohort of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: is DQ typing the way forward? Arch. Dis. Child 101, 230\u2013233 (2016).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12249","volume":"176","author":"L Beltran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beltran, L.  et al. High-titre circulating tissue transglutaminase-2 antibodies predict small bowel villous atrophy, but decision cut-off limits must be locally validated. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 176, 190\u2013198 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.10.025","volume":"11","author":"P Vermeersch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vermeersch, P.  et al. Defining thresholds of antibody levels improves diagnosis of celiac disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11, 398\u2013403 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(00)90055-6","volume":"136","author":"I Hill","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hill, I.  et al. The prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk groups of children in the United States. J. Pediatr. 136, 86\u201390 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/61.3.263","volume":"61","author":"L Tiret","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tiret, L., Nivoche, Y., Hatton, F., Desmonts, J. M. & Vourc'h, G. Complications related to anaesthesia in infants and children. A prospective survey of 40240 anaesthetics. Br. J. Anaesth. 61, 263\u2013269 (1988).","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000344728.34332.5d","volume":"110","author":"RT Wilder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wilder, R. T.  et al. Early exposure to anesthesia and learning disabilities in a population-based birth cohort. Anesthesiology 110, 796\u2013804 (2009).","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2006.03.015","volume":"65","author":"K Thakkar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thakkar, K., El-Serag, H. B., Mattek, N. & Gilger, M. A. Complications of pediatric EGD: a 4-year experience in PEDS-CORI. Gastrointest. Endosc. 65, 213\u2013221 (2007).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.02.018","volume":"13","author":"ET Jensen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jensen, E. T., Eluri, S., Lebwohl, B., Genta, R. M. & Dellon, E. S. Increased risk of esophageal eosinophilia and eosinophilic esophagitis in patients with active celiac disease on biopsy. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 1426\u20131431 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-3-201308060-00006","volume":"159","author":"B Lebwohl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lebwohl, B.  et al. Mucosal healing and risk for lymphoproliferative malignancy in celiac disease: a population-based cohort study. Ann. Intern. Med. 159, 169\u2013175 (2013).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200107000-00020","volume":"33","author":"JJ Schweizer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schweizer, J. J.  et al. Cancer in children with celiac disease: a survey of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 33, 97\u2013100 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0990","volume":"29","author":"D Hansen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hansen, D.  et al. Clinical benefit of a gluten-free diet in type 1 diabetic children with screening-detected celiac disease: a population-based screening study with 2 years' follow-up. Diabetes Care 29, 2452\u20132456 (2006).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR77","first-page":"124","volume":"51","author":"R Valentino","year":"1999","unstructured":"Valentino, R.  et al. Prevalence of coeliac disease in patients with thyroid autoimmunity. Horm. Res. 51, 124\u2013127 (1999).","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5495","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020855","volume":"87","author":"M Bonamico","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bonamico, M.  et al. Prevalence and clinical picture of celiac disease in Turner syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87, 5495\u20135498 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i12.1449","volume":"16","author":"K Barada","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barada, K., Bitar, A., Mokadem, M. A., Hashash, J. G. & Green, P. Celiac disease in Middle Eastern and North African countries: a new burden? World J. Gastroenterol. 16, 1449\u20131457 (2010).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.87","volume":"110","author":"D Gidrewicz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gidrewicz, D., Potter, K., Trevenen, C. L., Lyon, M. & Butzner, J. D. Evaluation of the ESPGHAN celiac guidelines in a North American pediatric population. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 110, 760\u2013767 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182a1cda3","volume":"57","author":"S Guandalini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guandalini, S. & Newland, C. Can we really skip the biopsy in diagnosing symptomatic children with celiac disease. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 57, e24 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-96","volume":"13","author":"MJ Stewart","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stewart, M. J., Shaffer, E., Urbanski, S. J., Beck, P. L. & Storr, M. A. The association between celiac disease and eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults. BMC Gastroenterol. 13, 96 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318221aefd","volume":"46","author":"JS Thompson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thompson, J. S.  et al. Increased incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults with celiac disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 46, e6\u2013e11 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.8","volume":"110","author":"RS Choung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choung, R. S.  et al. Trends and racial\/ethnic disparities in gluten-sensitive problems in the United States: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1988 to 2012. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 110, 455\u2013461 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-311574","volume":"65","author":"JF Ludvigsson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ludvigsson, J. F.  et al. Transition from childhood to adulthood in coeliac disease: the Prague consensus report. Gut 65, 1242\u20131251 (2016).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFnrgastro2017121_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.1995.tb00308.x","volume":"8","author":"TJ Parker","year":"1995","unstructured":"Parker, T. J., Naylor, S. J., Riordan, A. M. & Hunter, J. O. Management of patients with food intolerance in irritable bowel syndrome: the development and use of an exclusion diet. J. Hum. Nutr. Dietet. 8, 159\u2013166 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Dietet."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2017.121.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2017.121","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2017.121.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T03:57:24Z","timestamp":1684468644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2017.121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrgastro2017121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.121","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5045","1759-5053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5045","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-5053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 October 2017","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}