{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:10:43Z","timestamp":1792131043328,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,13]],"date-time":"2012-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1326412800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,13]],"date-time":"2012-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1326412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nri3150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,13]],"date-time":"2012-01-13T12:04:55Z","timestamp":1326456295000},"page":"114-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":488,"title":["Early immune events in the induction of allergic contact dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Botond Z.","family":"Igy\u00e1rt\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony A.","family":"Gaspari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnri3150_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/01.all.0000244794.03239.8e","volume":"6","author":"CM Mowad","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mowad, C. M. Patch testing: pitfalls and performance. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 6, 340\u2013344 (2006).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.01220.x","volume":"57","author":"JP Thyssen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thyssen, J. P., Linneberg, A., Menne, T. & Johansen, J. D. The epidemiology of contact allergy in the general population \u2014 prevalence and main findings. Contact Dermatitis 57, 287\u2013299 (2007).","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-002-0418-1","volume":"76","author":"TL Diepgen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Diepgen, T. L. Occupational skin-disease data in Europe. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 76, 331\u2013338 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200050407","volume":"72","author":"TL Diepgen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Diepgen, T. L. & Coenraads, P. J. The epidemiology of occupational contact dermatitis. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 72, 496\u2013506 (1999).","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1159\/000078765","volume":"134","author":"SF Martin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Martin, S. F. T lymphocyte-mediated immune responses to chemical haptens and metal ions: implications for allergic and autoimmune disease. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 134, 186\u2013198 (2004).","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.1.1.75","volume":"1","author":"M Vocanson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vocanson, M. et al. Contribution of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in contact hypersensitivity and allergic contact dermatitis. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 1, 75\u201386 (2005).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.5.3178","volume":"173","author":"SF Martin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Martin, S. F. et al. Fas-mediated inhibition of CD4+ T cell priming results in dominance of type 1 CD8+ T cells in the immune response to the contact sensitizer trinitrophenyl. J. Immunol. 173, 3178\u20133185 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1089\/10799900252952181","volume":"22","author":"H Watanabe","year":"2002","unstructured":"Watanabe, H., Unger, M., Tuvel, B., Wang, B. & Sauder, D. N. Contact hypersensitivity: the mechanism of immune responses and T cell balance. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 22, 407\u2013412 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.64.5.717","volume":"64","author":"K Landsteiner","year":"1936","unstructured":"Landsteiner, K. & Jacobs, J. Studies on the sensitization of animals with simple chemical compounds. III. Anaphylaxis induced by arsphenamine. J. Exp. Med. 64, 717\u2013721 (1936). This article first proposed the idea that the formation of the hapten\u2013self complex is a crucial early event in allergic contact dermatitis. Seventy-five years later, this hypothesis has been supported by the work of many investigators, and remains a core concept of allergic contact dermatitis.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1021\/tx0601004","volume":"19","author":"AO Aptula","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aptula, A. O. & Roberts, D. W. Mechanistic applicability domains for nonanimal-based prediction of toxicological end points: general principles and application to reactive toxicity. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 19, 1097\u20131105 (2006).","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1289","volume":"28","author":"DW Roberts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roberts, D. W. & Aptula, A. O. Determinants of skin sensitisation potential. J. Appl. Toxicol. 28, 377\u2013387 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2005.00683.x","volume":"53","author":"M Divkovic","year":"2005","unstructured":"Divkovic, M., Pease, C. K., Gerberick, G. F. & Basketter, D. A. Hapten\u2013protein binding: from theory to practical application in the in vitro prediction of skin sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 53, 189\u2013200 (2005).","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.00944.x","volume":"56","author":"AO Aptula","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aptula, A. O., Roberts, D. W. & Pease, C. K. Haptens, prohaptens and prehaptens, or electrophiles and proelectrophiles. Contact Dermatitis 56, 54\u201356 (2007).","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR14","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Chemical and Metabolic Mechanisms","author":"CK Smith","year":"2001","unstructured":"Smith, C. K. & Hotchkiss, S. A. M. Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Chemical and Metabolic Mechanisms 119\u2013205 (Taylor and Francis, London, 2001)."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR15","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Chemical and Metabolic Mechanisms","author":"CK Smith","year":"2001","unstructured":"Smith, C. K. & Hotchkiss, S. A. M. Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Chemical and Metabolic Mechanisms 89\u2013117 (Taylor and Francis, London, 2001)."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200054021799","volume":"6","author":"AS Kalgutkar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kalgutkar, A. S. et al. A comprehensive listing of bioactivation pathways of organic functional groups. Curr. Drug Metab. 6, 161\u2013225 (2005).","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2006.00795.x","volume":"54","author":"JP Lepoittevin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lepoittevin, J. P. Metabolism versus chemical transformation or pro- versus prehaptens? Contact Dermatitis 54, 73\u201374 (2006).","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","volume":"124","author":"S Akira","year":"2006","unstructured":"Akira, S., Uematsu, S. & Takeuchi, O. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell 124, 783\u2013801 (2006).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-009-8094-x","volume":"12","author":"JA Sloane","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sloane, J. A., Blitz, D., Margolin, Z. & Vartanian, T. A clear and present danger: endogenous ligands of Toll-like receptors. Neuromolecular Med. 12, 149\u2013163 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070509","volume":"205","author":"SF Martin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Martin, S. F. et al. Toll-like receptor and IL-12 signaling control susceptibility to contact hypersensitivity. J. Exp. Med. 205, 2151\u20132162 (2008). This is the first article to suggest that innate immune receptors, in the form of TLRs, play an important part in contact hypersensitivity.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02652.x","volume":"66","author":"SF Martin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martin, S. F. et al. Mechanisms of chemical-induced innate immunity in allergic contact dermatitis. Allergy 66, 1152\u20131163 (2011).","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.2.1272","volume":"177","author":"KA Scheibner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Scheibner, K. A. et al. Hyaluronan fragments act as an endogenous danger signal by engaging TLR2. J. Immunol. 177, 1272\u20131281 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20001858","volume":"195","author":"C Termeer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Termeer, C. et al. Oligosaccharides of hyaluronan activate dendritic cells via Toll-like receptor 4. J. Exp. Med. 195, 99\u2013111 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2007.07.001","volume":"25","author":"R Stern","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stern, R., Kogan, G., Jedrzejas, M. J. & Soltes, L. The many ways to cleave hyaluronan. Biotechnol. Adv. 25, 537\u2013557 (2007).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132715","volume":"27","author":"F Martinon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Martinon, F., Mayor, A. & Tschopp, J. The inflammasomes: guardians of the body. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 27, 229\u2013265 (2009).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.02.004","volume":"24","author":"FS Sutterwala","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sutterwala, F. S. et al. Critical role for NALP3\/CIAS1\/Cryopyrin in innate and adaptive immunity through its regulation of caspase-1. Immunity 24, 317\u2013327 (2006).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700819","volume":"127","author":"H Watanabe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Watanabe, H. et al. Activation of the IL-1\u03b2-processing inflammasome is involved in contact hypersensitivity. J. Invest. Dermatol. 127, 1956\u20131963 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3672","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.6.3672","volume":"166","author":"C Antonopoulos","year":"2001","unstructured":"Antonopoulos, C. et al. Functional caspase-1 is required for Langerhans cell migration and optimal contact sensitization in mice. J. Immunol. 166, 3672\u20133677 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20092489","volume":"207","author":"FC Weber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weber, F. C. et al. Lack of the purinergic receptor P2X7 results in resistance to contact hypersensitivity. J. Exp. Med. 207, 2609\u20132619 (2010). This study demonstrated that self molecules (such as ATP) released as a result of cellular damage by haptens activate the inflammasome.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5826","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.9.5826","volume":"180","author":"H Watanabe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Watanabe, H. et al. Danger signaling through the inflammasome acts as a master switch between tolerance and sensitization. J. Immunol. 180, 5826\u20135832 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.3.759","volume":"183","author":"K Steinbrink","year":"1996","unstructured":"Steinbrink, K., Sorg, C. & Macher, E. Low zone tolerance to contact allergens in mice: a functional role for CD8+ T helper type 2 cells. J. Exp. Med. 183, 759\u2013768 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1919","volume":"11","author":"M Schmidt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schmidt, M. et al. Crucial role for human Toll-like receptor 4 in the development of contact allergy to nickel. Nature Immunol. 11, 814\u2013819 (2010). This study demonstrated how the world's most common contact allergen, nickel, activates TLR4, resulting in human APC activation following exposure to this ubiquitous chemical.","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(02)00366-8","volume":"21","author":"VS Beltrani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Beltrani, V. S. The role of house dust mites and other aeroallergens in atopic dermatitis. Clin. Dermatol. 21, 177\u2013182 (2003).","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07548","volume":"457","author":"A Trompette","year":"2009","unstructured":"Trompette, A. et al. Allergenicity resulting from functional mimicry of a Toll-like receptor complex protein. Nature 457, 585\u2013588 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1767","volume":"38","author":"CN Palmer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Palmer, C. N. et al. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nature Genet. 38, 441\u2013446 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701190","volume":"128","author":"N Novak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Novak, N. et al. Loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene and allergic contact sensitization to nickel. J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 1430\u20131435 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.358","volume":"41","author":"PG Fallon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fallon, P. G. et al. A homozygous frameshift mutation in the mouse Flg gene facilitates enhanced percutaneous allergen priming. Nature Genet. 41, 602\u2013608 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.05.042","volume":"124","author":"MK Oyoshi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oyoshi, M. K., Murphy, G. F. & Geha, R. S. Filaggrin-deficient mice exhibit TH17-dominated skin inflammation and permissiveness to epicutaneous sensitization with protein antigen. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 124, 485\u2013493 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.06.046","volume":"124","author":"TC Scharschmidt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Scharschmidt, T. C. et al. Filaggrin deficiency confers a paracellular barrier abnormality that reduces inflammatory thresholds to irritants and haptens. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 124, 496\u2013506 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700530","volume":"127","author":"MC Lebre","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lebre, M. C. et al. Human keratinocytes express functional Toll-like receptor 3, 4, 5, and 9. J. Invest. Dermatol. 127, 331\u2013341 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(00)00138-9","volume":"24","author":"H Uchi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Uchi, H., Terao, H., Koga, T. & Furue, M. Cytokines and chemokines in the epidermis. J. Dermatol. Sci. 24, S29\u2013S38 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(99)00145-6","volume":"142","author":"E Corsini","year":"2000","unstructured":"Corsini, E. & Galli, C. L. Epidermal cytokines in experimental contact dermatitis. Toxicology 142, 203\u2013211 (2000).","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2006.10.003","volume":"45","author":"A Nishibu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nishibu, A., Ward, B. R., Boes, M. & Takashima, A. Roles for IL-1 and TNF\u03b1 in dynamic behavioral responses of Langerhans cells to topical hapten application. J. Dermatol. Sci. 45, 23\u201330 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02964.x","volume":"141","author":"M Cumberbatch","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cumberbatch, M., Griffiths, C. E., Tucker, S. C., Dearman, R. J. & Kimber, I. Tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 induces Langerhans cell migration in humans. Br. J. Dermatol. 141, 192\u2013200 (1999).","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1997.00360.x","volume":"92","author":"M Cumberbatch","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cumberbatch, M., Dearman, R. J. & Kimber, I. Langerhans cells require signals from both tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 and interleukin-1 \u03b2 for migration. Immunology 92, 388\u2013395 (1997).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.4.1397","volume":"184","author":"M Pasparakis","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pasparakis, M., Alexopoulou, L., Episkopou, V. & Kollias, G. Immune and inflammatory responses in TNF\u03b1-deficient mice: a critical requirement for TNF\u03b1 in the formation of primary B cell follicles, follicular dendritic cell networks and germinal centers, and in the maturation of the humoral immune response. J. Exp. Med. 184, 1397\u20131411 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141718","volume":"25","author":"YJ Liu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liu, Y. J. et al. TSLP: an epithelial cell cytokine that regulates T cell differentiation by conditioning dendritic cell maturation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 25, 193\u2013219 (2007).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/ni805","volume":"3","author":"V Soumelis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Soumelis, V. et al. Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP. Nature Immunol. 3, 673\u2013680 (2002).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.01.003","volume":"119","author":"S Ebner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ebner, S. et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin converts human epidermal Langerhans cells into antigen-presenting cells that induce proallergic T cells. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119, 982\u2013990 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803478","volume":"184","author":"RP Larson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Larson, R. P. et al. Dibutyl phthalate-induced thymic stromal lymphopoietin is required for Th2 contact hypersensitivity responses. J. Immunol. 184, 2974\u20132984 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1518","volume":"12","author":"K Loser","year":"2006","unstructured":"Loser, K. et al. Epidermal RANKL controls regulatory T-cell numbers via activation of dendritic cells. Nature Med. 12, 1372\u20131379 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2009.01.024","volume":"9","author":"K Loser","year":"2009","unstructured":"Loser, K. & Beissert, S. Regulation of cutaneous immunity by the environment: an important role for UV irradiation and vitamin D. Int. Immunopharmacol. 9, 587\u2013589 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6071","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804064","volume":"182","author":"M Ghoreishi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ghoreishi, M. et al. Expansion of antigen-specific regulatory T cells with the topical vitamin D analog calcipotriol. J. Immunol. 182, 6071\u20136078 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.142.10.1332","volume":"142","author":"KK Hanneman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hanneman, K. K., Scull, H. M., Cooper, K. D. & Baron, E. D. Effect of topical vitamin D analogue on in vivo contact sensitization. Arch. Dermatol. 142, 1332\u20131334 (2006).","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.6.3915","volume":"181","author":"Y Morioka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morioka, Y., Yamasaki, K., Leung, D. & Gallo, R. L. Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides inhibit hyaluronan-induced cytokine release and modulate chronic allergic dermatitis. J. Immunol. 181, 3915\u20133922 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117411","volume":"94","author":"A Nasir","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nasir, A., Ferbel, B., Salminen, W., Barth, R. K. & Gaspari, A. A. Exaggerated and persistent cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity in transgenic mice whose epidermal keratinocytes constitutively express B7\u20131 antigen. J. Clin. Invest. 94, 892\u2013898 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12780","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.26.12780","volume":"91","author":"IR Williams","year":"1994","unstructured":"Williams, I. R., Ort, R. J. & Kupper, T. S. Keratinocyte expression of B7\u20131 in transgenic mice amplifies the primary immune response to cutaneous antigens. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 12780\u201312784 (1994).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.5.1597","volume":"179","author":"TA Ferguson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ferguson, T. A., Dube, P. & Griffith, T. S. Regulation of contact hypersensitivity by interleukin 10. J. Exp. Med. 179, 1597\u20131604 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80059-8","volume":"99","author":"R Forster","year":"1999","unstructured":"Forster, R. et al. CCR7 coordinates the primary immune response by establishing functional microenvironments in secondary lymphoid organs. Cell 99, 23\u201333 (1999).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(03)00175-4","volume":"19","author":"AA Itano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Itano, A. A. et al. Distinct dendritic cell populations sequentially present antigen to CD4 T cells and stimulate different aspects of cell-mediated immunity. Immunity 19, 47\u201357 (2003). This study demonstrated that a productive immune response requires the transport of antigens to regional lymph nodes by skin-resident DCs.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.08.013","volume":"29","author":"EJ Allenspach","year":"2008","unstructured":"Allenspach, E. J., Lemos, M. P., Porrett, P. M., Turka, L. A. & Laufer, T. M. Migratory and lymphoid-resident dendritic cells cooperate to efficiently prime naive CD4 T cells. Immunity 29, 795\u2013806 (2008).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.06.014","volume":"21","author":"L Ohl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ohl, L. et al. CCR7 governs skin dendritic cell migration under inflammatory and steady-state conditions. Immunity 21, 279\u2013288 (2004).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091586","volume":"206","author":"L Chorro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chorro, L. et al. Langerhans cell (LC) proliferation mediates neonatal development, homeostasis, and inflammation-associated expansion of the epidermal LC network. J. Exp. Med. 206, 3089\u20133100 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/ni852","volume":"3","author":"M Merad","year":"2002","unstructured":"Merad, M. et al. Langerhans cells renew in the skin throughout life under steady-state conditions. Nature Immunol. 3, 1135\u20131141 (2002).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2009.00886.x","volume":"234","author":"N Romani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Romani, N., Clausen, B. E. & Stoitzner, P. Langerhans cells and more: langerin-expressing dendritic cell subsets in the skin. Immunol. Rev. 234, 120\u2013141 (2010).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.2.741","volume":"167","author":"S Henri","year":"2001","unstructured":"Henri, S. et al. The dendritic cell populations of mouse lymph nodes. J. Immunol. 167, 741\u2013748 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071966","volume":"204","author":"LS Bursch","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bursch, L. S. et al. Identification of a novel population of langerin+ dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 204, 3147\u20133156 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071733","volume":"204","author":"F Ginhoux","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ginhoux, F. et al. Blood-derived dermal langerin+ dendritic cells survey the skin in the steady state. J. Exp. Med. 204, 3133\u20133146 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071724","volume":"204","author":"LF Poulin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Poulin, L. F. et al. The dermis contains langerin+ dendritic cells that develop and function independently of epidermal Langerhans cells. J. Exp. Med. 204, 3119\u20133131 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.1.418","volume":"181","author":"E Shklovskaya","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shklovskaya, E., Roediger, B. & Fazekas de St. Groth, B. Epidermal and dermal dendritic cells display differential activation and migratory behavior while sharing the ability to stimulate CD4+ T cell proliferation in vivo. J. Immunol. 181, 418\u2013430 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091756","volume":"206","author":"F Ginhoux","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ginhoux, F. et al. The origin and development of nonlymphoid tissue CD103+ DCs. J. Exp. Med. 206, 3115\u20133130 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091964","volume":"207","author":"S Henri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Henri, S. et al. CD207+ CD103+ dermal dendritic cells cross-present keratinocyte-derived antigens irrespective of the presence of Langerhans cells. J. Exp. Med. 207, 189\u2013206 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091627","volume":"207","author":"BT Edelson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Edelson, B. T. et al. Peripheral CD103+ dendritic cells form a unified subset developmentally related to CD8\u03b1+ conventional dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 207, 823\u2013836 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2455","volume":"8","author":"M Merad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Merad, M., Ginhoux, F. & Collin, M. Origin, homeostasis and function of Langerhans cells and other langerin-expressing dendritic cells. Nature Rev. Immunol. 8, 935\u2013947 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.01.005","volume":"24","author":"M Le Borgne","year":"2006","unstructured":"Le Borgne, M. et al. Dendritic cells rapidly recruited into epithelial tissues via CCR6\/CCL20 are responsible for CD8+ T cell crosspriming in vivo. Immunity 24, 191\u2013201 (2006).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1307","volume":"7","author":"F Ginhoux","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ginhoux, F. et al. Langerhans cells arise from monocytes in vivo. Nature Immunol. 7, 265\u2013273 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.10.008","volume":"23","author":"DH Kaplan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kaplan, D. H., Jenison, M. C., Saeland, S., Shlomchik, W. D. & Shlomchik, M. J. Epidermal Langerhans cell-deficient mice develop enhanced contact hypersensitivity. Immunity 23, 611\u2013620 (2005).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4724","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001802","volume":"185","author":"A Bobr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bobr, A. et al. Acute ablation of Langerhans cells enhances skin immune responses. J. Immunol. 185, 4724\u20134728 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5085","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901884","volume":"183","author":"BZ Igyarto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Igyarto, B. Z. et al. Langerhans cells suppress contact hypersensitivity responses via cognate CD4 interaction and Langerhans cell-derived IL-10. J. Immunol. 183, 5085\u20135093 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.304","volume":"129","author":"R Yoshiki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yoshiki, R. et al. IL-10-producing Langerhans cells and regulatory T cells are responsible for depressed contact hypersensitivity in grafted skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 129, 705\u2013713 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.52","volume":"128","author":"JS Obhrai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Obhrai, J. S. et al. Langerhans cells are not required for efficient skin graft rejection. J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 1950\u20131955 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102318","volume":"208","author":"K Kautz-Neu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kautz-Neu, K. et al. Langerhans cells are negative regulators of the anti-Leishmania response. J. Exp. Med. 208, 885\u2013891 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.429","volume":"130","author":"A Schwarz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schwarz, A. et al. Langerhans cells are required for UVR-induced immunosuppression. J. Invest. Dermatol. 130, 1419\u20131427 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4633","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000246","volume":"185","author":"A Fukunaga","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fukunaga, A. et al. Langerhans cells serve as immunoregulatory cells by activating NKT cells. J. Immunol. 185, 4633\u20134640 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.04.004","volume":"22","author":"A Kissenpfennig","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kissenpfennig, A. et al. Dynamics and function of Langerhans cells in vivo: dermal dendritic cells colonize lymph node areas distinct from slower migrating Langerhans cells. Immunity 22, 643\u2013654 (2005).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200501071","volume":"169","author":"CL Bennett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bennett, C. L. et al. Inducible ablation of mouse Langerhans cells diminishes but fails to abrogate contact hypersensitivity. J. Cell Biol. 169, 569\u2013576 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6830","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.10.6830","volume":"179","author":"CL Bennett","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bennett, C. L., Noordegraaf, M., Martina, C. A. & Clausen, B. E. Langerhans cells are required for efficient presentation of topically applied hapten to T cells. J. Immunol. 179, 6830\u20136835 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4722","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.7.4722","volume":"180","author":"L Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Langerin expressing cells promote skin immune responses under defined conditions. J. Immunol. 180, 4722\u20134727 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5619","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005619","volume":"4","author":"Y Kumamoto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kumamoto, Y., Denda-Nagai, K., Aida, S., Higashi, N. & Irimura, T. MGL2+ dermal dendritic cells are sufficient to initiate contact hypersensitivity in vivo. PLoS ONE 4, e5619 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.12.005","volume":"125","author":"T Honda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Honda, T. et al. Compensatory role of Langerhans cells and langerin-positive dermal dendritic cells in the sensitization phase of murine contact hypersensitivity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 125, 1154\u20131156 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.223","volume":"130","author":"M Noordegraaf","year":"2010","unstructured":"Noordegraaf, M., Flacher, V., Stoitzner, P. & Clausen, B. E. Functional redundancy of Langerhans cells and langerin+ dermal dendritic cells in contact hypersensitivity. J. Invest. Dermatol. 130, 2752\u20132759 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1724","volume":"10","author":"S Bedoui","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bedoui, S. et al. Cross-presentation of viral and self antigens by skin-derived CD103+ dendritic cells. Nature Immunol. 10, 488\u2013495 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.06.005","volume":"35","author":"BZ Igyarto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Igyarto, B. Z. et al. Skin-resident murine dendritic cell subsets promote distinct and opposing antigen-specific T helper cell responses. Immunity 35, 260\u2013272 (2011).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612033392413","volume":"9","author":"JS Marshall","year":"2003","unstructured":"Marshall, J. S., King, C. A. & McCurdy, J. D. Mast cell cytokine and chemokine responses to bacterial and viral infection. Curr. Pharm. Des. 9, 11\u201324 (2003).","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2782","volume":"10","author":"SN Abraham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abraham, S. N. & St. John, A. L. Mast cell-orchestrated immunity to pathogens. Nature Rev. Immunol. 10, 440\u2013452 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.131.6.2687","volume":"131","author":"PW Askenase","year":"1983","unstructured":"Askenase, P. W. et al. Defective elicitation of delayed-type hypersensitivity in W\/Wv and SI\/SId mast cell-deficient mice. J. Immunol. 131, 2687\u20132694 (1983).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6494907","volume":"226","author":"SJ Galli","year":"1984","unstructured":"Galli, S. J. & Hammel, I. Unequivocal delayed hypersensitivity in mast cell-deficient and beige mice. Science 226, 710\u2013713 (1984).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020649","volume":"196","author":"RF Tsuji","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tsuji, R. F. et al. B cell-dependent T cell responses: IgM antibodies are required to elicit contact sensitivity. J. Exp. Med. 196, 1277\u20131290 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5275","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.8.5275","volume":"173","author":"DM Jawdat","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jawdat, D. M., Albert, E. J., Rowden, G., Haidl, I. D. & Marshall, J. S. IgE-mediated mast cell activation induces Langerhans cell migration in vivo. J. Immunol. 173, 5275\u20135282 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.11.013","volume":"30","author":"JB McLachlan","year":"2009","unstructured":"McLachlan, J. B., Catron, D. M., Moon, J. J. & Jenkins, M. K. Dendritic cell antigen presentation drives simultaneous cytokine production by effector and regulatory T cells in inflamed skin. Immunity 30, 277\u2013288 (2009).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.f.216","volume":"9","author":"J Kalesnikoff","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kalesnikoff, J. & Galli, S. J. New developments in mast cell biology. Nature Immunol. 9, 1215\u20131223 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4102","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.7.4102","volume":"176","author":"H Suto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Suto, H. et al. Mast cell-associated TNF promotes dendritic cell migration. J. Immunol. 176, 4102\u20134112 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(04)00080-9","volume":"20","author":"PJ Bryce","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bryce, P. J. et al. Immune sensitization in the skin is enhanced by antigen-independent effects of IgE. Immunity 20, 381\u2013392 (2004).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1503","volume":"8","author":"MA Grimbaldeston","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grimbaldeston, M. A., Nakae, S., Kalesnikoff, J., Tsai, M. & Galli, S. J. Mast cell-derived interleukin 10 limits skin pathology in contact dermatitis and chronic irradiation with ultraviolet B. Nature Immunol. 8, 1095\u20131104 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2327","volume":"8","author":"SJ Galli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Galli, S. J., Grimbaldeston, M. & Tsai, M. Immunomodulatory mast cells: negative, as well as positive, regulators of immunity. Nature Rev. Immunol. 8, 478\u2013486 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11248-007-9153-4","volume":"17","author":"J Scholten","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scholten, J. et al. Mast cell-specific Cre\/loxP-mediated recombination in vivo. Transgenic Res. 17, 307\u2013315 (2008).","journal-title":"Transgenic Res."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.03.028","volume":"34","author":"A Dudeck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dudeck, A. et al. Mast cells are key promoters of contact allergy that mediate the adjuvant effects of haptens. Immunity 34, 973\u2013984 (2011). This study demonstrated that the adjuvant effects of haptens require mast cells and histamine. Mast cells are also required for hapten-induced DC migration to regional lymph nodes and for contact hypersensitivity.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1556","volume":"9","author":"J Strid","year":"2008","unstructured":"Strid, J. et al. Acute upregulation of an NKG2D ligand promotes rapid reorganization of a local immune compartment with pleiotropic effects on carcinogenesis. Nature Immunol. 9, 146\u2013154 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0702-x","volume":"68","author":"AS Macleod","year":"2011","unstructured":"Macleod, A. S. & Havran, W. L. Functions of skin-resident \u03b3\u03b4 T cells. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68, 2399\u20132408 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20012000","volume":"195","author":"M Girardi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Girardi, M. et al. Resident skin-specific \u03b3\u03b4 T cells provide local, nonredundant regulation of cutaneous inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 195, 855\u2013867 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1363","volume":"7","author":"JM Lewis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lewis, J. M. et al. Selection of the cutaneous intraepithelial \u03b3\u03b4+ T cell repertoire by a thymic stromal determinant. Nature Immunol. 7, 843\u2013850 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081787","volume":"206","author":"A Toulon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Toulon, A. et al. A role for human skin-resident T cells in wound healing. J. Exp. Med. 206, 743\u2013750 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR113","volume-title":"Patch Testing: Test Concentrations and Vehicles for 2800 Allergens","author":"A DeGroot","year":"1986","unstructured":"DeGroot, A. Patch Testing: Test Concentrations and Vehicles for 2800 Allergens (Elsevier, New York, USA, 1986)."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02082.x","volume":"64","author":"M Vocanson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vocanson, M., Hennino, A., Rozieres, A., Poyet, G. & Nicolas, J. F. Effector and regulatory mechanisms in allergic contact dermatitis. Allergy 64, 1699\u20131714 (2009).","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1310","volume":"4","author":"TS Kupper","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kupper, T. S. & Fuhlbrigge, R. C. Immune surveillance in the skin: mechanisms and clinical consequences. Nature Rev. Immunol. 4, 211\u2013222 (2004).","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.6.3079","volume":"168","author":"H Akiba","year":"2002","unstructured":"Akiba, H. et al. Skin inflammation during contact hypersensitivity is mediated by early recruitment of CD8+ T cytotoxic 1 cells inducing keratinocyte apoptosis. J. Immunol. 168, 3079\u20133087 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5760","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.11.5760","volume":"171","author":"A Cavani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cavani, A. et al. Human CD25+ regulatory T cells maintain immune tolerance to nickel in healthy, nonallergic individuals. J. Immunol. 171, 5760\u20135768 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.05.022","volume":"126","author":"M Vocanson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vocanson, M. et al. Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is a marker for highly suppressive antigen-specific T cells sharing features of TH17\/TH1 and regulatory T cells. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 126, 280\u2013289 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1332","volume":"7","author":"JG O'Leary","year":"2006","unstructured":"O'Leary, J. G., Goodarzi, M., Drayton, D. L. & von Andrian, U. H. T cell- and B cell-independent adaptive immunity mediated by natural killer cells. Nature Immunol. 7, 507\u2013516 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.11.020","volume":"125","author":"D von Bubnoff","year":"2010","unstructured":"von Bubnoff, D. et al. Natural killer cells in atopic and autoimmune diseases of the skin. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 125, 60\u201368 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902518","volume":"184","author":"T Carbone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carbone, T. et al. CD56highCD16\u2212CD62L\u2212 NK cells accumulate in allergic contact dermatitis and contribute to the expression of allergic responses. J. Immunol. 184, 1102\u20131110 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.30","volume":"129","author":"A Balato","year":"2009","unstructured":"Balato, A., Unutmaz, D. & Gaspari, A. A. Natural killer T cells: an unconventional T-cell subset with diverse effector and regulatory functions. J. Invest. Dermatol. 129, 1628\u20131642 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-6705.2005.00289.x","volume":"14","author":"EE Nieuwenhuis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nieuwenhuis, E. E. et al. CD1d and CD1d-restricted iNKT-cells play a pivotal role in contact hypersensitivity. Exp. Dermatol. 14, 250\u2013258 (2005).","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021562","volume":"198","author":"RA Campos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Campos, R. A. et al. Cutaneous immunization rapidly activates liver invariant V\u03b114 NKT cells stimulating B-1 B cells to initiate T cell recruitment for elicitation of contact sensitivity. J. Exp. Med. 198, 1785\u20131796 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3150_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-5219","volume":"68","author":"N Yusuf","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yusuf, N. et al. Protective role of Toll-like receptor 4 during the initiation stage of cutaneous chemical carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 68, 615\u2013622 (2008).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nri3150.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nri3150","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nri3150.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T14:35:01Z","timestamp":1686666901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nri3150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,13]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnri3150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3150","relation":{},"ISSN":["1474-1733","1474-1741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1474-1733","type":"print"},{"value":"1474-1741","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2012","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}