{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:04:40Z","timestamp":1791306280533,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]],"date-time":"2002-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1025481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nri842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,28]],"date-time":"2002-07-28T21:36:31Z","timestamp":1027892191000},"page":"487-498","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Selection and fine-tuning of the autoimmune T-cell repertoire"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Anderton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Wraith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BFnri842_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nri701","volume":"2","author":"LSK Walker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Walker, L. S. K. & Abbas, A. K. The enemy within: keeping self-reactive T cells at bay in the periphery. Nature Rev Immunol 2, 11\u201319 (2002).","journal-title":"Nature Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0901-816","volume":"2","author":"KJ Maloy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Maloy, K. J. & Powrie, F. Regulatory T cells in the control of immune pathology. Nature Immunol. 2, 816\u2013822 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/90601","volume":"2","author":"DH Margulies","year":"2001","unstructured":"Margulies, D. H. TCR avidity: it's not how strong you make it, it's how you make it strong. Nature Immunol. 2, 669\u2013670 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90287-0","volume":"59","author":"DC Wraith","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wraith, D. C., Smilek, D. E., Mitchell, D. J., Steinman, L. & McDevitt, H. O. Antigen recognition in autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the potential for peptide-mediated immunotherapy. Cell 59, 247\u2013255 (1989).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.1.1","volume":"193","author":"SM Anderton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderton, S. M., Radu, C. G., Lowrey, P. A., Ward, E. S. & Wraith, D. C. Negative selection during the peripheral immune response to antigen. J. Exp. Med. 193, 1\u201311 (2001).Clear evidence for the deletion of self-reactive T cells that express high-affinity TCRs during an in vivo immune response.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.1.191","volume":"164","author":"CT Nugent","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nugent, C. T. et al. Characterization of CD8+ T lymphocytes that persist after peripheral tolerance to a self antigen expressed in the pancreas. J. Immunol. 164, 191\u2013200 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.4.2227","volume":"162","author":"C Yee","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yee, C., Savage, P. A., Lee, P. P., Davis, M. M. & Greenberg, P. D. Isolation of high-avidity melanoma-reactive CTL from heterogeneous populations using peptide\u2013MHC tetramers. J. Immunol. 162, 2227\u20132234 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.169.6.2085","volume":"169","author":"JC Zuniga-Pflucker","year":"1989","unstructured":"Zuniga-Pflucker, J. C. et al. Role of CD4 in thymocyte selection and maturation. J. Exp. Med. 169, 2085\u20132096 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/9.10.1527","volume":"9","author":"A Chidgey","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chidgey, A. & Boyd, R. Agonist peptide modulates T-cell selection thresholds through qualitative and quantitative shifts in CD8 co-receptor expression. Int. Immunol. 9, 1527\u20131536 (1997).","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90308-Y","volume":"70","author":"PL Stein","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stein, P. L., Lee, H. M., Rich, S. & Soriano, P. pp59fyn mutant mice display differential signaling in thymocytes and peripheral T cells. Cell 70, 741\u2013750 (1992).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5464","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.9.5464","volume":"166","author":"HS Azzam","year":"2001","unstructured":"Azzam, H. S. et al. Fine tuning of TCR signaling by CD5. J. Immunol. 166, 5464\u20135472 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5265.1173","volume":"272","author":"DR Plas","year":"1996","unstructured":"Plas, D. R. et al. Direct regulation of ZAP-70 by SHP-1 in T-cell antigen receptor signaling. Science 272, 1173\u20131176 (1996).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6812","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.12.6812","volume":"167","author":"EY Kim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim, E. Y. & Teh, H. S. TNF type 2 receptor (p75) lowers the threshold of T-cell activation. J. Immunol. 167, 6812\u20136820 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.2.662","volume":"155","author":"BK al-Ramadi","year":"1995","unstructured":"al-Ramadi, B. K., Jelonek, M. T., Boyd, L. F., Margulies, D. H. & Bothwell, A. L. Lack of strict correlation of functional sensitization with the apparent affinity of MHC\u2013peptide complexes for the TCR. J. Immunol. 155, 662\u2013673 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.4.1259","volume":"184","author":"GJ Kersh","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kersh, G. J. & Allen, P. M. Structural basis for T-cell recognition of altered peptide ligands: a single T-cell receptor can productively recognize a large continuum of related ligands. J. Exp. Med. 184, 1259\u20131268 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3765","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.11.3765","volume":"149","author":"DC Wraith","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wraith, D. C., Bruun, B. & Fairchild, P. J. Cross-reactive antigen recognition by an encephalitogenic T-cell receptor. Implications for T-cell biology and autoimmunity. J. Immunol. 149, 3765\u20133770 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.2000.1660","volume":"202","author":"AC Anderson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anderson, A. C. et al. Autoantigen-responsive T-cell clones demonstrate unfocused TCR cross-reactivity toward multiple related ligands: implications for autoimmunity. Cell. Immunol. 202, 88\u201396 (2000).","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(98)01299-7","volume":"19","author":"D Mason","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mason, D. A very high level of crossreactivity is an essential feature of the T-cell receptor. Immunol. Today 19, 395\u2013404 (1998).","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.2.569","volume":"163","author":"JA Borghans","year":"1999","unstructured":"Borghans, J. A., Noest, A. J. & De Boer, R. J. How specific should immunological memory be? J. Immunol. 163, 569\u2013575 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90505-3","volume":"76","author":"PG Ashtonrickardt","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ashtonrickardt, P. G. et al. Evidence for a differential avidity model of T-cell selection in the thymus. Cell 76, 651\u2013663 (1994).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.829","volume":"17","author":"E Sebzda","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sebzda, E. et al. Selection of the T-cell repertoire. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17, 829\u2013874 (1999).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(01)00106-6","volume":"14","author":"PA Savage","year":"2001","unstructured":"Savage, P. A. & Davis, M. M. A kinetic window constricts the T-cell receptor repertoire in the thymus. Immunity 14, 243\u2013252 (2001).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/324258a0","volume":"324","author":"SS Zamvil","year":"1986","unstructured":"Zamvil, S. S. et al. T-cell epitope of the autoantigen myelin basic protein that induces encephalomyelitis. Nature 324, 258\u2013260 (1986).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80562-2","volume":"8","author":"CJ Harrington","year":"1998","unstructured":"Harrington, C. J. et al. Differential tolerance is induced in T cells recognizing distinct epitopes of myelin basic protein. Immunity 8, 571\u2013580 (1998).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.12.2055","volume":"187","author":"OS Targoni","year":"1998","unstructured":"Targoni, O. S. & Lehmann, P. V. Endogenous myelin basic protein inactivates the high avidity T-cell repertoire. J. Exp. Med. 187, 2055\u20132063 (1998).References 24 and 25 show that high-avidity MBP-reactive T cells are present in MBP-deficient mice.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.142.5.1523","volume":"142","author":"VK Tuohy","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tuohy, V. K., Lu, Z., Sobel, R. A., Laursen, R. A. & Lees, M. B. Identification of an encephalitogenic determinant of myelin proteolipid protein for SJL mice. J. Immunol. 142, 1523\u20131527 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.5.761","volume":"191","author":"AC Anderson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anderson, A. C. et al. High frequency of autoreactive myelin proteolipid protein-specific T cells in the periphery of naive mice: mechanisms of selection of the self-reactive repertoire. J. Exp. Med. 191, 761\u2013770 (2000).Lack of autoantigen in the thymus allows a high frequency of PLP-reactive T cells to reach the periphery.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5665","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.16.5665","volume":"84","author":"KA Nave","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nave, K. A., Lai, C., Bloom, F. E. & Milner, R. J. Splice site selection in the proteolipid protein (PLP) gene transcript and primary structure of the DM-20 protein of central nervous system myelin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 84, 5665\u20135669 (1987).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(01)00269-7","volume":"115","author":"H Liu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Liu, H., MacKenzie-Graham, A. J., Kim, S. & Voskuhl, R. R. Mice resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis have increased thymic expression of myelin basic protein and increased MBP-specific T-cell tolerance. J. Neuroimmunol. 115, 118\u2013126 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80009-6","volume":"10","author":"DS Lee","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lee, D. S., Ahn, C., Ernst, B., Sprent, J. & Surh, C. D. Thymic selection by a single MHC\u2013peptide ligand: autoreactive T cells are low-affinity cells. Immunity 10, 83\u201392 (1999).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90170-1","volume":"3","author":"GY Liu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Liu, G. Y. et al. Low-avidity recognition of self-antigen by T cells permits escape from central tolerance. Immunity 3, 407\u2013415 (1995).The administration of superagonist, but not wild-type, MBP peptide deletes TCR-transgenic thymocytes. Therefore, weak peptide\u2013MHC interactions fail to induce central tolerance.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.9.1505","volume":"187","author":"C Lee","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lee, C. et al. Evidence that the autoimmune antigen myelin basic protein (MBP) Ac1-9 binds towards one end of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) cleft. J. Exp. Med. 187, 1505\u20131516 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5249","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.12.5249","volume":"157","author":"RB Fritz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fritz, R. B. & Zhao, M. L. Thymic expression of myelin basic protein (MBP). Activation of MBP-specific T cells by thymic cells in the absence of exogenous MBP. J. Immunol. 157, 5249\u20135253 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.2.450","volume":"156","author":"E Carrasco-Marin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Carrasco-Marin, E., Shimizu, J., Kanagawa, O. & Unanue, E. R. The class II MHC I\u2013Ag7 molecules from non-obese diabetic mice are poor peptide binders. J. Immunol. 156, 450\u2013458 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5415.749","volume":"284","author":"WM Ridgway","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ridgway, W. M., Fasso, M. & Fathman, C. G. A new look at MHC and autoimmune disease. Science 284, 749\u2013751 (1999).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.170.2.355","volume":"170","author":"H Offner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Offner, H. et al. T-cell determinants of myelin basic protein include a unique encephalitogenic I-E-restricted epitope for Lewis rats. J. Exp. Med. 170, 355\u2013367 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.168.1.213","volume":"168","author":"DH Kono","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kono, D. H. et al. Two minor determinants of myelin basic protein induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in SJL\/J mice. J. Exp. Med. 168, 213\u2013227 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/346183a0","volume":"346","author":"K Ota","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ota, K. et al. T-cell recognition of an immunodominant myelin basic protein epitope in multiple sclerosis. Nature 346, 183\u2013187 (1990).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/ni756","volume":"3","author":"SM Anderton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Anderton, S. M., Viner, N. J., Matharu, P., Lowrey, P. A. & Wraith, D. C. Influence of a dominant cryptic epitope on autoimmune T-cell tolerance. Nature Immunol. 3,175\u2013181 (2002).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/25379","volume":"396","author":"B Manoury","year":"1998","unstructured":"Manoury, B. et al. An asparaginyl endopeptidase processes a microbial antigen for class II MHC presentation. Nature 396, 695\u2013699 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80191-0","volume":"12","author":"AN Antoniou","year":"2000","unstructured":"Antoniou, A. N., Blackwood, S. L., Mazzeo, D. & Watts, C. Control of antigen presentation by a single protease cleavage site. Immunity 12, 391\u2013398 (2000).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/ni754","volume":"3","author":"B Manoury","year":"2002","unstructured":"Manoury, B. et al. Destructive processing by asparagine endopeptidase limits presentation of a dominant T-cell epitope in MBP. Nature Immunol. 3, 169\u2013174 (2002).Antigen processing might infuence thymic deletion by preventing efficient generation of self-peptide\u2013MHC complexes.","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10365","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.21.10365","volume":"89","author":"Z Grossman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Grossman, Z. & Paul, W. E. Adaptive cellular interactions in the immune system: the tunable activation threshold and the significance of subthreshold responses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10365\u201310369 (1992).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(01)00280-1","volume":"13","author":"Z Grossman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Grossman, Z. & Paul, W. E. Autoreactivity, dynamic tuning and selectivity. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 13, 687\u2013698 (2001).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.10.1867","volume":"188","author":"GM Davey","year":"1998","unstructured":"Davey, G. M. et al. Preselection thymocytes are more sensitive to T-cell receptor stimulation than mature T cells. J. Exp. Med. 188, 1867\u20131874 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.3.1093","volume":"183","author":"E Sebzda","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sebzda, E. et al. Mature T-cell reactivity altered by peptide agonist that induces positive selection. J. Exp. Med. 183, 1093\u20131104 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90169-4","volume":"76","author":"KA Hogquist","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hogquist, K. A., Jameson, S. C., Carbone, F. R. & Bevan, M. J. TCR antagonists induce positive selection. Cell 76, 17\u201327 (1994).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80036-9","volume":"10","author":"B Lucas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lucas, B., Stefanova, I., Yasutomo, K., Dautigny, N. & Germain, R. N. Divergent changes in the sensitivity of maturing T cells to structurally related ligands underlies formation of a useful T-cell repertoire. Immunity 10, 367\u2013376 (1999).References 46\u201348 provide strong evidence for the tuning of T-cell avidity during thymic maturation.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90080-9","volume":"79","author":"J Sloan-Lancaster","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sloan-Lancaster, J., Shaw, A. S., Rothbard, J. B. & Allen, P. M. Partial T-cell signaling: altered phospho-\u03b6 and lack of ZAP70 recruitment in APL-induced T-cell anergy. Cell 79, 913\u2013922 (1994).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1998.tb01244.x","volume":"165","author":"J Miller","year":"1998","unstructured":"Miller, J. et al. Induction of peripheral CD8+ T-cell tolerance by cross-presentation of self-antigens. Immunol. Rev. 165, 267\u2013277 (1998).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/46218","volume":"402","author":"AW Goldrath","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goldrath, A. W. & Bevan, M. J. Selecting and maintaining a diverse T-cell repertoire. Nature 402, 255\u2013262 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/77778","volume":"1","author":"P Marrack","year":"2000","unstructured":"Marrack, P. et al. Homeostasis of \u03b1\u03b2 TCR+ T cells. Nature Immunol. 1, 107\u2013111 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80092-8","volume":"11","author":"B Ernst","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ernst, B., Lee, D. S., Chang, J. M., Sprent, J. & Surh, C. D. The peptide ligands mediating positive selection in the thymus control T-cell survival and homeostatic proliferation in the periphery. Immunity 11, 173\u2013181 (1999).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.8.1223","volume":"186","author":"T Brocker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brocker, T. Survival of mature CD4 T lymphocytes is dependent on major histocompatibility complex class II-expressing dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 186, 1223\u20131232 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80093-X","volume":"11","author":"AW Goldrath","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goldrath, A. W. & Bevan, M. J. Low-affinity ligands for the TCR drive proliferation of mature CD8+ T cells in lymphopenic hosts. Immunity 11, 183\u2013190 (1999).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.8.1269","volume":"186","author":"J Kirberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kirberg, J., Berns, A. & von Boehmer, H. Peripheral T-cell survival requires continual ligation of the T-cell receptor to major histocompatibility complex-encoded molecules. J. Exp. Med. 186, 1269\u20131275 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.113","volume":"18","author":"C Alfonso","year":"2000","unstructured":"Alfonso, C. & Karlsson, L. Nonclassical MHC class II molecules. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18, 113\u2013142 (2000).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80055-2","volume":"10","author":"C Viret","year":"1999","unstructured":"Viret, C., Wong, F. S. & Janeway, C. A. Jr. Designing and maintaining the mature TCR repertoire: the continuum of self-peptide\u2013self-MHC complex recognition. Immunity 10, 559\u2013568 (1999).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5253.1278","volume":"271","author":"W-P Fung-Leung","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fung-Leung, W.-P. et al. Antigen presentation and T-cell development in H2-M-deficient mice. Science 271, 1278\u20131281 (1996).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.2030","volume":"167","author":"C Tanchot","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tanchot, C., Barber, D. L., Chiodetti, L. & Schwartz, R. H. Adaptive tolerance of CD4+ T cells in vivo: multiple thresholds in response to a constant level of antigen presentation. J. Immunol. 167, 2030\u20132039 (2001).This study shows that encounter with self-antigen tunes T-cell-activation thresholds in the periphery.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.467","volume":"17","author":"RN Germain","year":"1999","unstructured":"Germain, R. N. & Stefanova, I. The dynamics of T-cell receptor signaling: complex orchestration and the key roles of tempo and cooperation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17, 467\u2013522 (1999).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(01)00252-7","volume":"15","author":"MA Daniels","year":"2001","unstructured":"Daniels, M. A. et al. CD8 binding to MHC class I molecules is influenced by maturation and T-cell glycosylation. Immunity 15, 1051\u20131061 (2001).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00577-3","volume":"107","author":"AM Moody","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moody, A. M. et al. Developmentally regulated glycosylation of the CD8 \u03b1\u03b2 coreceptor stalk modulates ligand binding. Cell 107, 501\u2013512 (2001).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.4.2903","volume":"19","author":"JJ Perez-Villar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Perez-Villar, J. J. et al. CD5 negatively regulates the T-cell antigen receptor signal-transduction pathway: involvement of SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 2903\u20132912 (1999).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6494","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.12.6494","volume":"163","author":"C Pena-Rossi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pena-Rossi, C. et al. Negative regulation of CD4 lineage development and responses by CD5. J. Immunol. 163, 6494\u20136501 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.9.1253","volume":"194","author":"K Smith","year":"2001","unstructured":"Smith, K. et al. Sensory adaptation in naive peripheral CD4 T cells. J. Exp. Med. 194, 1253\u20131261 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199910)29:10<3319::AID-IMMU3319>3.0.CO;2-9","volume":"29","author":"G Sen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sen, G., Bikah, G., Venkataraman, C. & Bondada, S. Negative regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling by constitutive association of CD5 with the SHP-1 protein tyrosine phosphatase in B-1 B cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 29, 3319\u20133328 (1999).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.10.1179","volume":"193","author":"P Wong","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wong, P., Barton, G. M., Forbush, K. A. & Rudensky, A. Y. Dynamic tuning of T-cell reactivity by self-peptide\u2013major histocompatibility complex ligands. J. Exp. Med. 193, 1179\u20131187 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/12.2.205","volume":"12","author":"LB Nicholson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nicholson, L. B., Anderson, A. C. & Kuchroo, V. K. Tuning T-cell activation threshold and effector function with cross-reactive peptide ligands. Int. Immunol. 12, 205\u2013213 (2000).","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR70","first-page":"135","volume":"14","author":"TM Fahmy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fahmy, T. M., Bieler, J. G., Edidin, M. & Schneck, J. P. Increased TCR avidity after T-cell activation: a mechanism for sensing low-density antigen. Immunity 14, 135\u2013143 (2001).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/90650","volume":"2","author":"MK Slifka","year":"2001","unstructured":"Slifka, M. K. & Whitton, J. L. Functional avidity maturation of CD8+ T cells without selection of higher affinity TCR. Nature Immunol. 2, 711\u2013717 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9633","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.21.9633","volume":"88","author":"DE Smilek","year":"1991","unstructured":"Smilek, D. E. et al. A single amino-acid change in a myelin basic protein peptide confers the capacity to prevent, rather than induce, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 9633\u20139637 (1991).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.8.2737","volume":"156","author":"DT Kim","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kim, D. T., Rothbard, J. B., Bloom, D. D. & Fathman, C. G. Quantitative analysis of T-cell activation: role of TCR\u2013ligand density and TCR affinity. J. Immunol. 156, 2737\u20132742 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.16.1.523","volume":"16","author":"MM Davis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Davis, M. M. et al. Ligand recognition by \u03b1\u03b2 T-cell receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16, 523\u2013544 (1998).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.1.264","volume":"95","author":"LB Nicholson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nicholson, L. B. et al. Heteroclitic proliferative responses and changes in cytokine profile induced by altered peptides: implications for autoimmunity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 264\u2013269 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80048-5","volume":"10","author":"PA Savage","year":"1999","unstructured":"Savage, P. A., Boniface, J. J. & Davis, M. M. A kinetic basis for T-cell-receptor repertoire selection during an immune response. Immunity 10, 485\u2013492 (1999).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.4.701","volume":"189","author":"DH Busch","year":"1999","unstructured":"Busch, D. H. & Pamer, E. G. T-cell affinity maturation by selective expansion during infection. J. Exp. Med. 189, 701\u2013710 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.12.1719","volume":"192","author":"M Fasso","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fasso, M. et al. T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated repertoire selection and loss of TCR V\u03b2 diversity during the initiation of a CD4+ T-cell response in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 192, 1719\u20131730 (2000).This paper describes the selection of moderate-affinity TCRs during an immune response.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9781","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9781","volume":"96","author":"W Rees","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rees, W. et al. An inverse relationship between T-cell receptor affinity and antigen dose during CD4+ T-cell responses in vivo and in vitro. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 9781\u20139786 (1999).The loss of high-affinity TCRs can be caused by high antigen doses in vivo and in vitro.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.4.1705","volume":"161","author":"U Zugel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zugel, U. et al. Termination of peripheral tolerance to a T-cell epitope by heteroclitic antigen analogues. J. Immunol. 161, 1705\u20131709 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.7.983","volume":"190","author":"R Wang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wang, R., Wang-Zhu, Y., Gabaglia, C. R., Kimachi, K. & Grey, H. M. The stimulation of low-affinity, non-tolerized clones by heteroclitic antigen analogues causes the breaking of tolerance established to an immunodominant T-cell epitope. J. Exp. Med. 190, 983\u2013994 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200010)30:10<3012::AID-IMMU3012>3.0.CO;2-Q","volume":"30","author":"K Falk","year":"2000","unstructured":"Falk, K., Rotzschke, O. & Strominger, J. L. Antigen-specific elimination of T cells induced by oligomerized hemagglutinin (HA) 306\u2013318. Eur. J. Immunol. 30, 3012\u20133020 (2000).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR83","first-page":"509","volume":"15","author":"NA Mitchison","year":"1968","unstructured":"Mitchison, N. A. The dosage requirements for immunological paralysis by soluble proteins. Immunology 15, 509\u2013530 (1968).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.7.3031","volume":"93","author":"RS Liblau","year":"1996","unstructured":"Liblau, R. S. et al. Intravenous injection of soluble antigen induces thymic and peripheral T-cell apoptosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 3031\u20133036 (1996).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7509084","volume":"263","author":"JM Critchfield","year":"1994","unstructured":"Critchfield, J. M. et al. T-cell deletion in high-antigen-dose therapy of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Science 263, 1139\u20131143 (1994).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(96)00220-2","volume":"74","author":"A Gaur","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gaur, A. et al. Amelioration of relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with altered myelin basic protein peptides involves different cellular mechanisms. J. Neuroimmunol. 74, 149\u2013158 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.221","volume":"17","author":"M Lenardo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lenardo, M. et al. Mature T lymphocyte apoptosis \u2014 immune regulation in a dynamic and unpredictable antigenic environment. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17, 221\u2013253 (1999).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.4.583","volume":"185","author":"CI Pearson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pearson, C. I., van Ewijk, W. & McDevitt, H. O. Induction of apoptosis and T helper 2 (Th2) responses correlates with peptide affinity for the major histocompatibility complex in self-reactive T-cell-receptor-transgenic mice. J. Exp. Med. 185, 583\u2013599 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2414848","volume":"230","author":"RS Fujinami","year":"1985","unstructured":"Fujinami, R. S. & Oldstone, M. B. Amino-acid homology between the encephalitogenic site of myelin basic protein and virus: mechanism for autoimmunity. Science 230, 1043\u20131045 (1985).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.1.25","volume":"165","author":"JK Sandberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sandberg, J. K. et al. T-cell tolerance based on avidity thresholds rather than complete deletion allows maintenance of maximal repertoire diversity. J. Immunol. 165, 25\u201333 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)00080-7","volume":"13","author":"C Bouneaud","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bouneaud, C., Kourilsky, P. & Bousso, P. Impact of negative selection on the T-cell repertoire reactive to a self-peptide: a large fraction of T-cell clones escapes clonal deletion. Immunity 13, 829\u2013840 (2000).References 90 and 91 show that a proportion of self-reactive TCR-transgenic T cells avoid deletion, but that they are of low avidity.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/346574a0","volume":"346","author":"CV Harding","year":"1990","unstructured":"Harding, C. V. & Unanue, E. R. Quantitation of antigen-presenting cell MHC class-II\u2013peptide complexes necessary for T-cell stimulation. Nature 346, 574\u2013576 (1990).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830271230","volume":"27","author":"K Kimachi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kimachi, K., Croft, M. & Grey, H. M. The minimal number of antigen\u2013major histocompatibility complex class II complexes required for activation of naive and primed T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 3310\u20133317 (1997).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/375148a0","volume":"375","author":"S Valitutti","year":"1995","unstructured":"Valitutti, S., Muller, S., Cella, M., Padovan, E. & Lanzavecchia, A. Serial triggering of many T-cell receptors by a few peptide\u2013MHC complexes. Nature 375, 148\u2013151 (1995).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90348-8","volume":"80","author":"KW Wucherpfennig","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wucherpfennig, K. W. & Strominger, J. L. Molecular mimicry in T-cell-mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T-cell clones specific for myelin basic protein. Cell 80, 695\u2013705 (1995).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.1.60","volume":"161","author":"AM Gautam","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gautam, A. M., Liblau, R., Chelvanayagam, G., Steinman, L. & Boston, T. A viral peptide with limited homology to a self-peptide can induce clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 161, 60\u201364 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.9.1725","volume":"188","author":"RL Ufret-Vincenty","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ufret-Vincenty, R. L. et al. In vivo survival of viral antigen-specific T cells that induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Exp. Med. 188, 1725\u20131738 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.8.1275","volume":"189","author":"PJ Ruiz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ruiz, P. J. et al. Microbial epitopes act as altered peptide ligands to prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Exp. Med. 189, 1275\u20131284 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/11.3.407","volume":"11","author":"A Murtaza","year":"1999","unstructured":"Murtaza, A., Kuchroo, V. K. & Freeman, G. J. Changes in the strength of co-stimulation through the B7\/CD28 pathway alter functional T-cell responses to altered peptide ligands. Int. Immunol. 11, 407\u2013416 (1999).","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.2000.0498","volume":"16","author":"S Kissler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kissler, S., Anderton, S. M. & Wraith, D. C. Antigen-presenting cell activation: a link between infection and autoimmunity? J. Autoimmun. 16, 303\u2013308 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01610-8","volume":"21","author":"H Drakesmith","year":"2000","unstructured":"Drakesmith, H., Chain, B. & Beverley, P. How can dendritic cells cause autoimmune disease? Immunol. Today 21, 214\u2013217 (2000).","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14903","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14903","volume":"95","author":"H Drakesmith","year":"1998","unstructured":"Drakesmith, H. et al. In vivo priming of T cells against cryptic determinants by dendritic cells exposed to interleukin-6 and native antigen. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 14903\u201314908 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(01)00118-X","volume":"11","author":"B Manoury","year":"2001","unstructured":"Manoury, B., Gregory, W. F., Maizels, R. M. & Watts, C. Bm-CPI-2, a cystatin homolog secreted by the filarial parasite Brugia malayi, inhibits class II MHC-restricted antigen processing. Curr. Biol. 11, 447\u2013451 (2001).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(01)01976-7","volume":"22","author":"HA Doyle","year":"2001","unstructured":"Doyle, H. A. & Mamula, M. J. Post-translational protein modifications in antigen recognition and autoimmunity. Trends Immunol. 22, 443\u2013449 (2001).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90200-5","volume":"14","author":"BD Evavold","year":"1993","unstructured":"Evavold, B. D., Sloanlancaster, J. & Allen, P. M. Tickling the TCR \u2014 selective T-cell functions stimulated by altered peptide ligands. Immunol. Today 14, 602\u2013609 (1993).","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1833816","volume":"252","author":"BD Evavold","year":"1991","unstructured":"Evavold, B. D. & Allen, P. M. Separation of IL-4 production from TH-cell proliferation by an altered T-cell receptor ligand. Science 252, 1308\u20131310 (1991).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90139-4","volume":"68","author":"MT De Magistris","year":"1992","unstructured":"De Magistris, M. T. et al. Antigen analog\u2013major histocompatibility complexes act as antagonists of the T-cell receptor. Cell 68, 625\u2013634 (1992).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.14.1.1","volume":"14","author":"J Sloan-Lancaster","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sloan-Lancaster, J. & Allen, P. M. Altered peptide ligand-induced partial T-cell activation: molecular mechanisms and role in T-cell biology. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14, 1\u201327 (1996).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2001.01324.x","volume":"104","author":"SM Anderton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderton, S. M. Peptide-based immunotherapy of autoimmunity: a path of puzzles, paradoxes and possibilities. Immunology 104, 367\u2013376 (2001).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0901-797","volume":"2","author":"C Benoist","year":"2001","unstructured":"Benoist, C. & Mathis, D. Autoimmunity provoked by infection: how good is the case for T-cell epitope mimicry? Nature Immunol. 2, 797\u2013801 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.2000.0480","volume":"16","author":"V Panoutsakopoulou","year":"2001","unstructured":"Panoutsakopoulou, V. & Cantor, H. On the relationship between viral infection and autoimmunity. J. Autoimmun. 16, 341\u2013345 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912303412707","volume":"341","author":"LJ Albert","year":"1999","unstructured":"Albert, L. J. & Inman, R. D. Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. N. Engl J. Med. 341, 2068\u20132074 (1999).","journal-title":"N. Engl J. Med."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90164-T","volume":"65","author":"PS Ohashi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ohashi, P. S. et al. Ablation of 'tolerance' and induction of diabetes by virus infection in viral antigen-transgenic mice. Cell 65, 305\u2013317 (1991).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90165-U","volume":"65","author":"MB Oldstone","year":"1991","unstructured":"Oldstone, M. B., Nerenberg, M., Southern, P., Price, J. & Lewicki, H. Virus infection triggers insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a transgenic model: role of anti-self (virus) immune response. Cell 65, 319\u2013331 (1991).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.7.3307","volume":"161","author":"AM Carrizosa","year":"1998","unstructured":"Carrizosa, A. M. et al. Expansion by self antigen is necessary for the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by T cells primed with a cross-reactive environmental antigen. J. Immunol. 161, 3307\u20133314 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri842_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8211163","volume":"262","author":"E Padovan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Padovan, E. et al. Expression of two T-cell receptor \u03b1-chains: dual receptor T cells. Science 262, 422\u2013424 (1993).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnri842_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9102","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.17.9102","volume":"93","author":"T Zal","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zal, T., Weiss, S., Mellor, A. & Stockinger, B. Expression of a second receptor rescues self-specific T cells from thymic deletion and allows activation of autoreactive effector function. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 9102\u20139107 (1996).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nri842.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nri842","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nri842.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T03:38:41Z","timestamp":1684467521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nri842"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnri842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri842","relation":{},"ISSN":["1474-1733","1474-1741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1474-1733","type":"print"},{"value":"1474-1741","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]}}}