{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:07:49Z","timestamp":1791407269974,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]],"date-time":"2004-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1096588800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]],"date-time":"2004-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1096588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]],"date-time":"2004-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1096588800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,19]],"date-time":"2004-10-19T15:02:22Z","timestamp":1098198142000},"page":"789-801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":645,"title":["Transmission cycles, host range, evolution and emergence of arboviral disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Scott C.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan D. T.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/17130","volume":"397","author":"F Gao","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gao, F. et al. Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Nature 397, 436\u2014441 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5472.1789","volume":"288","author":"B Korber","year":"2000","unstructured":"Korber, B. et al. Timing the ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains. Science 288, 1789\u20141796 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.7.3227-3234.2000","volume":"74","author":"E Wang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wang, E. et al. Evolutionary relationships of endemic\/epidemic and sylvatic dengue viruses. J. Virol. 74, 3227\u20143234 (2000). This paper demonstrates the convergent evolution of endemic DENV virus strains from three of the four serotpes of sylvatic progenitors, and places a time frame on urban dengue emergence that is congruent with historical and epidemiological predictions.","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-4409(02)00378-8","volume":"33","author":"DJ Gubler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gubler, D. J. The global emergence\/resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems. Arch. Med. Res. 33, 330\u2014342 (2002).","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085953","volume":"300","author":"MA Marra","year":"2003","unstructured":"Marra, M. A. et al. The genome sequence of the SARS-associated coronavirus. Science 300, 1399\u20141404 (2003).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087139","volume":"302","author":"Y Guan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Guan, Y. et al. Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China. Science 302, 276\u2014278 (2003).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085952","volume":"300","author":"PA Rota","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rota, P. A. et al. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science 300, 1394\u20141399 (2003).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/00045391-200201000-00003","volume":"9","author":"M Rosenbloom","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rosenbloom, M., Leikin, J. B., Vogel, S. N. & Chaudry, Z. A. Biological and chemical agents: a brief synopsis. Am. J. Ther. 9, 5\u201414 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1126\/science.90.2323.20","volume":"90","author":"V Kubes","year":"1939","unstructured":"Kubes, V. & Rios, F. A. The causative agent of infectious equine encephalomyelitis in Venezuela. Science 90, 20\u201421 (1939).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1126\/science.88.2292.530","volume":"88","author":"CE Beck","year":"1938","unstructured":"Beck, C. E. & Wyckoff, R. W. G. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Science 88, 530 (1938).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.49.061802.123422","volume":"49","author":"SC Weaver","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weaver, S. C., Ferro, C., Barrera, R., Boshell, J. & Navarro, J. Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 49, 141\u2014174 (2004).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR12","first-page":"203","volume-title":"The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology","author":"TE Walton","year":"1988","unstructured":"Walton, T. E. & Grayson, M. A. in The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology Vol. IV (ed. Monath, T. P.) 203\u2014231 (CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, 1988)."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/128.3.271","volume":"128","author":"TE Walton","year":"1973","unstructured":"Walton, T. E., Alvarez, O., Buckwalter, R. M. & Johnson, K. M. Experimental infection of horses with enzootic and epizootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J. Infect. Dis. 128, 271\u2014282 (1973).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.64","volume":"65","author":"E Wang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wang, E. et al. Virulence and viremia characteristics of 1992 epizootic subtype IC Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and closely related enzootic subtype ID strains. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 65, 64\u201469 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5278","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.12.5278","volume":"92","author":"R Rico-Hesse","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rico-Hesse, R., Weaver, S. C., de Siger, J., Medina, G. & Salas, R. A. Emergence of a new epidemic\/epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in South America. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 5278\u20145281 (1995).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)02275-1","volume":"348","author":"SC Weaver","year":"1996","unstructured":"Weaver, S. C. et al. Re-emergence of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in South America. VEE Study Group. Lancet 348, 436\u2014440 (1996).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.100","volume":"59","author":"MS Oberste","year":"1998","unstructured":"Oberste, M. S. et al. Association of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE with two equine epizootics in Mexico. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59, 100\u2014107 (1998).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR18","first-page":"296","volume":"30","author":"ML Zarate","year":"1965","unstructured":"Zarate, M. L., Scherer, W. F. & Dickerman, R. W. El virus de la encephalitis equina de Venezuela como determinante de infecciones en humanos, descripci\u00f3n de un caso fatal ocurrido en Jaltip\u00e1n Veracruz en 1965. Rev. Invest. Salud Publica 30, 296\u2014302 (1965).","journal-title":"Rev. Invest. Salud Publica"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR19","first-page":"79","volume":"18","author":"KM Johnson","year":"1974","unstructured":"Johnson, K. M. & Martin, D. H. Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med. 18, 79\u2014116 (1974).","journal-title":"Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120942","volume":"89","author":"NA Young","year":"1969","unstructured":"Young, N. A. & Johnson, K. M. Antigenic variants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: their geographic distribution and epidemiologic significance. Am. J. Epidemiol. 89, 286\u2014307 (1969). This landmark paper established the antigenic relationships of enzootic and epizootic strains of VEEVs and provided the framework for future genetic studies that identified the origins of outbreaks.","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1988.38.195","volume":"38","author":"R Rico-Hesse","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rico-Hesse, R., Roehrig, J. T., Trent, D. W. & Dickerman, R. W. Genetic variation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus strains of the ID variety in Colombia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 38, 195\u2014204 (1988).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90232-E","volume":"191","author":"RM Kinney","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kinney, R. M., Tsuchiya, K. R., Sneider, J. M. & Trent, D. W. Genetic evidence that epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses may have evolved from enzootic VEE subtype I-D virus. Virology 191, 569\u2014580 (1992).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90190-Z","volume":"191","author":"SC Weaver","year":"1992","unstructured":"Weaver, S. C., Bellew, L. A. & Rico-Hesse, R. Phylogenetic analysis of alphaviruses in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex and identification of the source of epizootic viruses. Virology 191, 282\u2014290 (1992). This paper provides the first phylogenetic evidence that epizootic strains of VEEV have evolved repeatedly from enzootic subtype ID progenitors, and correctly predicts the occurrence of additional outbreaks after a 19-year absence.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5823","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.13.5823-5832.2001","volume":"75","author":"AC Brault","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brault, A. C. et al. Potential sources of the 1995 Venezuelan equine encephalitis subtype IC epidemic. J. Virol. 75, 5823\u20145832 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.5.4266-4271.1999","volume":"73","author":"E Wang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wang, E. et al. Genetic and phenotypic changes accompanying the emergence of epizootic subtype IC Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses from an enzootic subtype ID progenitor. J. Virol. 73, 4266\u20144271 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(90)90533-W","volume":"177","author":"BJ Johnson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Johnson, B. J., Brubaker, J. R., Roehrig, J. T. & Trent, D. W. Variants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus that resist neutralization define a domain of the E2 glycoprotein. Virology 177, 676\u2014683 (1990).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.4.1718-1730.2002","volume":"76","author":"AC Brault","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brault, A. C., Powers, A. M., Holmes, E. C., Woelk, C. H. & Weaver, S. C. Positively charged amino acid substitutions in the E2 envelope glycoprotein are associated with the emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J. Virol. 76, 1718\u20141730 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007989407305","volume":"16","author":"J Holland","year":"1998","unstructured":"Holland, J. & Domingo, E. Origin and evolution of viruses. Virus Genes 16, 13\u201421 (1998).","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.630","volume":"60","author":"MS Oberste","year":"1999","unstructured":"Oberste, M. S., Schmura, S. M., Weaver, S. C. & Smith, J. F. Geographic distribution of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE genotypes in Central America and Mexico. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 60, 630\u2014634 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR30","first-page":"161","volume":"9","author":"D Gonzalez-Salazar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Salazar, D., Estrada-Franco, J. G., Carrara, A. S., Aronson, J. F. & Weaver, S. C. Equine amplification and virulence of subtype IE Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses isolated during the 1993 and 1996 Mexican epizootics. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9, 161\u2014168 (2003).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11344","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402905101","volume":"101","author":"AC Brault","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brault, A. C. et al. Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence: Enhanced vector infection from a single amino acid substitution in the envelope glycoprotein. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 11344\u201411349 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0901.020136","volume":"9","author":"C Ferro","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ferro, C. et al. Natural enzootic vectors of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9, 49\u201454 (2003).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5426.397","volume":"285","author":"KJ Linthicum","year":"1999","unstructured":"Linthicum, K. J. et al. Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley fever epidemics in Kenya. Science 285, 397\u2014400 (1999).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1976.25.336","volume":"25","author":"LD Kramer","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kramer, L. D. & Scherer, W. F. Vector competence of mosquitoes as a marker to distinguish Central American and Mexican epizootic from enzootic strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 25, 336\u2014346 (1976).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6387","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.12.6387-6392.2002","volume":"76","author":"AC Brault","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brault, A. C., Powers, A. M. & Weaver, S. C. Vector infection determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus reside within the E2 envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol. 76, 6387\u20146392 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.4.1.22-27.1976","volume":"4","author":"GS Bowen","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bowen, G. S. & Calisher, C. H. Virological and serological studies of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in humans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 4, 22\u201427 (1976).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR37","first-page":"151","volume-title":"The Encyclopedia of Arthropod-transmitted Infections","author":"SC Weaver","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weaver, S. C. in The Encyclopedia of Arthropod-transmitted Infections (ed. Service, M. W.) 151\u2014159 (CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2001)."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR38","first-page":"558","volume-title":"The Encyclopedia of Arthropod-transmitted Infections","author":"WK Reisen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Reisen, W. K. in The Encyclopedia of Arthropod-transmitted Infections (ed. Service, M. W.) 558\u2014563 (CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2001)."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5997","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.16.5997","volume":"85","author":"CS Hahn","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hahn, C. S., Lustig, S., Strauss, E. G. & Strauss, J. H. Western equine encephalitis virus is a recombinant virus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 85, 5997\u20146001 (1988).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR40","first-page":"1272","volume":"17","author":"T Hiroyama","year":"1962","unstructured":"Hiroyama, T. Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis (in Japanese). Saishin-Igaku 17, 1272\u20141280 (1962).","journal-title":"Saishin-Igaku"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR41","first-page":"820","volume":"62","author":"T Mitamura","year":"1938","unstructured":"Mitamura, T., Kitaoka, M., Mori, K. & Okuba, K. Isolation of Japanese epidemic encephalitis from mosquitoes caught in nature. Tokyo Iji Shinshi 62, 820\u2014831 (1938).","journal-title":"Tokyo Iji Shinshi"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1959.8.644","volume":"8","author":"WF Scherer","year":"1959","unstructured":"Scherer, W. F. Ecological studies of Japanese encephalitis in Japan, parts I\u2014IX. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 8, 644\u2014722 (1959). This paper is one of a series of ten papers that describes the ecology, epidemiology and transmission cycles of JEV.","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"R Tan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tan, R., Nalim, S., Suwasono, H. & Jennings, G. B. Japanese encephalitis virus isolated from seven species of mosquitoes collected at Semarang Regency, Central Java. Bul. Penelit. Kesehatan 21, 1\u20145 (1993).","journal-title":"Bul. Penelit. Kesehatan"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-71-12-2915","volume":"71","author":"WR Chen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chen, W. R., Tesh, R. B. & Rico-Hesse, R. Genetic variation of Japanese encephalitis virus in nature. J. Gen. Virol. 71, 2915\u20142922 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.61","volume":"47","author":"WR Chen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chen, W. R., Rico-Hesse, R. & Tesh, R. B. A new genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus from Indonesia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 47, 61\u201469 (1992).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1985.tb00897.x","volume":"29","author":"Y Kobayashi","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kobayashi, Y., Hasegawa, H. & Yamauchi, T. Studies on the antigenic structure of Japanese encephalitis virus using monoclonal antibodies. Microbiol. Immunol. 29, 1069\u20141082 (1985).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(87)90144-9","volume":"161","author":"H Sumiyoshi","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sumiyoshi, H. et al. Complete nucleotide sequence of the Japanese encephalitis virus genome RNA. Virology 161, 497\u2014510 (1987).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)59008-X","volume":"59","author":"EA Gould","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gould, E. A., de Lamballerie, X., Zanotto, P. M. & Holmes, E. C. Origins, evolution, and vector\/host coadaptations within the genus Flavivirus. Adv. Virus Res. 59, 277\u2014314 (2003).","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.5.3091-3098.2003","volume":"77","author":"T Solomon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Solomon, T. et al. Origin and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus in southeast Asia. J. Virol. 77, 3091\u20143098 (2003). This paper proposes that JEV originated in the Indonesia and Malaysia regions and has since spread to other parts of Asia and Australasia.","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR50","volume-title":"The Herons Handbook","author":"J Hancock","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hancock, J. & Kushlan, J. The Herons Handbook (Harper and Row, New York, 1984)."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)90294-1","volume":"12","author":"H Hasegawa","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hasegawa, H., Yoshida, M., Fujita, S. & Kobayashi, Y. Comparison of structural proteins among antigenically different Japanese encephalitis virus strains. Vaccine 12, 841\u2014844 (1994).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1959.8.689","volume":"8","author":"WF Scherer","year":"1959","unstructured":"Scherer, W. F., Buescher, E. L. & McClure, H. E. Ecologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. V. Avian factors. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 8, 689\u2014697 (1959).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1955.4.872","volume":"4","author":"TH Work","year":"1955","unstructured":"Work, T. H., Hurlbut, H. S. & Taylor, R. M. Indigenous wild birds of the Nile Delta as potential West Nile virus circulating reservoirs. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 4, 872\u2014888 (1955).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5448.2333","volume":"286","author":"RS Lanciotti","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lanciotti, R. S. et al. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286, 2333\u20142337 (1999). This paper describes the emergence of WNV in the United States.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1089\/153036604773083004","volume":"4","author":"DR O'Leary","year":"2004","unstructured":"O'Leary, D. R. et al. The epidemic of West Nile virus in the United States, 2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 4, 61\u201470 (2004).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0911.030301","volume":"9","author":"CT Davis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davis, C. T. et al. Genetic variation among geographically distinct West Nile virus isolates collected in the United States during 2002. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9, 1423\u20141429 (2003).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0912.030564","volume":"9","author":"JG Estrada-Franco","year":"2003","unstructured":"Estrada-Franco, J. G. et al. West Nile virus in Mexico: evidence of widespread circulation since July 2002. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9, 1604\u20141607 (2003).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR58","unstructured":"Finney, S. Hopelessly lost, the homing pigeon whose cross-channel hop took him to New York. Daily Mail (Lond.) (23 June 2003)."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0907.030277","volume":"9","author":"PP Marra","year":"2003","unstructured":"Marra, P. P., Griffing, S. M. & McLean, R. G. West Nile virus and wildlife health. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9, 898\u2014899 (2003).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.30.2.143","volume":"30","author":"RG McLean","year":"2003","unstructured":"McLean, R. G. West Nile Virus: emerging threat to public health and animal health. J. Vet. Med. Educ. 30, 143\u2014144 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Educ."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR61","first-page":"309","volume":"267","author":"M Malkinson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Malkinson, M. & Banet, C. The role of birds in the ecology of West Nile virus in Europe and Africa. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 267, 309\u2014322 (2002).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR62","first-page":"195","volume":"267","author":"B Murgue","year":"2002","unstructured":"Murgue, B., Zeller, H. & Deubel, V. The ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus in Africa, Europe and Asia. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 267, 195\u2014221 (2002).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR63","unstructured":"Intrauterine West Nile virus infection \u2014 New York, 2002. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep. 51, 1135\u20141136 (2002)."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR64","unstructured":"Detection, of West Nile virus in blood donations \u2014 United States, 2003. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep. 52, 769\u2014772 (2003)."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMo020128","volume":"347","author":"LR Petersen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Petersen, L. R., Roehrig, J. T. & Hughes, J. M. West Nile virus encephalitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 1225\u20141226 (2002).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030969","volume":"349","author":"LN Pealer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pealer, L. N. et al. Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002. N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 1236\u20141245 (2003).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022987","volume":"348","author":"M Iwamoto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Iwamoto, M. et al. Transmission of West Nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 2196\u2014203 (2003).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.4.524","volume":"290","author":"LR Petersen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Petersen, L. R., Marfin, A. A. & Gubler, D. J. West Nile virus. JAMA 290, 524\u2014528 (2003).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2003.00481.x","volume":"43","author":"T Harrington","year":"2003","unstructured":"Harrington, T. et al. West Nile virus infection transmitted by blood transfusion. Transfusion 43, 1018\u20141022 (2003).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR70","volume-title":"The Struggle for Existence","author":"GF Gause","year":"1971","unstructured":"Gause, G. F. The Struggle for Existence (Dover Publications, New York, 1971)."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR71","unstructured":"WHO. Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever. [online], <http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs117> (April, 2002)."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020219","volume":"9","author":"M Diallo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Diallo, M. et al. Amplification of the sylvatic cycle of dengue virus type 2, Senegal, 1999\u20142000: entomologic findings and epidemiologic considerations. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9, 362\u2014367 (2003).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/2.2.203","volume":"2","author":"A Rudnick","year":"1965","unstructured":"Rudnick, A. Studies of the ecology of dengue in Malaysia: a preliminary report. J. Med. Entomol. 2, 203\u2014208 (1965).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR74","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Dengue\/DHF","author":"A Rudnick","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rudnick, A. in Proceedings of the International Conference on Dengue\/DHF (eds Pang, T. & Pathmanathan, R.) 7 (University of Malaysia Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1984)."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR75","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever","author":"DJ Gubler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gubler, D. J. in Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (eds Gubler, D. J. & Kuno, G.) 1\u201422 (CAB International, New York, 1997)."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(90)90102-W","volume":"174","author":"R Rico-Hesse","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rico-Hesse, R. Molecular evolution and distribution of dengue viruses type 1 and 2 in nature. Virology 174, 479\u2014493 (1990).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1348(03)00004-2","volume":"3","author":"EC Holmes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Holmes, E. C. & Twiddy, S. S. The origin, emergence and evolutionary genetics of dengue virus. Infect. Genet. Evol. 3, 19\u201428 (2003).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.3.411","volume":"38","author":"LC Harrington","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harrington, L. C., Edman, J. D. & Scott, T. W. Why do female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) feed preferentially and frequently on human blood? J. Med. Entomol. 38, 411\u2014422 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511754845.009","volume-title":"Microbe\u2014Vector Interactions in Vector-borne Diseases","author":"SC Weaver","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weaver, S. C., Coffey, L. L., Nussenzveig, R., Ortiz, D. & Smith, D. in Microbe\u2014Vector Interactions in Vector-borne Diseases (eds Gillespie, S. H., Smith, G. L. & Osbourn, A.) 139\u2014180 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2004)."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300019467","volume":"34","author":"WJ Tabachnick","year":"1979","unstructured":"Tabachnick, W. J. & Powell, J. R. A world-wide survey of genetic variation in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Genet. Res. 34, 215\u2014229 (1979).","journal-title":"Genet. Res."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-4409(02)00373-9","volume":"33","author":"WC Black","year":"2002","unstructured":"Black, W. C. et al. Flavivirus susceptibility in Aedes aegypti. Arch. Med. Res. 33, 379\u201488 (2002).","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR82","unstructured":"Moncayo, A. C. et al. Emergence of epidemic dengue through the adaptation of sylvatic progenitor viruses to anthropophilic mosquito vectors. Emerg. Infect. Dis. (in the press)."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1462","volume":"298","author":"F Guirakhoo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Guirakhoo, F. et al. Viremia and immunogenicity in nonhuman primates of a tetravalent yellow fever\u2014dengue chimeric vaccine: genetic reconstructions, dose adjustment, and antibody responses against wild-type dengue virus isolates. Virology 298, 146\u2014159 (2002).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR84","first-page":"99","volume":"176","author":"SC Weaver","year":"1992","unstructured":"Weaver, S. C., Rico-Hesse, R. & Scott, T. W. Genetic diversity and slow rates of evolution in New World alphaviruses. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 176, 99\u2014117 (1992).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4316","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.5.4316-4326.1999","volume":"73","author":"SC Weaver","year":"1999","unstructured":"Weaver, S. C., Brault, A. C., Kang, W. & Holland, J. J. Genetic and fitness changes accompanying adaptation of an arbovirus to vertebrate and invertebrate cells. J. Virol. 73, 4316\u20144326 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/157.4.1403","volume":"157","author":"LA Cooper","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cooper, L. A. & Scott, T. W. Differential evolution of eastern equine encephalitis virus populations in response to host cell type. Genetics 157, 1403\u20141412 (2001).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.2635","volume":"287","author":"IS Novella","year":"1999","unstructured":"Novella, I. S., Hershey, C. L., Escarmis, C., Domingo, E. & Holland, J. J. Lack of evolutionary stasis during alternating replication of an arbovirus in insect and mammalian cells. J. Mol. Biol. 287, 459\u2014465 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR88","volume-title":"Genetic Analysis of Epizootic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Emergence Mechanisms","author":"AC Brault","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brault, A. C. Genetic Analysis of Epizootic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Emergence Mechanisms. Thesis, Univ. Texas Medical Branch, (2001)."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7349","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.9.7349-7356.1998","volume":"72","author":"AP Byrnes","year":"1998","unstructured":"Byrnes, A. P. & Griffin, D. E. Binding of Sindbis virus to cell surface heparan sulfate. J. Virol. 72, 7349\u20147356 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7357","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.9.7357-7366.1998","volume":"72","author":"WB Klimstra","year":"1998","unstructured":"Klimstra, W. B., Ryman, K. D. & Johnston, R. E. Adaptation of Sindbis virus to BHK cells selects for use of heparan sulfate as an attachment receptor. J. Virol. 72, 7357\u20147366 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR91","first-page":"43","volume":"18","author":"SC Weaver","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weaver, S. C. et al. Genetic determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence. Arch. Virol. Suppl. 18, 43\u201464 (2004).","journal-title":"Arch. Virol. Suppl."},{"key":"BFnrmicro1006_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.49.061802.123422","volume":"49","author":"SC Weaver","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weaver, S. C., Ferro, C., Barrera, R., Boshell, J. & Navarro, J. C. Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 49, 141\u2014174 (2004).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrmicro1006.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrmicro1006","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrmicro1006.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T05:32:39Z","timestamp":1744263159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrmicro1006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrmicro1006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro1006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1740-1526","1740-1534"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1740-1526","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-1534","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}