{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T13:09:50Z","timestamp":1784984990935,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,15]],"date-time":"2014-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,15]],"date-time":"2014-10-15T04:12:08Z","timestamp":1413346328000},"page":"817-824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":423,"title":["Neuroscience and education: myths and messages"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Howard-Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dekker, S., Lee, N. C., Howard-Jones, P. & Jolles, J. Neuromyths in education: prevalence and predictors of misconceptions among teachers. Front. Psychol. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00429 (2012).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00429"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR2","first-page":"44","volume-title":"International Conference on New Horizons in Education","author":"K Deligiannidi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deligiannidi, K. & Howard-Jones, P. in International Conference on New Horizons in Education. 44 (Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR3","volume-title":"The Neuroscience Literacy of Trainee Teachers","author":"PA Howard-Jones","year":"2009","unstructured":"Howard-Jones, P. A., Franey, L., Mashmoushi, R. & Liao, Y.-C. The Neuroscience Literacy of Trainee Teachers. British Educational Research Association Annual Conference [online] , (Univ. of Manchester, 2009)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR4","first-page":"29","volume-title":"International Conference on New Horizons in Education","author":"O Karakus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karakus, O. & Howard-Jones, P. in International Conference on New Horizons in Education. 29 (Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR5","volume-title":"Newsnight: The Dyslexia Myth. [television documentary] British Broadcasting Corporation","author":"P Ghosh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ghosh, P. in Newsnight: The Dyslexia Myth. [television documentary] British Broadcasting Corporation (Mills Productions, 2008)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR6","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Seminars on Child Development of the Unit of Applied Neurobiology","author":"MJ Hermida","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hermida, M. J., Segretin, M. S. & Lipina, S. J. in Seminars on Child Development of the Unit of Applied Neurobiology 18, 1\u201310 (UNA, 2014)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR7","first-page":"64","volume-title":"International Conference on New Horizons in Education","author":"X Pei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pei, X., Zhang, S., Liu, X., Jin, Y. & Howard-Jones, P. in International Conference on New Horizons in Education.64 (Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1907","volume":"7","author":"U Goswami","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goswami, U. Neuroscience and education: from research to practice? Nature Rev. Neurosci. 7, 406\u2013413 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR9","volume-title":"Introducing Neuroeducational Research: Neuroscience, Education and the Brain from Contexts to Practice","author":"PA Howard-Jones","year":"2010","unstructured":"Howard-Jones, P. A. Introducing Neuroeducational Research: Neuroscience, Education and the Brain from Contexts to Practice. (Routledge, 2010)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X026008004","volume":"26","author":"J Bruer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bruer, J. Education and the brain: a bridge too far. Educ. Res. 26, 4\u201316 (1997).","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0309-8249.2004.00361.x","volume":"38","author":"AJ Davis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Davis, A. J. The credentials of brain-based learning. J. Philos. Educ. 38, 21\u201336 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Philos. Educ."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR12","first-page":"68","volume":"2061","author":"A Crockard","year":"1996","unstructured":"Crockard, A. Confessions of a brain surgeon. New Scientist 2061, 68 (1996).","journal-title":"New Scientist"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR13","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Understanding the Brain: Towards a New Learning Science. (OECD Publications, 2002)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1080\/00131720308984585","volume":"67","author":"O Jorgenson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jorgenson, O. Brain scam? Why educators should be careful about embracing 'brain research'. Educ. Forum 67, 364\u2013369 (2003).","journal-title":"Educ. Forum"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR15","first-page":"6","volume":"1","author":"S Novella","year":"1996","unstructured":"Novella, S. Psychomotor patterning. Connecticut Skept. 1, 6 (1996).","journal-title":"Connecticut Skept."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR16","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Mind Myths","author":"B Beyerstein","year":"1999","unstructured":"Beyerstein, B. in Mind Myths (ed. Della Salla, S.) 59\u201382 (John Wiley and Sons, 1999)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00365.2002","volume":"283","author":"H Valtin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Valtin, H. \u201cDrink at least eight glasses of water a day.\u201d Really? Is there scientific evidence for \u201c8 \u00d7 8\u201d? Am. J. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 283, 993\u20131004 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130017","volume":"4","author":"SN Cheuvront","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheuvront, S. N. & Kenefick, R. W. Dehydration: physiology, assessment, and performance effects. Compr. Physiol. 4, 257\u2013285 (2014).","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513004455","volume":"111","author":"NA Masento","year":"2014","unstructured":"Masento, N. A., Golightly, M., Field, D. T., Butler, L. T. & van Reekum, C. M. Effects of hydration status on cognitive performance and mood. Br. J. Nutr. 111, 1841\u20131852 (2014).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR20","volume-title":"Brain-based learning with class","author":"C Politano","year":"2000","unstructured":"Politano, C. & Paquin, J. Brain-based learning with class. (Portage & Main, 2000)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR21","volume-title":"Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: a systematic and critical review","author":"F Coffield","year":"2004","unstructured":"Coffield, F., Moseley, D., Hall, E. & Ecclestone, K. Report No. 041543. Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: a systematic and critical review. (Learning and Skills Research Centre, 2004)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/00131880802082518","volume":"50","author":"JG Geake","year":"2008","unstructured":"Geake, J. G. Neuromythologies in education. Educ. Res. 50, 123\u2013133 (2008).","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.1.238","volume":"98","author":"GP Kratzig","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kratzig, G. P. & Arbuthnott, K. D. Perceptual learning style and learning proficiency: a test of the hypothesis. J. Educat. Psychol. 98, 238\u2013246 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Educat. Psychol."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1518\/001872098779480505","volume":"40","author":"LJ Najjar","year":"1998","unstructured":"Najjar, L. J. Principles of educational multimedia user interface design. Hum. Factors 40, 311\u2013323 (1998).","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR25","volume-title":"The Fragmentation of Reason","author":"S Stitch","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stitch, S. The Fragmentation of Reason. (MIT press, 1990)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR26","volume-title":"Left brain, right brain","author":"SP Springer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Springer, S. P. & Deutsch, G. Left brain, right brain. (Freeman, 1989)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR27","volume-title":"The 4MAT system: teaching to learning styles with right\/left mode techniques","author":"B McCarthy","year":"1987","unstructured":"McCarthy, B. The 4MAT system: teaching to learning styles with right\/left mode techniques. (Excel, 1987)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR28","first-page":"46","volume":"54","author":"B McCarthy","year":"1997","unstructured":"McCarthy, B. A tale of four learners: 4MAT's learning styles. Educat. Leadership 54, 46\u201351 (1997).","journal-title":"Educat. Leadership"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1949-8594.2002.tb17897.x","volume":"102","author":"T Sloan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sloan, T., Daane, C. J. & Giesen, J. Mathematics anxiety and learning styles: what is the relationship in elementary preservice teachers? School Sci. Math. 102, 84\u201387 (2002).","journal-title":"School Sci. Math."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR30","volume-title":"Introducing children to their amazing brains","author":"E Hoffman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hoffman, E. Introducing children to their amazing brains. (LTL Books, 2002)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR31","volume-title":"Frames of the mind: the theory of multiple intelligences","author":"H Gardner","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gardner, H. Frames of the mind: the theory of multiple intelligences. (Basic Books, 1983)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR32","volume-title":"Multiple intelligences: new horizons","author":"H Gardner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gardner, H. Multiple intelligences: new horizons. (Basic Books, 2006)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep4104_1","volume":"41","author":"L Waterhouse","year":"2006","unstructured":"Waterhouse, L. Multiple intelligences, the Mozart effect, and emotional intelligence: a critical review. Educat. Psychol. 41, 207\u2013225 (2006).","journal-title":"Educat. Psychol."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.2307\/1129656","volume":"53","author":"CN Johnson","year":"1982","unstructured":"Johnson, C. N. & Wellman, H. M. Children's developing conceptions of the mind and brain. Child Dev. 53, 222\u2013234 (1982).","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.40.2.217","volume":"40","author":"JM Bering","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bering, J. M. & Bjorklund, D. F. The natural emergence of reasoning about the afterlife as a developmental regularity. Dev. Psychol. 40, 217\u2013233 (2004).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167208327217","volume":"35","author":"RF Baumeister","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baumeister, R. F., Masicampo, E. J. & DeWall, C. N. Prosocial benefits of feeling free: disbelief in free will increases aggression and reduces helpfulness. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 35, 260\u2013268 (2009).","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612442392","volume":"23","author":"M Forstmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Forstmann, M. Burgmer, P. & Mussweiler, T. \u201cThe mind is willing, but the flesh is weak\u201d: the effects of mind\u2013body dualism on health behavior. Psychol. Sci. 23, 1239\u20131245 (2012).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR38","volume-title":"British Social Attitudes 28 2011\u20132012 edition","author":"A Park","year":"2011","unstructured":"Park, A., Clery, E., Curtice, J., Phillips, M. & Utting, D. (eds) British Social Attitudes 28 2011\u20132012 edition (NatCen Social Research, 2011)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR39","first-page":"3","volume-title":"When God Comes to Town: Anthropological Perspectives on Religion and Secularization","author":"R Hirschon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hirschon, R. in When God Comes to Town: Anthropological Perspectives on Religion and Secularization (eds Pixten, R. & Dikomitis, L.) 3\u201316 (Berghahn, 2009)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20040","volume":"20","author":"DS Weisberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weisberg, D. S., Keil, F. C., Goodstein, J., Rawson, E. & Gray, J. The seductive lure of neuroscience explanations. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 20, 470\u2013477 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/mbe.12005","volume":"7","author":"AK Lindell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lindell, A. K. & Kidd, E. Consumers favor \u201cright brain\u201d training: the dangerous lure of neuromarketing. Mind Brain Educ. 7, 35\u201339 (2013).","journal-title":"Mind Brain Educ."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR42","volume-title":"Brain Gym teacher's edition \u2014 revised","author":"PE Dennison","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dennison, P. E. & Dennison, G. E. Brain Gym teacher's edition \u2014 revised. (Edu\u2013Kinesthetics, 1994)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/07419325070280020201","volume":"28","author":"KJ Hyatt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hyatt, K. J. Brain Gym: building stronger brains or wishful thinking? Remedial Spec. Educ. 28, 117\u2013124 (2007).","journal-title":"Remedial Spec. Educ."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR44","volume-title":"The Learning Brain","author":"SJ Blakemore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Blakemore, S. J. & Frith, U. The Learning Brain. (Blackwell, 2005)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR45","volume-title":"Minds, Brains, and Learning","author":"JP Byrnes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Byrnes, J. P. Minds, Brains, and Learning. (The Guildford Press, 2001)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR46","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Understanding the Brain: Birth of a New Learning Science. (OECD, 2007)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR47","unstructured":"Royal Society. Brain Waves Module 2: Neuroscience: implications for education and lifelong learning. (Royal Society, 2011)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR48","unstructured":"James S. McDonnell Foundation. The Santiago Declaration [online] , (2007)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1148983","volume":"317","author":"K Hirsh-Pasek","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hirsh-Pasek, K. & Bruer, J. T. The brain\/education barrier. Science 317, 1293\u20131293 (2007).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17267","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1306418110","volume":"110","author":"L Kurdziel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kurdziel, L., Duclos, K. & Spencer, R. M. C. Sleep spindles in midday naps enhance learning in preschool children. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 17267\u201317272 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2009.08.003","volume":"15","author":"S Twardosz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Twardosz, S. & Lutzker, J. R. Child maltreatment and the developing brain: a review of neuroscience perspectives. Aggress. Violent Behav. 15, 59\u201368 (2010).","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.11.003","volume":"13","author":"DA Hackman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hackman, D. A. & Farah, M. J. Socioeconomic status and the developing brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 13, 65\u201373 (2009).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-228X.2009.01068.x","volume":"3","author":"U Goswami","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goswami, U. Mind, brain, and literacy: biomarkers as usable knowledge for education. Mind Brain Educ. 3, 176\u2013184 (2009).","journal-title":"Mind Brain Educ."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR54","volume-title":"From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development","author":"JP Shonkoff","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shonkoff, J. P. & Phillips, D. A. From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development. (National Academies Press, 2000)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR55","volume-title":"The Myth of the First Three Years: A New Understanding of Early Brain Development and Lifelong Learning","author":"J Bruer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bruer, J. The Myth of the First Three Years: A New Understanding of Early Brain Development and Lifelong Learning. (The Free Press, 1999)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2011.613735","volume":"23","author":"S Twardosz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Twardosz, S. Effects of experience on the brain: the role of neuroscience in early development and education. Early Educ. Dev. 23, 96\u2013119 (2012).","journal-title":"Early Educ. Dev."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR57","first-page":"110","volume":"127","author":"A Quart","year":"2006","unstructured":"Quart, A. Extreme parenting: does the baby genius edutainment complex enrich your child's mind or stifle it? Atlant. Monthly 127, 110\u2013113 (2006).","journal-title":"Atlant. Monthly"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2011.11.002","volume":"2","author":"PA Howard-Jones","year":"2012","unstructured":"Howard-Jones, P. A., Washbrook, E. V. & Meadows, S. The timing of educational investment: a neuroscientific perspective. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 2, S18\u2013S29 (2012).","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12314","volume":"1308","author":"TD Wachs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wachs, T. D., Georgieff, M., Cusick, S. & McEwen, B. S. Every child's potential: integrating nutrition and early childhood development interventions Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1308, 89\u2013106 (2014).","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1126\/science.333.6045.956","volume":"333","author":"J Mervis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mervis, J. Giving children a head start is possible \u2014 but it's not easy. Science 333, 956\u2013957 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR61","first-page":"945","volume":"48","author":"GJ Duncan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Duncan, G. J. & Sojourner, A. J. Can intensive early childhood intervention programs eliminate income-based cognitive and achievement gaps? J. Hum. Resources 48, 945\u2013968 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Resources"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.2008.00163.x","volume":"46","author":"JJ Heckman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Heckman, J. J. Schools, skills, and synapses. Econ. Inq. 46, 289\u2013324 (2008).","journal-title":"Econ. Inq."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR63","unstructured":"Centre for Social Justice. Making sense of early intervention: A framework for professionals. (Centre for Social Justice, 2011)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA6551","volume":"78","author":"F Cunha","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cunha, F., Heckman, J. J. & Schennach, S. M. Estimating the technology of cognitive and noncognitive skill formation. Econometrica. 78, 883\u2013931 (2010).","journal-title":"Econometrica."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR65","volume-title":"Early Intervention: The Next Steps","author":"G Allen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allen, G. Early Intervention: The Next Steps. (UK Goverment, 2011)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR66","volume-title":"ADHD does not exist","author":"R Saul","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saul, R. ADHD does not exist. (Harper Collins, 2014)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR67","volume-title":"Newsweek","author":"TH McCoy","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCoy, T. H. Richard Saul says AHD does not exist. Not everyone agrees. Newsweek [online] , (2014)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR68","first-page":"658","volume":"18","author":"R Nicolson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nicolson, R. Dyslexia: beyond the myth. Psychol. 18, 658\u2013659 (2005).","journal-title":"Psychol."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-010-0040-y","volume":"61","author":"EK Washburn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Washburn, E. K., Joshi, R. M. & Cantrell, E. B. Are preservice teachers prepared to teach struggling readers? Ann. Dyslexia 61, 21\u201343 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409355479","volume":"43","author":"L Hornstra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hornstra, L., Denessen, E., Bakker, J., van den Bergh, L. & Voeten, M. Teacher attitudes toward dyslexia: effects on teacher expectations and the academic achievement of students with dyslexia. J. Learn. Disabil. 43, 515\u2013529 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648156","volume":"44","author":"LC Moats","year":"1994","unstructured":"Moats, L. C. The missing foundation in teacher education \u2014 knowledge of the structure of spoken and written language. Ann. Dyslexia 44, 81\u2013102 (1994).","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x","volume":"45","author":"FR Vellutino","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vellutino, F. R., Fletcher, J. M., Snowling, M. J. & Scanlon, D. M. Specific reading disability (dyslexia): what have we learned in the past four decades? J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 45, 2\u201340 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR73","volume-title":"Reading by the colors: overcoming dyslexia and other reading disabilities through the Irlen method","author":"H Irlen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Irlen, H. Reading by the colors: overcoming dyslexia and other reading disabilities through the Irlen method. (Avery Publishing Group, 1991)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR74","first-page":"230","volume-title":"Neuroscience in Education: the good, the bad and the ugly","author":"RD McIntosh","year":"2012","unstructured":"McIntosh, R. D. & Ritchie, S. J. in Neuroscience in Education: the good, the bad and the ugly (eds Della Sala, S. & Anderson, M.) 230\u2013243 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2012)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.03.036","volume":"50","author":"RA Adcock","year":"2006","unstructured":"Adcock, R. A., Thangavel, A., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Knutson, B. & Gabrieli, J. D. Reward-motivated learning: mesolimbic activation precedes memory formation. Neuron 50, 507\u2013517 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-228X.2011.01108.x","volume":"5","author":"PA Howard-Jones","year":"2011","unstructured":"Howard-Jones, P. A., Demetriou, S., Bogacz, R., Yoo, J. H. & Leonards, U. Toward a science of learning games. Mind Brain Educ. 5, 33\u201341 (2011).","journal-title":"Mind Brain Educ."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.09.037","volume":"197","author":"CD Fiorillo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fiorillo, C. D. Transient activation of midbrain dopamine neurons by reward risk. Neuroscience 197, 162\u2013171 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.02.009","volume":"67","author":"E Ozcelik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ozcelik, E., Cagiltay, N. E. & Ozcelik, N. S. The effect of uncertainty on learning in game-like environments. Computers Educ. 67, 12\u201320 (2013).","journal-title":"Computers Educ."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11440","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011440","volume":"5","author":"JM Bjork","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bjork, J. M., Smith, A. R., Chen, G. & Hommer, D. W. Adolescents, adults and rewards: comparing motivational neurocircuitry recruitment using fMRI. PLoS ONE 5, e11440 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR80","first-page":"82","volume-title":"European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction Special Interest Group on Neuroscience and Education","author":"A Soni-Garcia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Soni-Garcia, A. & Howard-Jones, P. in European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction Special Interest Group on Neuroscience and Education. 82 (G\u00f6ttingen, 2014)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-013-9180-1","volume":"7","author":"C Meurk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meurk, C., Carter, A., Hall, W. & Lucke, J. Public understandings of addiction: where do neurobiological explanations fit? Neuroethics 7, 51\u201362 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroethics"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR82","volume-title":"The Observer","author":"V Bell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bell, V. The unsexy truth about dopamine. The Observer [online] , (2013)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR83","volume-title":"Forbes","author":"S Kotler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kotler, S. & Olds, J. Addicted to bang: the neuroscience of the gun. Forbes [online] , (2012)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR84","unstructured":"Sloan, J. Are cupcakes as addictive as cocaine? The Sun [online] , (2012)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR85","unstructured":"Crocker, P. Do you have these four small business addictions? Ninemsn [online] , (2014)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR86","volume-title":"The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse","author":"T Nordegren","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nordegren, T. The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse (Brown Walker, 2002)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1159\/000216538","volume":"31","author":"MH Hagenauer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hagenauer, M. H., Perryman, J. I., Lee, T. M. & Carskadon, M. A. Adolescent changes in the homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleep. Dev. Neurosci. 31, 276\u2013284 (2009).","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1649","volume":"115","author":"M Hansen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hansen, M., Janssen, I., Schiff, A., Zee, P. C. & Dubocovich, M. L. The impact of school daily schedule on adolescent sleep. Pediatrics 115, 1555\u20131561 (2005).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/019263650208663302","volume":"86","author":"K Wahistrom","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wahistrom, K. Changing times: findings from the first longitudinal study of later high school start times. NASSP Bull. 86, 3\u201321 (2002).","journal-title":"NASSP Bull."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.96","volume":"164","author":"JA Owens","year":"2010","unstructured":"Owens, J. A., Belon, K. & Moss, P. Impact of delaying school start time on adolescent sleep, mood, and behavior. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 164, 608\u2013614 (2010).","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.080","volume":"61","author":"SJ Blakemore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blakemore, S. J. Imaging brain development: the adolescent brain. Neuroimage 61, 397\u2013406 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20445","volume":"52","author":"LA Steinberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Steinberg, L. A. Dual systems model of adolescent risk-taking. Dev. Psychobiol. 52, 216\u2013224 (2010).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR93","first-page":"4","volume":"45","author":"AM White","year":"2005","unstructured":"White, A. M. The changing adolescent brain. Educ. Canada 45, 4\u20138 (2005).","journal-title":"Educ. Canada"},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0743558411412956","volume":"27","author":"MA Payne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Payne, M. A. \u201cAll gas and no brakes!\u201d: helpful metaphor or harmful stereotype? J. Adolescent Res. 27, 3\u201317 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Adolescent Res."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2004.1546","volume":"359","author":"J Greene","year":"2004","unstructured":"Greene, J. & Cohen, J. For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. Biol. Sci. 359, 1775\u20131785 (2004).","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017246","volume":"64","author":"L Steinberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Steinberg, L., Cauffman, E., Woolard, J., Graham, S. & Banich, M. Reconciling the complexity of human development with the reality of legal policy: reply to Fischer, Stein, and Heikkinen. Am. Psychol. 64, 601\u2013604 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR97","first-page":"697","volume-title":"Handbook of the Economics of Education","author":"F Cunha","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cunha, F., Heckman, J., Lochner, L. & Masterov, D. in Handbook of the Economics of Education Vol. 1 (eds Hanushek, E. & Welch, F.) 697\u2013812 (Elsevier, 2006)."},{"key":"BFnrn3817_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.01.070","volume":"57","author":"K Kucian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kucian, K. et al. Mental number line training in children with developmental dyscalculia. Neuroimage 57, 782\u2013795 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrn3817.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrn3817","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrn3817.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T22:38:38Z","timestamp":1717454318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrn3817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,15]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrn3817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn3817","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-003X","1471-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-003X","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 October 2014","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The author declares no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}