{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T06:30:30Z","timestamp":1794292230096,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,8]],"date-time":"2014-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,8]],"date-time":"2014-07-08T06:59:00Z","timestamp":1404802740000},"page":"447-458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":248,"title":["The investigation of acute optic neuritis: a review and proposed protocol"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Axel","family":"Petzold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike P.","family":"Wattjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Flores-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare L.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Fujihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Leavitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Marignier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedemann","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Schippling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Sindic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Villoslada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Weinshenker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon T.","family":"Plant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11919-2","volume":"360","author":"S Hickman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hickman, S., Dalton, C., Miller, D. & Plant, G. Management of acute optic neuritis. Lancet 360, 1953\u20131962 (2002).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511431074","volume":"18","author":"CL Fraser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fraser, C. L., Davagnanam, I., Radon, M. & Plant, G. T. The time course and phenotype of Uhthoff phenomenon following optic neuritis. Mult. Scler. 18, 1042\u20131044 (2012).","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.98","volume":"9","author":"TC Frohman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frohman, T. C. et al. Uhthoff's phenomena in MS\u2014clinical features and pathophysiology. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 9, 535\u2013540 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314530","volume":"219","author":"K Hess","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hess, K., Gresty, M. & Leech, J. Clinical and theoretical aspects of head movement dependent oscillopsia (HMDO). A review. J. Neurol. 219, 151\u2013157 (1978).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-1038-8","volume":"250","author":"A Serra","year":"2003","unstructured":"Serra, A., Derwenskus, J., Downey, D. L. & Leigh, R. J. Role of eye movement examination and subjective visual vertical in clinical evaluation of multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. 250, 569\u2013575 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.31.4_Part_2.427","volume":"31","author":"JA Sharpe","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sharpe, J. A., Goldberg, H. J., Lo, A. W. & Herishanu, Y. O. Visual\u2013vestibular interaction in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 31, 427\u2013433 (1981).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6957-4","volume":"261","author":"A Petzold","year":"2014","unstructured":"Petzold, A. & Plant, G. T. Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy: a systematic review of 122 cases reported. J. Neurol. 261, 17\u201326 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000216139.44259.74","volume":"66","author":"DM Wingerchuk","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wingerchuk, D. M., Lennon, V. A., Pittock, S. J., Lucchinetti, C. F. & Weinshenker, B. G. Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 66, 1485\u20131489 (2006).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24030","volume":"75","author":"I Gabilondo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gabilondo, I. et al. Trans-synaptic axonal degeneration in the visual pathway in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 75, 98\u2013107 (2014).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20863","volume":"31","author":"T Jenkins","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jenkins, T. et al. Dissecting structure\u2013function interactions in acute optic neuritis to investigate neuroplasticity. Hum. Brain Mapp. 31, 276\u2013286 (2010).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.002","volume":"76","author":"RH Masland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Masland, R. H. The neuronal organization of the retina. Neuron 76, 266\u2013280 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR12","first-page":"2012","volume":"33","author":"JB Jonas","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jonas, J. B., Schmidt, A. M., M\u00fcller-Bergh, J. A., Schl\u00f6tzer-Schrehardt, U. M. & Naumann, G. O. Human optic nerve fiber count and optic disc size. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33, 2012\u20132018 (1992).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.07.002","volume":"75","author":"D Hubel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hubel, D. & Wiesel, T. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel. Neuron 75, 182\u2013184 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3476","volume":"14","author":"CD Gilbert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gilbert, C. D. & Li, W. Top-down influences on visual processing. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 350\u2013363 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.146894","volume":"81","author":"A Petzold","year":"2010","unstructured":"Petzold, A. et al. Neuromyelitis optica-IgG (aquaporin-4) autoantibodies in immune mediated optic neuritis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 81, 109\u2013111 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20703","volume":"58","author":"C Polman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Polman, C. et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the \u201cMcDonald Criteria\u201d. Ann. Neurol. 58, 840\u2013846 (2005).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530190096021","volume":"48","author":"FE Lepore","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lepore, F. E. The origin of pain in optic neuritis. Determinants of pain in 101 eyes with optic neuritis. Arch. Neurol. 48, 748\u2013749 (1991).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/01658100802590829","volume":"33","author":"A Petzold","year":"2009","unstructured":"Petzold, A. & Pitz, E. The historical origin of the Pulfrich Effect: a serendipitous astronomic observation at the border of the Milky Way. Neuro-Ophthalmology 33, 39\u201346 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2011-000013","volume":"11","author":"G McGowan","year":"2011","unstructured":"McGowan, G., Ahmed, T. Y., Heron, G. & Diaper, C. The Pulfrich phenomenon; clumsiness and collisions which can be ameliorated. Pract. Neurol. 11, 173\u2013176 (2011).","journal-title":"Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70385-X","volume":"122","author":"A Kawasaki","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kawasaki, A., Moore, P. & Kardon, R. H. Long-term fluctuation of relative afferent pupillary defect in subjects with normal visual function. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 122, 875\u2013882 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000304347.56133.b4","volume":"70","author":"RJ Leigh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leigh, R. J. & Serra, A. Taking the temperature of MS with INO. Neurology 70, 1063\u20131064 (2008).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000094315.19931.90","volume":"61","author":"LJ Balcer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Balcer, L. J. et al. Contrast letter acuity as a visual component for the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite. Neurology 61, 1367\u20131373 (2003).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3111.2012","volume":"83","author":"M Rodriguez-Carmona","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Carmona, M., O'Neill-Biba, M. & Barbur, J. L. Assessing the severity of color vision loss with implications for aviation and other occupational environments. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 83, 19\u201329 (2012).","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/87462","volume":"4","author":"A Anzai","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anzai, A., Ohzawa, I. & Freeman, R. D. Joint-encoding of motion and depth by visual cortical neurons: neural basis of the Pulfrich effect. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 513\u2013518 (2001).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.04.010","volume":"282","author":"EM Frohman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frohman, E. M. et al. Relationship of optic nerve and brain conventional and non-conventional MRI measures and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, as assessed by OCT and GDx: a pilot study. J. Neurol. Sci. 282, 96\u2013105 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.09.005","volume":"147","author":"MN Menke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Menke, M. N., Dabov, S., Knecht, P. & Sturm, V. Reproducibility of retinal thickness measurements in healthy subjects using spectralis optical coherence tomography. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 147, 467\u2013472 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt221","volume":"136","author":"J Kisimbi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kisimbi, J. et al. Macular spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings in Tanzanian endemic optic neuropathy. Brain 136, 3418\u20133426 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.08.045","volume":"121","author":"M Abegg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abegg, M. et al. Microcystic macular edema: retrograde maculopathy caused by optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 121, 142\u2013149 (2014).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.01.035","volume":"121","author":"Omar A. Mahroo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mahroo, O. A. et al. Re: Abegg. et al.: Microcystic macular edema: retrograde maculopathy caused by optic neuropathy (Ophthalmology 2014;121:142\u20139). Ophthalmology http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.01.035 .","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70168-X","volume":"9","author":"A Petzold","year":"2010","unstructured":"Petzold, A. et al. Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 9, 921\u2013932 (2010).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306902","volume":"85","author":"LJ Balk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Balk, L. J. et al. A dam for retrograde axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 85, 782\u2013789 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18019","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018019","volume":"6","author":"CF Pfueller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pfueller, C. F. et al. Metabolic changes in the visual cortex are linked to retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE 6, e18019 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-6380-0_14","volume-title":"Neurodegenerative Diseases: Clinical Aspects, Molecular Genetics and Biomarkers","author":"A Petzold","year":"2014","unstructured":"Petzold, A. Neurodegeneration and multiple sclerosis. In Neurodegenerative Diseases: Clinical Aspects, Molecular Genetics and Biomarkers (eds Galimberti, D. & Scarpini, E.) 227\u2013245 (Springer, 2014)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20851","volume":"59","author":"F Costello","year":"2006","unstructured":"Costello, F. et al. Quantifying axonal loss after optic neuritis with optical coherence tomography. Ann. Neurol. 59, 963\u2013969 (2006).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70259-X","volume":"13","author":"AT Toosy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Toosy, A. T., Mason, D. F. & Miller, D. H. Optic neuritis. Lancet Neurol. 13, 83\u201399 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38741","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038741","volume":"7","author":"AU Brandt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brandt, A. U. et al. Patterns of retinal damage facilitate differential diagnosis between Susac syndrome and MS. PLoS ONE 7, e38741 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000004","volume":"24","author":"L Nagia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nagia, L. & Eggenberger, E. Differentiating retinal from optic nerve syndromes. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 24, 528\u2013533 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e31829f39f1","volume":"33","author":"DB Bichuetti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bichuetti, D. B. et al. The retinal nerve fiber layer of patients with neuromyelitis optica and chronic relapsing optic neuritis is more severely damaged than patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroophthalmol. 33, 220\u2013224 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513476562","volume":"19","author":"M Bouyon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bouyon, M. et al. Longitudinal follow-up of vision in a neuromyelitis optica cohort. Mult. Scler. 19, 1320\u20131322 (2013).","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.07.066","volume":"120","author":"DB Fernandes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fernandes, D. B. et al. Evaluation of inner retinal layers in patients with multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica using optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 120, 387\u2013394 (2013).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71145","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071145","volume":"8","author":"F Kaufhold","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaufhold, F. et al. Optic neuritis is associated with inner nuclear layer thickening and microcystic macular edema independently of multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE 8, e71145 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-010-1344-7","volume":"248","author":"M Nakamura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nakamura, M. et al. Early high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone is effective in preserving retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with neuromyelitis optica. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 248, 1777\u20131785 (2010).","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"von Glehn, F. et al. Structural brain abnormalities are related to retinal nerve fiber layer thinning and disease duration in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult. Scler. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458513519838 .","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513519838"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws098","volume":"135","author":"JM Gelfand","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gelfand, J. M., Nolan, R., Schwartz, D. M., Graves, J. & Green, A. J. Microcystic macular oedema in multiple sclerosis is associated with disease severity. Brain 135, 1786\u20131793 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66151","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066151","volume":"8","author":"E Schneider","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schneider, E. et al. Optical coherence tomography reveals distinct patterns of retinal damage in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE 8, e66151 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e226","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws216","volume":"135","author":"LJ Balk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Balk, L. J., Killestein, J., Polman, C. H., Uitdehaag, B. M. & Petzold, A. Microcystic macular oedema confirmed, but not specific for multiple sclerosis. Brain 135, e226 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12912","volume":"55","author":"MC Burggraaff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burggraaff, M. C., Trieu, J., de Vries-Knoppert, W. A., Balk, L. & Petzold, A. The clinical spectrum of microcystic macular oedema. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 55, 952\u2013961 (2014).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.1832","volume":"70","author":"JM Gelfand","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gelfand, J. M., Cree, B. A., Nolan, R., Arnow, S. & Green, A. J. Microcystic inner nuclear layer abnormalities and neuromyelitis optica. JAMA Neurol 70, 629\u2013633 (2013).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828c2f7a","volume":"80","author":"ES Sotirchos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sotirchos, E. S. et al. In vivo identification of morphologic retinal abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 80, 1406\u20131414 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vishwanath, S. et al. Post-fever retinitis: a single center experience from south India. Int. Ophthalmol. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-013-9891\u20137 .","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-013-9891-7"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34823","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034823","volume":"7","author":"P Tewarie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tewarie, P. et al. The OSCAR-IB consensus criteria for retinal OCT quality assessment. PLoS ONE 7, e34823 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schippling, S. et al. Quality control for retinal OCT in multiple sclerosis: validation of the OSCAR-IB criteria. Mult. Scler. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458514538110 .","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514538110"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1113996","volume":"368","author":"SP Stabler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stabler, S. P. Clinical practice. Vitamin B12 deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 368, 149\u2013160 (2013).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6677-1","volume":"259","author":"S Jarius","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jarius, S., Paul, F., Ruprecht, K. & Wildemann, B. Low vitamin B12 levels and gastric parietal cell antibodies in patients with aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. J. Neurol. 259, 2743\u20132745 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203863","volume":"73","author":"N Agmon-Levin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Agmon-Levin, N. et al. International recommendations for the assessment of autoantibodies to cellular antigens referred to as anti-nuclear antibodies. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 73, 17\u201323 (2014).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-14","volume":"9","author":"S Jarius","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jarius, S. et al. Contrasting disease patterns in seropositive and seronegative neuromyelitis optica: a multicentre study of 175 patients. J. Neuroinflammation 9, 14 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.028472","volume":"88","author":"TD Myers","year":"2004","unstructured":"Myers, T. D. et al. Use of corticosteroid sparing systemic immunosuppression for treatment of corticosteroid dependent optic neuritis not associated with demyelinating disease. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 88, 673\u2013680 (2004).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7094-9","volume":"260","author":"D Biotti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Biotti, D., Boucher, S., Ong, E., Tilikete, C. & Vighetto, A. Optic neuritis as a possible phenotype of anti-GQ1b\/GT1a antibody syndrome. J. Neurol. 260, 2890\u20132891 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318296ea22","volume":"80","author":"K Fujihara","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fujihara, K. & Leite, M. Seronegative NMO: a sensitive AQP4 antibody test clarifies clinical features and next challenges. Neurology 80, 2176\u20132177 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12084","volume":"23","author":"S Jarius","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jarius, S. & Wildemann, B. Aquaporin-4 antibodies (NMO-IgG) as a serological marker of neuromyelitis optica: a critical review of the literature. Brain Pathol. 23, 661\u2013683 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318248dec1","volume":"78","author":"PJ Waters","year":"2012","unstructured":"Waters, P. J. et al. Serologic diagnosis of NMO: a multicenter comparison of aquaporin-4-IgG assays. Neurology 78, 665\u2013671 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.07.011","volume":"298","author":"S Jarius","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jarius, S. et al. Frequency and prognostic impact of antibodies to aquaporin-4 in patients with optic neuritis. J. Neurol. Sci. 298, 158\u2013162 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000303817.82134.da","volume":"70","author":"M Matiello","year":"2008","unstructured":"Matiello, M. et al. NMO-IgG predicts the outcome of recurrent optic neuritis. Neurology 70, 2197\u20132200 (2008).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.5857","volume":"71","author":"J Kitley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kitley, J. et al. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with aquaporin-4 and myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: a comparative study. JAMA Neurol. 71, 276\u2013283 (2014).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000101","volume":"82","author":"DK Sato","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sato, D. K. et al. Distinction between MOG antibody-positive and AQP4 antibody-positive NMO spectrum disorders. Neurology 82, 474\u2013481 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.41","volume":"9","author":"M Stangel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stangel, M. et al. The utility of cerebrospinal fluid analysis in patients with multiple sclerosis. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 9, 267\u2013276 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2013.06.014","volume":"262","author":"A Petzold","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petzold, A. Intrathecal oligoclonal IgG synthesis in multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 262, 1\u201310 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.03.038","volume":"306","author":"S Jarius","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jarius, S. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica: results from 211 lumbar punctures. J. Neurol. Sci. 306, 82\u201390 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585070130030201","volume":"13","author":"M Nakamura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nakamura, M. et al. Clinical and laboratory features of neuromyelitis optica with oligoclonal IgG bands. Mult. Scler. 13, 332\u2013335 (2007).","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.150698","volume":"80","author":"T Misu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Misu, T. et al. Marked increase in cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillar acidic protein in neuromyelitis optica: an astrocytic damage marker. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 80, 575\u2013577 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.196550","volume":"82","author":"A Petzold","year":"2011","unstructured":"Petzold, A., Marignier, R., Verbeek, M. M. & Confavreux, C. Glial but not axonal protein biomarkers as a new supportive diagnostic criteria for Devic neuromyelitis optica? Preliminary results on 188 patients with different neurological diseases. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 82, 467\u2013469 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e2414b","volume":"75","author":"R Takano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Takano, R. et al. Astrocytic damage is far more severe than demyelination in NMO: a clinical CSF biomarker study. Neurology 75, 208\u2013216 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.03.020","volume":"421","author":"A Uzawa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Uzawa, A. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 and glial fibrillary acidic protein levels are increased during initial neuromyelitis optica attacks. Clin. Chim. Acta 421, 181\u2013183 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1878-5085-4-4","volume":"4","author":"J D\u00f6rr","year":"2013","unstructured":"D\u00f6rr, J., D\u00f6ring, A. & Paul, F. Can we prevent or treat multiple sclerosis by individualised vitamin D supply? EPMA J. 4, 4 (2013).","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.194","volume":"8","author":"G von Geldern","year":"2012","unstructured":"von Geldern, G. & Mowry, E. M. The influence of nutritional factors on the prognosis of multiple sclerosis. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 8, 678\u2013689 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.017236","volume":"75","author":"A Petzold","year":"2004","unstructured":"Petzold, A., Rejdak, K. & Plant, G. Axonal degeneration and inflammation in acute optic neuritis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 75, 1178\u20131180 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR77","first-page":"217802","volume":"2012","author":"A Petzold","year":"2012","unstructured":"Petzold, A. & Plant, G. T. The diagnostic and prognostic value of neurofilament heavy chain levels in immune-mediated optic neuropathies. Mult. Scler. Int. 2012, 217802 (2012).","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4440","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11899","volume":"54","author":"V Talla","year":"2013","unstructured":"Talla, V. et al. Noninvasive assessments of optic nerve neurodegeneration in transgenic mice with isolated optic neuritis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 54, 4440\u20134450 (2013).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petzold, A., Bowser, R., Calabresi, P., Zetterberg, H. & Uitdehaag, B. M. Biomarker time out. Mult. Scler. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458514524999 .","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514524999"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.41","volume":"5","author":"F Barkhof","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barkhof, F., Calabresi, P. A., Miller, D. H. & Reingold, S. C. Imaging outcomes for neuroprotection and repair in multiple sclerosis trials. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 5, 256\u2013266 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-0123-z","volume":"256","author":"M Kolappan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kolappan, M. et al. Assessing structure and function of the afferent visual pathway in multiple sclerosis and associated optic neuritis. J. Neurol. 256, 305\u2013319 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.2.175","volume":"38","author":"DH Miller","year":"1988","unstructured":"Miller, D. H. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerve in optic neuritis. Neurology 38, 175\u2013179 (1988).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0477-1","volume":"251","author":"SJ Hickman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hickman, S. J. et al. Visual recovery following acute optic neuritis\u2014a clinical, electrophysiological and magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Neurol. 251, 996\u20131005 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf087","volume":"125","author":"MJ Kupersmith","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kupersmith, M. J., Alban, T., Zeiffer, B. & Lefton, D. Contrast-enhanced MRI in acute optic neuritis: relationship to visual performance. Brain 125, 812\u2013822 (2002).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e318254c62d","volume":"32","author":"S Khanna","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khanna, S. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of optic neuritis in patients with neuromyelitis optica versus multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroophthalmol. 32, 216\u2013220 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e318283c3ed","volume":"33","author":"M Storoni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Storoni, M., Davagnanam, I., Radon, M., Siddiqui, A. & Plant, G. T. Distinguishing optic neuritis in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease from multiple sclerosis: a novel magnetic resonance imaging scoring system. J. Neuroophthalmol. 33, 123\u2013127 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-009-0512-0","volume":"51","author":"MP Wattjes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wattjes, M. P. & Barkhof, F. High field MRI in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: high field\u2013high yield? Neuroradiology 51, 279\u2013292 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0861-3","volume":"255","author":"MP Wattjes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wattjes, M. P. et al. Does high field MRI allow an earlier diagnosis of multiple sclerosis? J. Neurol. 255, 1159\u20131163 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1246","volume":"45","author":"S Karim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Karim, S., Clark, R. A., Poukens, V. & Demer, J. L. Demonstration of systematic variation in human intraorbital optic nerve size by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and histology. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 1047\u20131051 (2004).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.11.051","volume":"31","author":"SA Trip","year":"2006","unstructured":"Trip, S. A. et al. Optic nerve atrophy and retinal nerve fibre layer thinning following optic neuritis: evidence that axonal loss is a substrate of MRI-detected atrophy. Neuroimage 31, 286\u2013293 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507076952","volume":"13","author":"SA Trip","year":"2007","unstructured":"Trip, S. A. et al. Optic nerve magnetization transfer imaging and measures of axonal loss and demyelination in optic neuritis. Mult. Scler. 13, 875\u2013879 (2007).","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.09.024","volume":"30","author":"SA Trip","year":"2006","unstructured":"Trip, S. A. et al. Optic nerve diffusion tensor imaging in optic neuritis. Neuroimage 30, 498\u2013505 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.09.003","volume":"19","author":"CC Glisson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Glisson, C. C. & Galetta, S. L. Nonconventional optic nerve imaging in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 19, 71\u201379 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4235","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12357","volume":"54","author":"MC Yiannakas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yiannakas, M. C. et al. MRI acquisition and analysis protocol for in vivo intraorbital optic nerve segmentation at 3 T. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 54, 4235\u20134240 (2013).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328320264c","volume":"22","author":"GE Holder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Holder, G. E., Gale, R. P., Acheson, J. F. & Robson, A. G. Electrodiagnostic assessment in optic nerve disease. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 22, 3\u201310 (2009).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(00)00030-6","volume":"20","author":"GE Holder","year":"2001","unstructured":"Holder, G. E. Pattern electroretinography (PERG) and an integrated approach to visual pathway diagnosis. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 20, 531\u2013561 (2001).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR97","unstructured":"Visual electrodiagnostics: a guide to procedures. ISCEV Standards, Recommendations and Guidelines [online] . (2013)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-009-9195-4","volume":"120","author":"JV Odom","year":"2010","unstructured":"Odom, J. V. et al. ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials (2009 update). Doc. Ophthalmol. 120, 111\u2013119 (2010).","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.11.1280","volume":"49","author":"S Nightingale","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nightingale, S., Mitchell, K. W. & Howe, J. W. Visual evoked cortical potentials and pattern electroretinograms in Parkinson's disease and control subjects. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 49, 1280\u20131287 (1986).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR100","first-page":"303","volume":"50","author":"E Boylu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boylu, E. et al. Visual evoked potential abnormalities in migraine patients. Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 50, 303\u2013308 (2010).","journal-title":"Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-011-9294-x","volume":"123","author":"CL Fraser","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fraser, C. L. & Holder, G. E. Electroretinogram findings in unilateral optic neuritis. Doc. Ophthalmol. 123, 173\u2013178 (2011).","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.6.847","volume":"63","author":"C Fraser","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fraser, C. et al. Multifocal visual evoked potential latency analysis: predicting progression to multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 63, 847\u2013850 (2006).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(91)90014-U","volume":"78","author":"GE Holder","year":"1991","unstructured":"Holder, G. E. The incidence of abnormal pattern electroretinography in optic nerve demyelination. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 78, 18\u201326 (1991).","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e31829d75f7","volume":"30","author":"D Rodriguez-Mena","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Mena, D. et al. Electropysiologic evaluation of the visual pathway in patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 30, 376\u2013381 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829e6faa","volume":"81","author":"TC Frohman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frohman, T. C. et al. Optic nerve head component responses of the multifocal electroretinogram in MS. Neurology 81, 545\u2013551 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s004170050062","volume":"236","author":"J Gerling","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gerling, J., Meyer, J. & Kommerell, G. Visual field defects in optic neuritis and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: distinctive features. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 236, 188\u2013192 (1998).","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.16","volume":"128","author":"JL Keltner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Keltner, J. L. et al. Visual field profile of optic neuritis: a final follow-up report from the optic neuritis treatment trial from baseline through 15 years. Arch. Ophthalmol. 128, 330\u2013337 (2010).","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2012.02.002","volume":"58","author":"A Petzold","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petzold, A., Islam, N., Hu, H.-H. & Plant, G. T. Embolic and nonembolic transient monocular visual field loss: a clinicopathologic review. Surv. Ophthalmol. 58, 42\u201362 (2013).","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.9.1299","volume":"119","author":"V Purvin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Purvin, V., Kawasaki, A. & Jacobson, D. M. Optic perineuritis: clinical and radiographic features. Arch. Ophthalmol. 119, 1299\u20131306 (2001).","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1076\/noph.24.2.357.7156","volume":"24","author":"A Petzold","year":"2001","unstructured":"Petzold, A. & Plant, G. Failure to detect bitemporal field defects due to chiasmal compression on a screening perimetry protocol. Neuro-Ophthalmology 24, 357\u2013361 (2001).","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2229","volume":"50","author":"U Schiefer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schiefer, U. et al. Comparison of the new perimetric GATE strategy with conventional full-threshold and SITA standard strategies. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 488\u2013494 (2009).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.3.347","volume":"55","author":"GF Harding","year":"2000","unstructured":"Harding, G. F., Wild, J. M., Robertson, K. A., Rietbrock, S. & Martinez, C. Separating the retinal electrophysiologic effects of vigabatrin: treatment versus field loss. Neurology 55, 347\u2013352 (2000).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02254-7","volume":"135","author":"JA Scott","year":"2003","unstructured":"Scott, J. A. & Egan, R. A. Prevalence of organic neuro-ophthalmologic disease in patients with functional visual loss. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 135, 670\u2013675 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.1.68","volume":"45","author":"GL Trick","year":"1995","unstructured":"Trick, G. L., Trick, L. R., Morris, P. & Wolf, M. Visual field loss in senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Neurology 45, 68\u201374 (1995).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR115","first-page":"2006","volume":"41","author":"KE Kutzko","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kutzko, K. E., Brito, C. F. & Wall, M. Effect of instructions on conventional automated perimetry. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41, 2006\u20132013 (2000).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[No authors listed] Automated perimetry. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 103, 1144\u20131151 (1996).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30554-X"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR117","first-page":"741","volume":"41","author":"LA Kerrigan-Baumrind","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kerrigan-Baumrind, L. A., Quigley, H. A., Pease, M. E., Kerrigan, D. F. & Mitchell, R. S. Number of ganglion cells in glaucoma eyes compared with threshold visual field tests in the same persons. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41, 741\u2013748 (2000).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)31019-6","volume":"102","author":"FS Mikelberg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mikelberg, F. S., Yidegiligne, H. M. & Schulzer, M. Optic nerve axon count and axon diameter in patients with ocular hypertension and normal visual fields. Ophthalmology 102, 342\u2013348 (1995).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(89)90488-1","volume":"107","author":"H Quigley","year":"1989","unstructured":"Quigley, H., Dunkelberger, G. & Green, W. Retinal ganglion cell atrophy correlated with automated perimetry in human eyes with glaucoma. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 107, 453\u2013464 (1989).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3109\/01658107.2010.518334","volume":"35","author":"N Bhardwaj","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bhardwaj, N., Perez, J. & Peden, M. Optic neuropathy from cobalt toxicity in a patient who ingested cattle magnets. Neuro-Ophthalmology 35, 24\u201326 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.02.004","volume":"35","author":"D Wakefield","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wakefield, D., Di Girolamo, N., Thurau, S., Wildner, G. & McCluskey, P. Scleritis: immunopathogenesis and molecular basis for therapy. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 35, 44\u201362 (2013).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"BFnrneurol2014108_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3109\/01658107.2013.874450","volume":"38","author":"S Coppens","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coppens, S., Petzold, A., de Graaf, P. & Vries-Knoppert, W. Recurrent optic perineuritis after intranasal cocaine abuse. Neuro-Ophthalmology 38, 91\u201395 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrneurol.2014.108.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrneurol.2014.108","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrneurol.2014.108.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T07:58:55Z","timestamp":1716969535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrneurol.2014.108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,8]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrneurol2014108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.108","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-4758","1759-4766"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-4758","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-4766","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2014","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2014","order":2,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":3,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"In the version of the article originally posted online, Romain Marignier's surname was misspelt. The error has been corrected in the online PDF and HTML versions of the article.","order":4,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}