{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:36:39Z","timestamp":1793403399643,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]],"date-time":"2016-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]],"date-time":"2016-03-11T12:33:13Z","timestamp":1457699593000},"page":"204-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":191,"title":["Seizures and gliomas \u2014 towards a single therapeutic approach"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gilles","family":"Huberfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles J.","family":"Vecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199746545.001.0001","volume-title":"Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies","author":"JL Noebels","year":"2012","unstructured":"Noebels, J. L. et al. (eds) Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies 4th edn, (OUP USA, 2012)."},{"issue":"Suppl. 9","key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12437","volume":"54","author":"M Kerkhof","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kerkhof, M. & Vecht, C. J. Seizure characteristics and prognostic factors of gliomas. Epilepsia 54 (Suppl. 9), 12\u201317 (2013).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70103-5","volume":"6","author":"MS van Breemen","year":"2007","unstructured":"van Breemen, M. S., Wilms, E. B. & Vecht, C. J. Epilepsy in patients with brain tumours: epidemiology, mechanisms, and management. Lancet Neurol. 6, 421\u2013430 (2007).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.01.027","volume":"63","author":"SC Buckingham","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buckingham, S. C. & Robel, S. Glutamate and tumor-associated epilepsy: glial cell dysfunction in the peritumoral environment. Neurochem. Int. 63, 696\u2013701 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244ra89","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008065","volume":"6","author":"J Pallud","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pallud, J. et al. Cortical GABAergic excitation contributes to epileptic activities around human glioma. Sci. Transl. Med. 6, 244ra89 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not072","volume":"15","author":"C Gerin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gerin, C. et al. Quantitative characterization of the imaging limits of diffuse low-grade oligodendrogliomas. Neuro Oncol. 15, 1379\u20131388 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e04264","volume":"74","author":"J Pallud","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pallud, J. et al. Diffuse low-grade oligodendrogliomas extend beyond MRI-defined abnormalities. Neurology 74, 1724\u20131731 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289ra86","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa8103","volume":"7","author":"SM Robert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Robert, S. M. et al. SLC7A11 expression is associated with seizures and predicts poor survival in patients with malignant glioma. Sci. Transl. Med. 7, 289ra86 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2453","volume":"17","author":"SC Buckingham","year":"2011","unstructured":"Buckingham, S. C. et al. Glutamate release by primary brain tumors induces epileptic activity. Nat. Med. 17, 1\u20137 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(66)90190-8","volume":"21","author":"JF Hirsch","year":"1966","unstructured":"Hirsch, J. F., Buisson-Ferey, J., Sachs, M., Hirsch, J. C. & Scherrer, J. Electrocorticogram and unitary activites with expanding lesions in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 21, 417\u2013428 (in French) (1966).","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01203.x","volume":"38","author":"TA Tran","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tran, T. A. et al. Significance of spikes recorded on intraoperative electrocorticography in patients with brain tumor and epilepsy. Epilepsia 38, 1132\u20131138 (1997).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.04.012","volume":"161","author":"HS Venkatesh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Venkatesh, H. S. et al. Neuronal activity promotes glioma growth through neuroligin-3 secretion. Cell 161, 803\u2013816 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-9990-5","volume":"97","author":"HJ Marcus","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marcus, H. J., Carpenter, K. L., Price, S. J. & Hutchinson, P. J. in vivo assessment of high-grade glioma biochemistry using microdialysis: a study of energy-related molecules, growth factors and cytokines. J. Neurooncol. 97, 11\u201323 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10767","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-24-10767.1999","volume":"19","author":"ZC Ye","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ye, Z. C., Rothstein, J. D. & Sontheimer, H. Compromised glutamate transport in human glioma cells: reduction-mislocalization of sodium-dependent glutamate transporters and enhanced activity of cystine-glutamate exchange. J. Neurosci. 19, 10767\u201310777 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0901-1010","volume":"7","author":"T Takano","year":"2001","unstructured":"Takano, T. et al. Glutamate release promotes growth of malignant gliomas. Nat. Med. 7, 1010\u20131015 (2001).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1772","volume":"14","author":"NE Savaskan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Savaskan, N. E. et al. Small interfering RNA-mediated xCT silencing in gliomas inhibits neurodegeneration and alleviates brain edema. Nat. Med. 14, 629\u2013632 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21113","volume":"59","author":"J de Groot","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Groot, J. & Sontheimer, H. Glutamate and the biology of gliomas. Glia 59, 1181\u20131189 (2011).","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318266fa89","volume":"79","author":"TI Yuen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yuen, T. I. et al. Glutamate is associated with a higher risk of seizures in patients with gliomas. Neurology 79, 883\u2013889 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2010.01.004","volume":"56","author":"S Kandil","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kandil, S., Brennan, L. & McBean, G. J. Glutathione depletion causes a JNK and p38MAPK-mediated increase in expression of cystathionine-\u03b3-lyase and upregulation of the transsulfuration pathway in C6 glioma cells. Neurochem. Int. 56, 611\u2013619 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.8.19.9762","volume":"8","author":"E Noch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Noch, E. & Khalili, K. Molecular mechanisms of necrosis in glioblastoma: the role of glutamate excitotoxicity. Cancer Biol. Ther. 8, 1791\u20131797 (2009).","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii39","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou174.146","volume":"16","author":"A Duran-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duran-Pe\u00f1a, A. et al. IDH1 mutation in low-grade gliomas related to epilepsy as initial symptom. Neuro Oncol. 16 (Suppl. 2), ii39\u2013ii40 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2011.12.007","volume":"21","author":"F Stockhammer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stockhammer, F. et al. IDH1\/2 mutations in WHO grade II astrocytomas associated with localization and seizure as the initial symptom. Seizure 21, 194\u2013197 (2012).","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808710","volume":"360","author":"H Yan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yan, H. et al. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. N. Engl. J. Med. 360, 765\u2013773 (2009).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4150","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.21.9832","volume":"27","author":"M Sanson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sanson, M. et al. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 codon 132 mutation is an important prognostic biomarker in gliomas. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 4150\u20134154 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116ra4","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002693","volume":"4","author":"OC Andronesi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Andronesi, O. C. et al. Detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate in IDH-mutated glioma patients by in vivo spectral-editing and 2D correlation magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Sci. Transl. Med. 4, 116ra4 (2012).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3097","volume":"27","author":"A Elkhaled","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elkhaled, A. et al. Characterization of metabolites in infiltrating gliomas using ex vivo1H high-resolution magic angle spinning spectroscopy. NMR Biomed. 27, 578\u2013593 (2014).","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9463","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-2034","volume":"67","author":"SA Lyons","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lyons, S. A., Chung, W. J., Weaver, A. K., Ogunrinu, T. & Sontheimer, H. Autocrine glutamate signaling promotes glioma cell invasion. Cancer Res. 67, 9463\u20139471 (2007).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01633.x","volume":"84","author":"M D'Onofrio","year":"2003","unstructured":"D'Onofrio, M. et al. Pharmacological blockade of mGlu2\/3 metabotropic glutamate receptors reduces cell proliferation in cultured human glioma cells. J. Neurochem. 84, 1288\u20131295 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-009-0613-1","volume":"132","author":"A Stepulak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stepulak, A. et al. Expression of glutamate receptor subunits in human cancers. Histochem. Cell Biol. 132, 435\u2013445 (2009).","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nop007","volume":"12","author":"H Colman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Colman, H. et al. A multigene predictor of outcome in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol. 12, 49\u201357 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1038\/nm746","volume":"8","author":"S Ishiuchi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ishiuchi, S. et al. Blockage of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors suppresses migration and induces apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells. Nat. Med. 8, 971\u2013978 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6372","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.091113598","volume":"98","author":"W Rzeski","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rzeski, W., Turski, L. & Ikonomidou, C. Glutamate antagonists limit tumor growth. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 6372\u20136377 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7987","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2180-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"S Ishiuchi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ishiuchi, S. et al. Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors regulate growth of human glioblastoma via Akt activation. J. Neurosci. 27, 7987\u20138001 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-008-9552-2","volume":"88","author":"JF de Groot","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Groot, J. F., Piao, Y., Lu, L., Fuller, G. N. & Yung, W. K. Knockdown of GluR1 expression by RNA interference inhibits glioma proliferation. J. Neurooncol. 88, 121\u2013133 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-3106","volume":"16","author":"SA Grossman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grossman, S. A. et al. Survival of patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma treated with radiation and temozolomide in research studies in the United States. Clin. Cancer Res. 16, 2443\u20132449 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24957","volume":"116","author":"FM Iwamoto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Iwamoto, F. M. et al. Phase 2 trial of talampanel, a glutamate receptor inhibitor, for adults with recurrent malignant gliomas. Cancer 116, 1776\u20131782 (2010).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR37","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.12.JNS13641","volume":"120","author":"K Yohay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yohay, K. et al. Efficacy of local polymer-based and systemic delivery of the anti-glutamatergic agents riluzole and memantine in rat glioma models. J. Neurosurg. 120, 854\u2013863 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR39","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21301","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4019","volume":"6","author":"J Ching","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ching, J. et al. The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone increases functional expression of the glutamate transporter excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) in human glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 6, 21301\u201321314 (2015).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2014.00052","volume":"4","author":"HP Ellis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ellis, H. P. & Kurian, K. M. Biological rationale for the use of PPAR\u03b3 agonists in glioblastoma. Front. Oncol. 4, 52 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64541","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064541","volume":"8","author":"M Puligheddu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Puligheddu, M. et al. PPAR-alpha agonists as novel antiepileptic drugs: preclinical findings. PLoS ONE 8, e64541 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.14581\/jer.14011","volume":"4","author":"L Saha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saha, L., Bhandari, S., Bhatia, A., Banerjee, D. & Chakrabarti, A. Anti-kindling effect of bezafibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha agonist, in pentylenetetrazole induced kindling seizure model. J. Epilepsy Res. 4, 45\u201354 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-3626","volume":"65","author":"JF de Groot","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Groot, J. F., Liu, T. J., Fuller, G. & Yung, W. K. The excitatory amino acid transporter-2 induces apoptosis and decreases glioma growth in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res. 65, 1934\u20131940 (2005).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0185-x","volume":"100","author":"C Grommes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grommes, C., Conway, D. S., Alshekhlee, A. & Barnholtz-Sloan, J. S. Inverse association of PPAR\u03b3 agonists use and high grade glioma development. J. Neurooncol. 100, 233\u2013239 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1215\/S1152851704000961","volume":"7","author":"A Arcella","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arcella, A. et al. Pharmacological blockade of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors reduces the growth of glioma cells in vivo. Neuro Oncol. 7, 236\u2013245 (2005).","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03180","volume":"433","author":"JD Rothstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rothstein, J. D. et al. \u03b2-lactam antibiotics offer neuroprotection by increasing glutamate transporter expression. Nature 433, 73\u201377 (2005).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1236062","volume":"340","author":"D Rohle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rohle, D. et al. An inhibitor of mutant IDH1 delays growth and promotes differentiation of glioma cells. Science 340, 626\u2013630 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1023\/B:NERE.0000010462.72557.6d","volume":"29","author":"L Bianchi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bianchi, L. et al. Extracellular levels of amino acids and choline in human high grade gliomas: an intraoperative microdialysis study. Neurochem. Res. 29, 325\u2013334 (2004).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.77.2.0209","volume":"77","author":"MM Haglund","year":"1992","unstructured":"Haglund, M. M. et al. Changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid and somatostatin in epileptic cortex associated with low-grade gliomas. J. Neurosurg. 77, 209\u2013216 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(97)00090-7","volume":"44","author":"P Marco","year":"1997","unstructured":"Marco, P., Sola, R. G., Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, S. & DeFelipe, J. Loss of inhibitory synapses on the soma and axon initial segment of pyramidal cells in human epileptic peritumoural neocortex. Brain Res. Bull. 44, 47\u201366 (1997).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.04.009","volume":"155","author":"R K\u00f6hling","year":"2006","unstructured":"K\u00f6hling, R. & Avoli, M. Methodological approaches to exploring epileptic disorders in the human brain in vitro. J. Neurosci. Methods 155, 1\u201319 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-013-1781-2","volume":"155","author":"WS Chang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang, W. S. et al. Decreased inhibitory neuronal activity in patients with frontal lobe brain tumors with seizure presentation: preliminary study using magnetoencephalography. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 155, 1449\u20131457 (2013).","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. (Wien)"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37041","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037041","volume":"7","author":"A Smits","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smits, A. et al. GABA-A channel subunit expression in human glioma correlates with tumor histology and clinical outcome. PLoS ONE 7, e37041 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00036.x","volume":"10","author":"C Labrakakis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Labrakakis, C., Patt, S., Hartmann, J. & Kettenmann, H. Functional GABAA receptors on human glioma cells. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 231\u2013238 (1998).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR56","first-page":"171","volume":"24","author":"SZ Young","year":"2009","unstructured":"Young, S. Z. & Bordey, A. GABA's control of stem and cancer cell proliferation in adult neural and peripheral niches. Physiology (Bethesda) 24, 171\u2013185 (2009).","journal-title":"Physiology (Bethesda)"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90840.2008","volume":"101","author":"CW Habela","year":"2009","unstructured":"Habela, C. W., Ernest, N. J., Swindall, A. F. & Sontheimer, H. Chloride accumulation drives volume dynamics underlying cell proliferation and migration. J. Neurophysiol. 101, 750\u2013757 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9205","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1897-08.2008","volume":"28","author":"CW Habela","year":"2008","unstructured":"Habela, C. W., Olsen, M. L. & Sontheimer, H. ClC3 is a critical regulator of the cell cycle in normal and malignant glial cells. J. Neurosci. 28, 9205\u20139217 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17250","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3938-11.2011","volume":"31","author":"S Watkins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Watkins, S. & Sontheimer, H. Hydrodynamic cellular volume changes enable glioma cell invasion. J. Neurosci. 31, 17250\u201317259 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5597","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-4666","volume":"70","author":"BR Haas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haas, B. R. & Sontheimer, H. Inhibition of the sodium\u2013potassium\u2013chloride cotransporter isoform-1 reduces glioma invasion. Cancer Res. 70, 5597\u20135606 (2010).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1451","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00503.2004","volume":"288","author":"NJ Ernest","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ernest, N. J., Weaver, A. K., Van Duyn, L. B. & Sontheimer, H. W. Relative contribution of chloride channels and transporters to regulatory volume decrease in human glioma cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 288, C1451\u2013C1460 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001320","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001320","volume":"10","author":"T Garzon-Muvdi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garzon-Muvdi, T. et al. Regulation of brain tumor dispersal by NKCC1 through a novel role in focal adhesion regulation. PLoS Biol. 10, e1001320 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1159\/000339047","volume":"30","author":"J Algharabil","year":"2012","unstructured":"Algharabil, J. et al. Inhibition of Na+\u2013K+\u22122Cl\u2212 cotransporter isoform 1 accelerates temozolomide-mediated apoptosis in glioblastoma cancer cells. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 30, 33\u201348 (2012).","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C527","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00248.2011","volume":"302","author":"VA Cuddapah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cuddapah, V. A. et al. Kinase activation of ClC-3 accelerates cytoplasmic condensation during mitotic cell rounding. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 302, C527\u2013C538 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20524","volume":"55","author":"E McCoy","year":"2007","unstructured":"McCoy, E. & Sontheimer, H. Expression and function of water channels (aquaporins) in migrating malignant astrocytes. Glia 55, 1034\u20131043 (2007).","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3980-12.2013","volume":"33","author":"VA Cuddapah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cuddapah, V. A., Turner, K. L., Seifert, S. & Sontheimer, H. Bradykinin-induced chemotaxis of human gliomas requires the activation of KCa3.1 and ClC-3. J. Neurosci. 33, 1427\u20131440 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2015.01.563","volume":"171","author":"G Huberfeld","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huberfeld, G., Blauwblomme, T. & Miles, R. Hippocampus and epilepsy: findings from human tissues. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 171, 236\u2013251 (2015).","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. (Paris)"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9866","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2761-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"G Huberfeld","year":"2007","unstructured":"Huberfeld, G. et al. Perturbed chloride homeostasis and GABAergic signaling in human temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 27, 9866\u20139873 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8465","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602979103","volume":"103","author":"E Palma","year":"2006","unstructured":"Palma, E. et al. Anomalous levels of Cl\u2212 transporters in the hippocampal subiculum from temporal lobe epilepsy patients make GABA excitatory. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 8465\u20138468 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.00986.x","volume":"48","author":"A Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, A., M\u00e9ndez, P., DeFelipe, J. & Alvarez-Leefmans, F. J. Cation\u2013chloride cotransporters and GABA-ergic innervation in the human epileptic hippocampus. Epilepsia 48, 663\u2013673 (2007).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.08.015","volume":"45","author":"C Cepeda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cepeda, C. et al. Enhanced GABAergic network and receptor function in pediatric cortical dysplasia type IIB compared with tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurobiol. Dis. 45, 310\u2013321 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22696","volume":"71","author":"DM Talos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Talos, D. M. et al. Altered inhibition in tuberous sclerosis and type IIb cortical dysplasia. Ann. Neurol. 71, 539\u2013551 (2012).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22730","volume":"63","author":"SL Campbell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Campbell, S. L. et al. GABAergic disinhibition and impaired KCC2 cotransporter activity underlie tumor-associated epilepsy. Glia 63, 23\u201336 (2015).","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03111.x","volume":"52","author":"L Conti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Conti, L. et al. Anomalous levels of Cl\u2212 transporters cause a decrease of GABAergic inhibition in human peritumoral epileptic cortex. Epilepsia 52, 1635\u20131644 (2011).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.11.041","volume":"145","author":"E Aronica","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aronica, E. et al. Differential expression patterns of chloride transporters, Na+\u2013K+\u20132Cl\u2212-cotransporter and K+\u2013Cl\u2212-cotransporter, in epilepsy-associated malformations of cortical development. Neuroscience 145, 185\u2013196 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04223","volume":"438","author":"JA Coull","year":"2005","unstructured":"Coull, J. A. et al. BDNF from microglia causes the shift in neuronal anion gradient underlying neuropathic pain. Nature 438, 1017\u20131021 (2005).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2806","volume":"14","author":"HH Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee, H. H., Deeb, T. Z., Walker, J. A., Davies, P. A. & Moss, S. J. NMDA receptor activity downregulates KCC2 resulting in depolarizing GABAA receptor-mediated currents. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 736\u2013743 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1150","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00203.2011","volume":"301","author":"BR Haas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haas, B. R. et al. With-no-lysine kinase 3 (WNK3) stimulates glioma invasion by regulating cell volume. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 301, C1150\u2013C1160 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-13-31","volume":"13","author":"W Zhu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhu, W. et al. WNK1\u2013OSR1 kinase-mediated phospho-activation of Na+\u2013K+\u20132Cl\u2212 cotransporter facilitates glioma migration. Mol. Cancer 13, 31 (2014).","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22248","volume":"46","author":"X Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. The effect of bumetanide on photodynamic therapy-induced peri-tumor edema of C6 glioma xenografts. Lasers Surg. Med. 46, 422\u2013430 (2014).","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11745","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1769-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"VI Dzhala","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dzhala, V. I. et al. Progressive NKCC1-dependent neuronal chloride accumulation during neonatal seizures. J. Neurosci. 30, 11745\u201311761 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr041","volume":"134","author":"R Nardou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nardou, R. et al. Neuronal chloride accumulation and excitatory GABA underlie aggravation of neonatal epileptiform activities by phenobarbital. Brain 134, 987\u20131002 (2011).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90403.2008","volume":"100","author":"S Rheims","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rheims, S., Represa, A., Ben-Ari, Y. & Zilberter, Y. Layer-specific generation and propagation of seizures in slices of developing neocortex: role of excitatory GABAergic synapses. J. Neurophysiol. 100, 620\u2013628 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2007.06.015","volume":"53","author":"W Kilb","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kilb, W., Sinning, A. & Luhmann, H. J. Model-specific effects of bumetanide on epileptiform activity in the in-vitro intact hippocampus of the newborn mouse. Neuropharmacology 53, 524\u2013533 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073809333526","volume":"24","author":"KT Kahle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kahle, K. T., Barnett, S. M., Sassower, K. C. & Staley, K. J. Decreased seizure activity in a human neonate treated with bumetanide, an inhibitor of the Na+\u2013K+\u20132Cl\u2212 cotransporter NKCC1. J. Child Neurol. 24, 572\u2013576 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03654.x","volume":"54","author":"S Eftekhari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eftekhari, S. et al. Bumetanide reduces seizure frequency in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 54, e9\u2013e12 (2013).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR87","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70303-5","volume":"14","author":"RM Pressler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pressler, R. M. et al. Bumetanide for the treatment of seizures in newborn babies with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (NEMO): an open-label, dose finding, and feasibility Phase 1\/2 trial. Lancet Neurol. 14, 469\u2013477 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24124","volume":"75","author":"K T\u00f6llner","year":"2014","unstructured":"T\u00f6llner, K. et al. A novel prodrug-based strategy to increase effects of bumetanide in epilepsy. Ann. Neurol. 75, 550\u2013562 (2014).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3356","volume":"19","author":"M Gagnon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gagnon, M. et al. Chloride extrusion enhancers as novel therapeutics for neurological diseases. Nat. Med. 19, 1524\u20131528 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.04.006","volume":"79","author":"S Hamidi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hamidi, S. & Avoli, M. KCC2 function modulates in vitro ictogenesis. Neurobiol. Dis. 79, 51\u201358 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10083","volume":"39","author":"SA Lyons","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lyons, S. A., O'Neal, J. & Sontheimer, H. Chlorotoxin, a scorpion-derived peptide, specifically binds to gliomas and tumors of neuroectodermal origin. Glia 39, 162\u2013173 (2002).","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3181\/0711-MR-308","volume":"233","author":"H Sontheimer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sontheimer, H. An unexpected role for ion channels in brain tumor metastasis. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 233, 779\u2013791 (2008).","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR94","first-page":"4515","volume":"30","author":"VC Lui","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lui, V. C., Lung, S. S., Pu, J. K., Hung, K. N. & Leung, G. K. Invasion of human glioma cells is regulated by multiple chloride channels including ClC-3. Anticancer Res. 30, 4515\u20134524 (2010).","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.09.034","volume":"84","author":"JO Lipton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lipton, J. O. & Sahin, M. The neurology of mTOR. Neuron 84, 275\u2013291 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20211","volume":"56","author":"M Baybis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Baybis, M. et al. mTOR cascade activation distinguishes tubers from focal cortical dysplasia. Ann. Neurol. 56, 478\u2013487 (2004).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182768923","volume":"79","author":"AR Mohamed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mohamed, A. R. et al. Intrinsic epileptogenicity of cortical tubers revealed by intracranial EEG monitoring. Neurology 79, 2249\u20132257 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11441","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1283-12.2012","volume":"32","author":"MC Weston","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weston, M. C., Chen, H. & Swann, J. W. Multiple roles for mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in both glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission. J. Neurosci. 32, 11441\u201311452 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.03.017","volume":"78","author":"HS Bateup","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bateup, H. S. et al. Excitatory\/inhibitory synaptic imbalance leads to hippocampal hyperexcitability in mouse models of tuberous sclerosis. Neuron 78, 510\u2013522 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4563","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5563","volume":"5","author":"N Lozovaya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lozovaya, N. et al. Selective suppression of excessive GluN2C expression rescues early epilepsy in a tuberous sclerosis murine model. Nat. Commun. 5, 4563 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1215\/15228517-4-3-196","volume":"4","author":"CB Knobbe","year":"2002","unstructured":"Knobbe, C. B., Merlo, A. & Reifenberger, G. Pten signaling in gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 4, 196\u2013211 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR102","first-page":"2387","volume":"7","author":"A Chakravarti","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chakravarti, A. et al. Prognostic and pathologic significance of quantitative protein expression profiling in human gliomas. Clin. Cancer Res. 7, 2387\u20132395 (2001).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12081","volume":"24","author":"AS Prabowo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Prabowo, A. S. et al. BRAF V600E mutation is associated with mTOR signaling activation in glioneuronal tumors. Brain Pathol. 24, 52\u201366 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2015.00054","volume":"5","author":"CL Penman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Penman, C. L., Faulkner, C., Lowis, S. P. & Kurian, K. M. Current understanding of BRAF alterations in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic targeting in pediatric low-grade gliomas. Front. Oncol. 5, 54 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20784","volume":"59","author":"DN Franz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Franz, D. N. et al. Rapamycin causes regression of astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis complex. Ann. Neurol. 59, 490\u2013498 (2006).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001671","volume":"363","author":"DA Krueger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krueger, D. A. et al. Everolimus for subependymal giant-cell astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 363, 1801\u20131811 (2010).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-013-0800-5","volume":"34","author":"A Sami","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sami, A. & Karsy, M. Targeting the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway in glioblastoma: novel therapeutic agents and advances in understanding. Tumour Biol. 34, 1991\u20132002 (2013).","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR108","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2016)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR109","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2012)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR110","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2016)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR111","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2016)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR112","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR113","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2012)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR114","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR115","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2013)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR116","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR117","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR118","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2016)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5422","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0955-08.2008","volume":"28","author":"L Meikle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meikle, L. et al. Response of a neuronal model of tuberous sclerosis to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors: effects on mTORC1 and Akt signaling lead to improved survival and function. J. Neurosci. 28, 5422\u20135432 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21331","volume":"63","author":"LH Zeng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zeng, L. H., Xu, L., Gutmann, D. H. & Wong, M. Rapamycin prevents epilepsy in a mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex. Ann. Neurol. 63, 444\u2013453 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23960","volume":"74","author":"DA Krueger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krueger, D. A. et al. Everolimus treatment of refractory epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex. Ann. Neurol. 74, 679\u2013687 (2013).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2013.06.002","volume":"17","author":"G Wiegand","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wiegand, G. et al. Everolimus in tuberous sclerosis patients with intractable epilepsy: a treatment option? Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. 17, 631\u2013638 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.12.053","volume":"164","author":"M Cardamone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cardamone, M. et al. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors for intractable epilepsy and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis complex. J. Pediatr. 164, 1195\u20131200 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR124","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2016)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR125","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways. Nature 455, 1061\u20131068 (2008).","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07385"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4677","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2011.614","volume":"31","author":"A Bangert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bangert, A. et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors sensitize glioblastoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by c-myc-mediated downregulation of cFLIP. Oncogene 31, 4677\u20134688 (2012).","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2011.1577","volume":"27","author":"\u0160 Cipro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cipro, \u0160., Hr\u02d8ebac\u02d8kov\u00e1, J., Hrabe\u02d8ta, J., Poljakov\u00e1, J. & Eckschlager, T. Valproic acid overcomes hypoxia-induced resistance to apoptosis. Oncol. Rep. 27, 1219\u20131226 (2012).","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-011-0725-z","volume":"107","author":"KA Van Nifterik","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van Nifterik, K. A. et al. Valproic acid sensitizes human glioma cells for temozolomide and \u03b3-radiation. J. Neurooncol. 107, 61\u201367 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-010-0707-1","volume":"89","author":"CH Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen, C. H., Chang, Y. J., Ku, M. S., Chung, K. T. & Yang, J. T. Enhancement of temozolomide-induced apoptosis by valproic acid in human glioma cell lines through redox regulation. J. Mol. Med. (Berl.) 89, 303\u2013315 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med. (Berl.)"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.2014.940329","volume":"14","author":"SA Brodie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brodie, S. A. & Brandes, J. C. Could valproic acid be an effective anticancer agent? The evidence so far. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther. 14, 1097\u20131100 (2014).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822f02e1","volume":"77","author":"M Weller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weller, M. et al. Prolonged survival with valproic acid use in the EORTC\/NCIC temozolomide trial for glioblastoma. Neurology 77, 1156\u20131164 (2011).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not057","volume":"15","author":"M Kerkhof","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kerkhof, M. et al. Effect of valproic acid on seizure control and on survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Neuro Oncol. 15, 961\u2013967 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2015.04.038","volume":"92","author":"AV Krauze","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krauze, A. V. et al. A Phase 2 study of concurrent radiation therapy, temozolomide, and the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid for patients with glioblastoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 92, 986\u2013992 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"issue":"Suppl. 5","key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR135","first-page":"v12","volume":"17","author":"C Happold","year":"2015","unstructured":"Happold, C. et al. Does valproic acid improve survival in glioblastoma? A meta-analysis of randomized trials in newly diagnosed glioblastoma [abstract]. Neuro Oncol. 17 (Suppl. 5), v12 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noq044","volume":"12","author":"GC Bobustuc","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bobustuc, G. C. et al. Levetiracetam enhances p53-mediated MGMT inhibition and sensitizes glioblastoma cells to temozolomide. Neuro Oncol. 12, 917\u2013927 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29439","volume":"121","author":"YH Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim, Y. H. et al. Survival benefit of levetiracetam in patients treated with concomitant chemoradiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide for glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer 121, 2926\u20132932 (2015).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4155","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.21.6895","volume":"27","author":"SA Grossman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grossman, S. A. et al. Talampanel with standard radiation and temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a multicenter Phase II trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 4155\u20134161 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2012.00582.x","volume":"22","author":"M Thom","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thom, M., Bl\u00fcmcke, I. & Aronica, E. Long-term epilepsy-associated tumors. Brain Pathol. 22, 350\u2013379 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03269.x","volume":"53","author":"DJ Englot","year":"2012","unstructured":"Englot, D. J., Berger, M. S., Barbaro, N. M. & Chang, E. F. Factors associated with seizure freedom in the surgical resection of glioneuronal tumors. Epilepsia 53, 51\u201357 (2012).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt345","volume":"137","author":"J Pallud","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pallud, J. et al. Epileptic seizures in diffuse low-grade gliomas in adults. Brain 137, 449\u2013462 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31823c3a30","volume":"70","author":"DJ Englot","year":"2012","unstructured":"Englot, D. J., Han, S. J., Berger, M. S., Barbaro, N. M. & Chang, E. F. Extent of surgical resection predicts seizure freedom in low-grade temporal lobe brain tumors. Neurosurgery 70, 921\u2013928 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.56102.x","volume":"44","author":"C Luyken","year":"2003","unstructured":"Luyken, C. et al. The spectrum of long-term epilepsy-associated tumors: long-term seizure and tumor outcome and neurosurgical aspects. Epilepsia 44, 822\u2013830 (2003).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/108\/2\/0227","volume":"108","author":"EF Chang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chang, E. F. et al. Seizure characteristics and control following resection in 332 patients with low-grade gliomas. J. Neurosurg. 108, 227\u2013235 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.2.JNS081132","volume":"111","author":"KL Chaichana","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chaichana, K. L., Parker, S. L., Olivi, A. & Qui\u00f1ones-Hinojosa, A. Long-term seizure outcomes in adult patients undergoing primary resection of malignant brain astrocytomas. J. Neurosurg. 111, 282\u2013292 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.3.JNS1153","volume":"115","author":"DJ Englot","year":"2011","unstructured":"Englot, D. J., Berger, M. S., Barbaro, N. M. & Chang, E. F. Predictors of seizure freedom after resection of supratentorial low-grade gliomas. A review. J. Neurosurg. 115, 240\u2013244 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67070-5","volume":"366","author":"MJ van den Bent","year":"2005","unstructured":"van den Bent, M. J. et al. Long-term efficacy of early versus delayed radiotherapy for low-grade astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma in adults: the EORTC 22845 randomised trial. Lancet 366, 985\u2013990 (2005).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not109","volume":"15","author":"R Rud\u00e0","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rud\u00e0, R. et al. Seizure control following radiotherapy in patients with diffuse gliomas: a retrospective study. Neuro Oncol. 15, 1739\u20131749 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdg502","volume":"14","author":"A Pace","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pace, A. et al. Temozolomide chemotherapy for progressive low-grade glioma: clinical benefits and radiological response. Ann. Oncol. 14, 1722\u20131726 (2003).","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR150","first-page":"iv55","volume":"14","author":"R Rud\u00e0","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rud\u00e0, R., Bello, L., Duffau, H. & Soffietti, R. Seizures in low-grade gliomas: natural history, pathogenesis, and outcome after treatments. Neuro Oncol. 14 (Suppl. 4), iv55\u2013iv64 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nov032","volume":"17","author":"JA Koekkoek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koekkoek, J. A. et al. Seizure outcome after radiotherapy and chemotherapy in low-grade glioma patients: a systematic review. Neuro Oncol. 17, 924\u2013934 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000262034.26310.a2","volume":"68","author":"G Kaloshi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kaloshi, G. et al. Temozolomide for low-grade gliomas: predictive impact of 1p\/19q loss on response and outcome. Neurology 68, 1831\u20131836 (2007).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.12.JNS101602","volume":"114","author":"JH Sherman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sherman, J. H. et al. Impact of temozolomide chemotherapy on seizure frequency in patients with low-grade gliomas. J. Neurosurg. 114, 1617\u20131621 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roelcke, U. et al. Amino acid positron emission tomography to monitor chemotherapy response and predict seizure control and progression-free survival in WHO grade II gliomas. Neuro Oncol. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/nov282 (2015).","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nov282"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-015-1975-y","volume":"126","author":"JA Koekkoek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koekkoek, J. A. et al. Seizure reduction is a prognostic marker in low-grade glioma patients treated with temozolomide. J. Neurooncol. 126, 347\u2013354 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001487","volume":"84","author":"A Krumholz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krumholz, A. et al. Evidence-based guideline: management of an unprovoked first seizure in adults: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology 84, 1705\u20131713 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.10.1886","volume":"54","author":"MJ Glantz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Glantz, M. J. et al. Practice parameter: anticonvulsant prophylaxis in patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors. Neurology 54, 1886\u20131893 (2000).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03151.x","volume":"17","author":"R Soffietti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Soffietti, R. et al. Guidelines on management of low-grade gliomas: report of an EFNS\u2013EANO Task Force. Eur. J. Neurol. 17, 1124\u20131133 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12074","volume":"54","author":"T Glauser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Glauser, T. et al. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia 54, 551\u2013563 (2013).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2005.06.001","volume":"7","author":"S Karceski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Karceski, S., Morrell, M. J. & Carpenter, D. Treatment of epilepsy in adults: expert opinion, 2005. Epilepsy Behav. 7 (Suppl. 1), S1\u2013S64 (2005).","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0460-x","volume":"104","author":"M Maschio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maschio, M. et al. Levetiracetam monotherapy in patients with brain tumor-related epilepsy: seizure control, safety, and quality of life. J. Neurooncol. 104, 205\u2013214 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.335","volume":"67","author":"A Rosati","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rosati, A. et al. Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam in patients with glioma: a clinical prospective study. Arch. Neurol. 67, 343\u2013346 (2010).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2008.07.012","volume":"13","author":"C Helmstaedter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Helmstaedter, C. & Witt, J. A. The effects of levetiracetam on cognition: a non-interventional surveillance study. Epilepsy Behav. 13, 642\u2013649 (2008).","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nos288","volume":"15","author":"M de Groot","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Groot, M. et al. Levetiracetam improves verbal memory in high-grade glioma patients. Neuro Oncol. 15, 216\u2013223 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR165","first-page":"CD001901","volume":"9","author":"GK Mbizvo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mbizvo, G. K., Dixon, P., Hutton, J. L. & Marson, A. G. Levetiracetam add-on for drug-resistant focal epilepsy: an updated Cochrane Review. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 9, CD001901 (2012).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benit, C. & Vecht, C. J. Seizures and cancer: drug interactions of anticonvulsants with chemotherapeutic agents, tyrosine-kinase inhibitors and glucocorticoids. Neuro Oncol. Pract. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093\/nop\/npv038 (2015).","DOI":"10.1093\/nop\/npv038"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR167","first-page":"391","volume":"28","author":"W Wick","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wick, W. et al. Pharmacotherapy of epileptic seizures in glioma patients: who, when, why and how long? Onkologie 28, 391\u2013396 (2005).","journal-title":"Onkologie"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12083","volume":"76","author":"PN Bodalia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bodalia, P. N. et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of anti-epileptic drugs for refractory focal epilepsy: systematic review and network meta-analysis reveals the need for long term comparator trials. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 76, 649\u2013667 (2013).","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR169","first-page":"CD010236","volume":"10","author":"R Bromley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bromley, R. et al. Treatment for epilepsy in pregnancy: neurodevelopmental outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 10, CD010236 (2014).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.2270","volume":"309","author":"J Christensen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Christensen, J. et al. Prenatal valproate exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorders and childhood autism. JAMA 309, 1696\u20131703 (2013).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2014-0060","volume":"19","author":"CJ Vecht","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vecht, C. J., Kerkhof, M. & Duran-Pena, A. Seizure prognosis in brain tumors: new insights and evidence-based management. Oncologist 19, 751\u2013759 (2014).","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2011.01.004","volume":"20","author":"MJ Brodie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brodie, M. J. & Sills, G. J. Combining antiepileptic drugs \u2014 rational polytherapy? Seizure 20, 369\u2013375 (2011).","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"Suppl. 8","key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02238.x","volume":"50","author":"JA French","year":"2009","unstructured":"French, J. A. & Faught, E. Rational polytherapy. Epilepsia 50 (Suppl. 8), 63\u201368 (2009).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnf.0000159956.87511.67","volume":"28","author":"C Otoul","year":"2005","unstructured":"Otoul, C., Arrigo, C., van Rijckevorsel, K. & French, J. A. Meta-analysis and indirect comparisons of levetiracetam with other second-generation antiepileptic drugs in partial epilepsy. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 28, 72\u201378 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001861","volume":"85","author":"MJ Prust","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prust, M. J. et al. Standard chemoradiation for glioblastoma results in progressive brain volume loss. Neurology 85, 683\u2013691 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01713.x","volume":"50","author":"RM Kaminski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaminski, R. M., Matagne, A., Patsalos, P. N. & Klitgaard, H. Benefit of combination therapy in epilepsy: a review of the preclinical evidence with levetiracetam. Epilepsia 50, 387\u2013397 (2009).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0b013e328330c669","volume":"21","author":"D Ricard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ricard, D., Taillia, H. & Renard, J. L. Brain damage from anticancer treatments in adults. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 21, 559\u2013565 (2009).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10712","volume":"54","author":"M Klein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Klein, M. et al. Epilepsy in low-grade gliomas: the impact on cognitive function and quality of life. Ann. Neurol. 54, 514\u2013520 (2003).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-006-9212-3","volume":"81","author":"DD Correa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Correa, D. D. et al. Cognitive functions in low-grade gliomas: disease and treatment effects. J. Neurooncol. 81, 175\u2013184 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-007-9474-4","volume":"86","author":"DD Correa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Correa, D. D. et al. Longitudinal cognitive follow-up in low grade gliomas. J. Neurooncol. 86, 321\u2013327 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.09.015","volume":"26","author":"JA Witt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Witt, J. A. & Helmstaedter, C. Monitoring the cognitive effects of antiepileptic pharmacotherapy \u2014 approaching the individual patient. Epilepsy Behav. 26, 450\u2013456 (2013).","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.11.052","volume":"26","author":"C Helmstaedter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Helmstaedter, C. & Witt, J. A. The longer-term cognitive effects of adjunctive antiepileptic treatment with lacosamide in comparison with lamotrigine and topiromate in a naturalistic outpatient setting. Epilepsy Behav. 26, 182\u2013187 (2013).","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(96)01007-8","volume":"26","author":"MJ Brodie","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brodie, M. J. & Yuen, A. W. Lamotrigine substitution study: evidence for synergism with sodium valproate? Epilepsy Res. 26, 423\u2013432 (1997).","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.1.JNS12397","volume":"118","author":"MG Saria","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saria, M. G. et al. Retrospective analysis of the tolerability and activity of lacosamide in patients with brain tumors: clinical article. J. Neurosurg. 118, 1183\u20131187 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-007-0274-3","volume":"15","author":"RP Riechelmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Riechelmann, R. P. Drug combinations with the potential to interact among cancer patients. Support. Care Cancer 15, 1113\u20131114 (2007).","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02503-4","volume":"356","author":"MV Relling","year":"2000","unstructured":"Relling, M. V. et al. Adverse effect of anticonvulsants on efficacy of chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet 356, 285\u2013290 (2000).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03671.x","volume":"54","author":"MJ Brodie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brodie, M. J. et al. Enzyme induction with antiepileptic drugs: cause for concern? Epilepsia 54, 11\u201327 (2013).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR188","first-page":"1027","volume":"3","author":"MR Gilbert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gilbert, M. R. & Armstrong, T. S. Management of patients with newly diagnosed malignant primary brain tumors with a focus on the evolving role of temozolomide. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 3, 1027\u20131033 (2007).","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-008-9651-0","volume":"90","author":"M Maschio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maschio, M. et al. Temozolomide treatment does not affect topiramate and oxcarbazepine plasma concentrations in chronically treated patients with brain tumor-related epilepsy. J. Neurooncol. 90, 217\u2013221 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0b013e32835dc7c5","volume":"24","author":"DW Coulter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Coulter, D. W. et al. Valproic acid reduces the tolerability of temsirolimus in children and adolescents with solid tumors. Anticancer Drugs 24, 415\u2013421 (2013).","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008331708395","volume":"12","author":"V Bourg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bourg, V., Lebrun, C., Chichmanian, R. M., Thomas, P. & Frenay, M. Nitroso-urea-cisplatin-based chemotherapy associated with valproate: increase of haematologic toxicity. Ann. Oncol. 12, 217\u2013219 (2001).","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00587.x","volume":"47","author":"T Gerstner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gerstner, T. et al. Valproate-associated coagulopathies are frequent and variable in children. Epilepsia 47, 1136\u20131143 (2006).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1080939","volume":"69","author":"T Psaras","year":"2008","unstructured":"Psaras, T. et al. Quantitative assessment of postoperative blood collection in brain tumor surgery under valproate medication. Zentralbl. Neurochir. 69, 165\u2013169 (2008).","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Neurochir."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-012-0836-1","volume":"108","author":"M Sim\u00f3","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sim\u00f3, M. et al. Impact of antiepileptic drugs on thrombocytopenia in glioblastoma patients treated with standard chemoradiotherapy. J. Neurooncol. 108, 451\u2013458 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7552-z","volume":"262","author":"A Tinchon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tinchon, A. et al. Haematological toxicity of valproic acid compared to levetiracetam in patients with glioblastoma multiforme undergoing concomitant radio-chemotherapy: a retrospective cohort study. J. Neurol. 262, 179\u2013186 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-013-0067-4","volume":"52","author":"D Italiano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Italiano, D. & Perucca, E. Clinical pharmacokinetics of new-generation antiepileptic drugs at the extremes of age: an update. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 52, 627\u2013645 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31825ee389","volume":"34","author":"C Johannessen Landmark","year":"2012","unstructured":"Johannessen Landmark, C. et al. Pharmacokinetic variability of four newer antiepileptic drugs, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, and topiramate: a comparison of the impact of age and comedication. Ther. Drug Monit. 34, 440\u2013445 (2012).","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.09.007","volume":"20","author":"D de Wit","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Wit, D., Guchelaar, H. J., den Hartigh, J., Gelderblom, H. & van Erp, N. P. Individualized dosing of tyrosine kinase inhibitors: are we there yet? Drug Discov. Today 20, 18\u201336 (2015).","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-013-0087-0","volume":"52","author":"PN Patsalos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patsalos, P. N. Drug interactions with the newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) \u2014 part 1: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between AEDs. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 52, 927\u2013966 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f96282","volume":"75","author":"C Houillier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Houillier, C. et al. IDH1 or IDH2 mutations predict longer survival and response to temozolomide in low-grade gliomas. Neurology 75, 1560\u20131566 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1586\/era.10.202","volume":"11","author":"F Ducray","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ducray, F. et al. Predictive and prognostic factors for gliomas. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther. 11, 781\u2013789 (2011).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12662","volume":"55","author":"SV Liubinas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liubinas, S. V. et al. IDH1 mutation is associated with seizures and protoplasmic subtype in patients with low-grade gliomas. Epilepsia 55, 1438\u20131443 (2014).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-013-1519-9","volume":"140","author":"CB Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, C. B. et al. Correlation of IDH1\/2 mutation with clinicopathologic factors and prognosis in anaplastic gliomas: a report of 203 patients from China. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 140, 45\u201351 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.012","volume":"109","author":"Z Zhong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhong, Z., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., You, G. & Jiang, T. IDH1\/2 mutation is associated with seizure as an initial symptom in low-grade glioma: a report of 311 Chinese adult glioma patients. Epilepsy Res. 109, 100\u2013105 (2015).","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2217\/cns.15.29","volume":"4","author":"M Kerkhof","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kerkhof, M., Benit, C., Duran-Pena, A. & Vecht, C. J. Seizures in oligodendroglial tumors. CNS Oncol. 4, 347\u2013356 (2015).","journal-title":"CNS Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berendsen, S. et al. Prognostic relevance of epilepsy at presentation in glioblastoma patients. Neuro Oncol. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/nov238 (2015).","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nov238"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03306.x","volume":"53","author":"M de Groot","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Groot, M. et al. Overexpression of ADK in human astrocytic tumors and peritumoral tissue is related to tumor-associated epilepsy. Epilepsia 53, 58\u201366 (2012).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR208","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR209","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2009)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR210","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2009)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR211","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2009)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR212","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2009)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR213","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2009)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR214","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2016)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR215","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR216","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2016)."},{"key":"BFnrneurol201626_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.27309","volume":"15","author":"L Booth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Booth, L. et al. HDAC inhibitors enhance the lethality of low dose salinomycin in parental and stem-like GBM cells. Cancer Biol. Ther. 15, 305\u2013316 (2014).","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrneurol.2016.26.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrneurol.2016.26","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrneurol.2016.26.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T04:19:33Z","timestamp":1684469973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrneurol.2016.26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]},"references-count":217,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrneurol201626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.26","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-4758","1759-4766"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-4758","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-4766","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2016","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"G.H. has received consulting and speakers' fees from Eisai. C.J.V. has received consulting and speakers' fees from UCB.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}