{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:32:44Z","timestamp":1791329564038,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":230,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,23]],"date-time":"2016-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,23]],"date-time":"2016-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Rheumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.92","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,24]],"date-time":"2016-06-24T08:36:43Z","timestamp":1466757403000},"page":"517-531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Autophagy: controlling cell fate in rheumatic diseases"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jason S.","family":"Rockel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohit","family":"Kapoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1599207","volume":"21","author":"N Mizushima","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mizushima, N. Autophagy: process and function. Genes Dev. 21, 2861\u20132873 (2007).","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2013.153","volume":"24","author":"AM Cuervo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cuervo, A. M. & Wong, E. Chaperone-mediated autophagy: roles in disease and aging. Cell Res. 24, 92\u2013104 (2014).","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0865-5","volume":"69","author":"WW Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li, W. W., Li, J. & Bao, J. K. Microautophagy: lesser-known self-eating. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 69, 1125\u20131136 (2012).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs15328a","volume":"41","author":"KH Baek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baek, K. H., Park, J. & Shin, I. Autophagy-regulating small molecules and their therapeutic applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 3245\u20133263 (2012).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.500","volume":"7","author":"A Fleming","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fleming, A., Noda, T., Yoshimori, T. & Rubinsztein, D. C. Chemical modulators of autophagy as biological probes and potential therapeutics. Nat. Chem. Biol. 7, 9\u201317 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12792","volume":"171","author":"F Gros","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gros, F. & Muller, S. Pharmacological regulators of autophagy and their link with modulators of lupus disease. Br. J. Pharmacol. 171, 4337\u20134359 (2014).","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11061","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R109.072181","volume":"285","author":"M Renna","year":"2010","unstructured":"Renna, M., Jimenez-Sanchez, M., Sarkar, S. & Rubinsztein, D. C. Chemical inducers of autophagy that enhance the clearance of mutant proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 11061\u201311067 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3802","volume":"11","author":"DC Rubinsztein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rubinsztein, D. C., Codogno, P. & Levine, B. Autophagy modulation as a potential therapeutic target for diverse diseases. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 11, 709\u2013730 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.5.7.9296","volume":"5","author":"N Hosokawa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hosokawa, N. et al. Atg101, a novel mammalian autophagy protein interacting with Atg13. Autophagy 5, 973\u2013979 (2009).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e08-12-1249","volume":"20","author":"CH Jung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jung, C. H. et al. ULK\u2013Atg13\u2013FIP200 complexes mediate mTOR signaling to the autophagy machinery. Mol. Biol. Cell 20, 1992\u20132003 (2009).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.4782","volume":"3","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhao, Z. et al. Coronavirus replication does not require the autophagy gene ATG5. Autophagy 3, 581\u2013585 (2007).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/26506","volume":"395","author":"N Mizushima","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mizushima, N. et al. A protein conjugation system essential for autophagy. Nature 395, 395\u2013398 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-12-1257","volume":"19","author":"N Fujita","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fujita, N. et al. The Atg16L complex specifies the site of LC3 lipidation for membrane biogenesis in autophagy. Mol. Biol. Cell 19, 2092\u20132100 (2008).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5360","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e08-01-0080","volume":"19","author":"E Itakura","year":"2008","unstructured":"Itakura, E., Kishi, C., Inoue, K. & Mizushima, N. Beclin 1 forms two distinct phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complexes with mammalian Atg14 and UVRAG. Mol. Biol. Cell 19, 5360\u20135372 (2008).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2882","volume":"11","author":"B Vanhaesebroeck","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vanhaesebroeck, B., Guillermet-Guibert, J., Graupera, M. & Bilanges, B. The emerging mechanisms of isoform-specific PI3K signalling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 11, 329\u2013341 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1854","volume":"11","author":"Y Zhong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhong, Y. et al. Distinct regulation of autophagic activity by Atg14L and Rubicon associated with Beclin 1\u2013phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase complex. Nat. Cell Biol. 11, 468\u2013476 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2708","volume":"15","author":"F Nazio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nazio, F. et al. mTOR inhibits autophagy by controlling ULK1 ubiquitylation, self-association and function through AMBRA1 and TRAF6. Nat. Cell Biol. 15, 406\u2013416 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2006.12.009","volume":"25","author":"M Hoyer-Hansen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hoyer-Hansen, M. et al. Control of macroautophagy by calcium, calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase-\u03b2, and Bcl-2. Mol. Cell 25, 193\u2013205 (2007).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8586","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.11.8586-8596.1998","volume":"72","author":"XH Liang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Liang, X. H. et al. Protection against fatal Sindbis virus encephalitis by Beclin, a novel Bcl-2-interacting protein. J. Virol. 72, 8586\u20138596 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.07.002","volume":"122","author":"S Pattingre","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pattingre, S. et al. Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins inhibit Beclin 1-dependent autophagy. Cell 122, 927\u2013939 (2005).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38214","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.101469","volume":"285","author":"D Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen, D. et al. Parkin mono-ubiquitinates Bcl-2 and regulates autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 38214\u201338223 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR22","first-page":"ra42","volume":"3","author":"CS Shi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shi, C. S. & Kehrl, J. H. TRAF6 and A20 regulate lysine 63-linked ubiquitination of Beclin-1 to control TLR4-induced autophagy. Sci. Signal. 3, ra42 (2010).","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2008.06.001","volume":"30","author":"Y Wei","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wei, Y., Pattingre, S., Sinha, S., Bassik, M. & Levine, B. JNK1-mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2 regulates starvation-induced autophagy. Mol. Cell 30, 678\u2013688 (2008).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2008.246","volume":"10","author":"E Zalckvar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zalckvar, E. et al. DAP-kinase-mediated phosphorylation on the BH3 domain of beclin 1 promotes dissociation of beclin 1 from Bcl-XL and induction of autophagy. EMBO Rep. 10, 285\u2013292 (2009).","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.001925","volume":"93","author":"DG Hardie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hardie, D. G. Sensing of energy and nutrients by AMP-activated protein kinase. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 93, 891S\u2013896S (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2152","volume":"13","author":"J Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim, J., Kundu, M., Viollet, B. & Guan, K. L. AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1. Nat. Cell Biol. 13, 132\u2013141 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2008.03.003","volume":"30","author":"DM Gwinn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gwinn, D. M. et al. AMPK phosphorylation of raptor mediates a metabolic checkpoint. Mol. Cell 30, 214\u2013226 (2008).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.7.7.15451","volume":"7","author":"AS Loffler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Loffler, A. S. et al. Ulk1-mediated phosphorylation of AMPK constitutes a negative regulatory feedback loop. Autophagy 7, 696\u2013706 (2011).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00833-4","volume":"110","author":"K Hara","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hara, K. et al. Raptor, a binding partner of target of rapamycin (TOR), mediates TOR action. Cell 110, 177\u2013189 (2002).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15461","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C200665200","volume":"278","author":"H Nojima","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nojima, H. et al. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) partner, raptor, binds the mTOR substrates p70 S6 kinase and 4E-BP1 through their TOR signaling (TOS) motif. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 15461\u201315464 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.03.046","volume":"137","author":"TR Peterson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peterson, T. R. et al. DEPTOR is an mTOR inhibitor frequently overexpressed in multiple myeloma cells and required for their survival. Cell 137, 873\u2013886 (2009).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20036","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M702376200","volume":"282","author":"L Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang, L., Harris, T. E., Roth, R. A. & Lawrence, J. C. Jr. PRAS40 regulates mTORC1 kinase activity by functioning as a direct inhibitor of substrate binding. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 20036\u201320044 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20329","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M702636200","volume":"282","author":"N Oshiro","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oshiro, N. et al. The proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40) is a physiological substrate of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 20329\u201320339 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2011.09.005","volume":"44","author":"S Duan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Duan, S. et al. mTOR generates an auto-amplification loop by triggering the \u03b2TrCP- and CK1\u03b1-dependent degradation of DEPTOR. Mol. Cell 44, 317\u2013324 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12122","volume":"497","author":"H Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang, H. et al. mTOR kinase structure, mechanism and regulation. Nature 497, 217\u2013223 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20109","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.121699","volume":"285","author":"T Kaizuka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaizuka, T. et al. Tti1 and Tel2 are critical factors in mammalian target of rapamycin complex assembly. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 20109\u201320116 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.06.002","volume":"25","author":"CC Dibble","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dibble, C. C. & Cantley, L. C. Regulation of mTORC1 by PI3K signaling. Trends Cell Biol. 25, 545\u2013555 (2015).","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb999","volume":"5","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Rheb is a direct target of the tuberous sclerosis tumour suppressor proteins. Nat. Cell Biol. 5, 578\u2013581 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.02.053","volume":"15","author":"X Long","year":"2005","unstructured":"Long, X., Lin, Y., Ortiz-Vega, S., Yonezawa, K. & Avruch, J. Rheb binds and regulates the mTOR kinase. Curr. Biol. 15, 702\u2013713 (2005).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.024","volume":"141","author":"Y Sancak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sancak, Y. et al. Ragulator\u2013Rag complex targets mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface and is necessary for its activation by amino acids. Cell 141, 290\u2013303 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20070540","volume":"405","author":"LR Pearce","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pearce, L. R. et al. Identification of Protor as a novel Rictor-binding component of mTOR complex-2. Biochem. J. 405, 513\u2013522 (2007).","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20102103","volume":"436","author":"LR Pearce","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pearce, L. R., Sommer, E. M., Sakamoto, K., Wullschleger, S. & Alessi, D. R. Protor-1 is required for efficient mTORC2-mediated activation of SGK1 in the kidney. Biochem. J. 436, 169\u2013179 (2011).","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.08.001","volume":"16","author":"MA Frias","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frias, M. A. et al. mSin1 is necessary for Akt\/PKB phosphorylation, and its isoforms define three distinct mTORC2s. Curr. Biol. 16, 1865\u20131870 (2006).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2015.149","volume":"23","author":"J Arnold","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arnold, J. et al. Autophagy is dispensable for B-cell development but essential for humoral autoimmune responses. Cell Death Differ. 23, 853\u2013864 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1055439","volume":"11","author":"Y Matsuzawa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matsuzawa, Y. et al. TNFAIP3 promotes survival of CD4 T cells by restricting MTOR and promoting autophagy. Autophagy 11, 1052\u20131062 (2015).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2524","volume":"14","author":"N Pengo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pengo, N. et al. Plasma cells require autophagy for sustainable immunoglobulin production. Nat. Immunol. 14, 298\u2013305 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061303","volume":"204","author":"HH Pua","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pua, H. H., Dzhagalov, I., Chuck, M., Mizushima, N. & He, Y. W. A critical role for the autophagy gene Atg5 in T cell survival and proliferation. J. Exp. Med. 204, 25\u201331 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-08-372383","volume":"119","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Morgan, M. J., Chen, K., Choksi, S. & Liu, Z. G. Induction of autophagy is essential for monocyte-macrophage differentiation. Blood 119, 2895\u20132905 (2012).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07208","volume":"455","author":"J Nedjic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nedjic, J., Aichinger, M., Emmerich, J., Mizushima, N. & Klein, L. Autophagy in thymic epithelium shapes the T-cell repertoire and is essential for tolerance. Nature 455, 396\u2013400 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.10.018","volume":"26","author":"D Schmid","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schmid, D., Pypaert, M. & Munz, C. Antigen-loading compartments for major histocompatibility complex class II molecules continuously receive input from autophagosomes. Immunity 26, 79\u201392 (2007).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1823","volume":"11","author":"LH Travassos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Travassos, L. H. et al. Nod1 and Nod2 direct autophagy by recruiting ATG16L1 to the plasma membrane at the site of bacterial entry. Nat. Immunol. 11, 55\u201362 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18619","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111889200","volume":"277","author":"A Kuma","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kuma, A., Mizushima, N., Ishihara, N. & Ohsumi, Y. Formation of the \u223c350-kDa Apg12\u2013Apg5\u2022Apg16 multimeric complex, mediated by Apg16 oligomerization, is essential for autophagy in yeast. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 18619\u201318625 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3888","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.14.3888","volume":"18","author":"N Mizushima","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mizushima, N., Noda, T. & Ohsumi, Y. Apg16p is required for the function of the Apg12p\u2013Apg5p conjugate in the yeast autophagy pathway. EMBO J. 18, 3888\u20133896 (1999).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136880","volume":"315","author":"HK Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee, H. K., Lund, J. M., Ramanathan, B., Mizushima, N. & Iwasaki, A. Autophagy-dependent viral recognition by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Science 315, 1398\u20131401 (2007).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2008.113","volume":"16","author":"JD Lunemann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lunemann, J. D. & Munz, C. Autophagy in CD4+ T-cell immunity and tolerance. Cell Death Differ. 16, 79\u201386 (2009).","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9587","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.202911","volume":"286","author":"J Harris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harris, J. et al. Autophagy controls IL-1\u03b2 secretion by targeting pro-IL-1\u03b2 for degradation. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 9587\u20139597 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1711.2006.01454.x","volume":"84","author":"G Jia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jia, G., Cheng, G., Gangahar, D. M. & Agrawal, D. K. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and TNF-\u03b1 regulate autophagy through c-jun N-terminal kinase and Akt pathways in human atherosclerotic vascular smooth cells. Immunol. Cell Biol. 84, 448\u2013454 (2006).","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.8822","volume":"5","author":"T Copetti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Copetti, T., Demarchi, F. & Schneider, C. p65\/RelA binds and activates the beclin 1 promoter. Autophagy 5, 858\u2013859 (2009).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.8788","volume":"5","author":"M Nivon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nivon, M., Richet, E., Codogno, P., Arrigo, A. P. & Kretz-Remy, C. Autophagy activation by NF\u03baB is essential for cell survival after heat shock. Autophagy 5, 766\u2013783 (2009).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30373","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M602097200","volume":"281","author":"M Djavaheri-Mergny","year":"2006","unstructured":"Djavaheri-Mergny, M. et al. NF-\u03baB activation represses tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1-induced autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 30373\u201330382 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR61","first-page":"629","volume":"1","author":"A Trocoli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Trocoli, A. & Djavaheri-Mergny, M. The complex interplay between autophagy and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways in cancer cells. Am. J. Cancer Res. 1, 629\u2013649 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2009.364","volume":"29","author":"A Criollo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Criollo, A. et al. The IKK complex contributes to the induction of autophagy. EMBO J. 29, 619\u2013631 (2010).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2009.07452.x","volume":"276","author":"D Mizgalska","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mizgalska, D. et al. Interleukin-1-inducible MCPIP protein has structural and functional properties of RNase and participates in degradation of IL-1\u03b2 mRNA. FEBS J. 276, 7386\u20137399 (2009).","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2012.07.014","volume":"24","author":"A Roy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roy, A. & Kolattukudy, P. E. Monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein (MCPIP) promotes inflammatory angiogenesis via sequential induction of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. Cell. Signal. 24, 2123\u20132131 (2012).","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1021","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00203.2013","volume":"305","author":"A Roy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roy, A., Zhang, M., Saad, Y. & Kolattukudy, P. E. Antidicer RNAse activity of monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein-1 is critical for inducing angiogenesis. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 305, C1021\u2013C1032 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14542","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M802139200","volume":"283","author":"J Niu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Niu, J., Azfer, A., Zhelyabovska, O., Fatma, S. & Kolattukudy, P. E. Monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 promotes angiogenesis via a novel transcription factor, MCP-1-induced protein (MCPIP). J. Biol. Chem. 283, 14542\u201314551 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.113.207316","volume":"347","author":"J Niu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Niu, J., Wang, K., Zhelyabovska, O., Saad, Y. & Kolattukudy, P. E. MCP-1-induced protein promotes endothelial-like and angiogenic properties in human bone marrow monocytic cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 347, 288\u2013297 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjr021","volume":"3","author":"K Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, K., Niu, J., Kim, H. & Kolattukudy, P. E. Osteoclast precursor differentiation by MCPIP via oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy. J. Mol. Cell Biol. 3, 360\u2013368 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-010-0478-8","volume":"15","author":"K Kruse","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kruse, K. et al. Inefficient clearance of dying cells in patients with SLE: anti-dsDNA autoantibodies, MFG-E8, HMGB-1 and other players. Apoptosis 15, 1098\u20131113 (2010).","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18025","volume":"112","author":"DT Avery","year":"2003","unstructured":"Avery, D. T. et al. BAFF selectively enhances the survival of plasmablasts generated from human memory B cells. J. Clin. Invest. 112, 286\u2013297 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061965","volume":"293","author":"JS Thompson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Thompson, J. S. et al. BAFF-R, a newly identified TNF receptor that specifically interacts with BAFF. Science 293, 2108\u20132111 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1313.004","volume":"1050","author":"JO Pers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pers, J. O. et al. BAFF overexpression is associated with autoantibody production in autoimmune diseases. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1050, 34\u201339 (2005).","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37995","volume":"65","author":"MA Petri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petri, M. A. et al. Baseline predictors of systemic lupus erythematosus flares: data from the combined placebo groups in the phase III belimumab trials. Arthritis Rheum. 65, 2143\u20132153 (2013).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11354","volume":"48","author":"W Stohl","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stohl, W. et al. B lymphocyte stimulator overexpression in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: longitudinal observations. Arthritis Rheum. 48, 3475\u20133486 (2003).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01067.x","volume":"244","author":"RC Rickert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rickert, R. C., Jellusova, J. & Miletic, A. V. Signaling by the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily in B-cell biology and disease. Immunol. Rev. 244, 115\u2013133 (2011).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12435","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805460105","volume":"105","author":"KL Otipoby","year":"2008","unstructured":"Otipoby, K. L. et al. BAFF activates Akt and Erk through BAFF-R in an IKK1-dependent manner in primary mouse B cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 12435\u201312438 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.09.001","volume":"21","author":"Y Qian","year":"2004","unstructured":"Qian, Y. et al. Act1, a negative regulator in CD40- and BAFF-mediated B cell survival. Immunity 21, 575\u2013587 (2004).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1209787","volume":"89","author":"HA Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim, H. A., Seo, G. Y. & Kim, P. H. Macrophage-derived BAFF induces AID expression through the p38MAPK\/CREB and JNK\/AP-1 pathways. J. Leukoc. Biol. 89, 393\u2013398 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.11.015","volume":"38","author":"E Schweighoffer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schweighoffer, E. et al. The BAFF receptor transduces survival signals by co-opting the B cell receptor signaling pathway. Immunity 38, 475\u2013488 (2013).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204343","volume":"74","author":"AJ Clarke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clarke, A. J. et al. Autophagy is activated in systemic lupus erythematosus and required for plasmablast development. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 74, 912\u2013920 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201445349","volume":"45","author":"G Dong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dong, G. et al. STS-1 promotes IFN-\u03b1 induced autophagy by activating the JAK1\u2013STAT1 signaling pathway in B cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 45, 2377\u20132388 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR82","first-page":"705","volume":"32","author":"B Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li, B., Yue, Y., Dong, C., Shi, Y. & Xiong, S. Blockade of macrophage autophagy ameliorates activated lymphocytes-derived DNA induced murine lupus possibly via inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 32, 705\u2013714 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1052206","volume":"11","author":"CG Weindel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weindel, C. G. et al. B cell autophagy mediates TLR7-dependent autoimmunity and inflammation. Autophagy 11, 1010\u20131024 (2015).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78756","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078756","volume":"8","author":"P Lopez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lopez, P., Alonso-Perez, E., Rodriguez-Carrio, J. & Suarez, A. Influence of Atg5 mutation in SLE depends on functional IL-10 genotype. PLoS ONE 8, e78756 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker263","volume":"51","author":"TM Jarvinen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jarvinen, T. M. et al. Replication of GWAS-identified systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility genes affirms B-cell receptor pathway signalling and strengthens the role of IRF5 in disease susceptibility in a Northern European population. Rheumatology 51, 87\u201392 (2012).","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e939","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000939","volume":"94","author":"YM Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. M. et al. Rare variants of ATG5 are likely to be associated with chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Medicine 94, e939 (2015).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.10.3247","volume":"138","author":"D Wofsy","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wofsy, D. & Seaman, W. E. Reversal of advanced murine lupus in NZB\/NZW F1 mice by treatment with monoclonal antibody to L3T4. J. Immunol. 138, 3247\u20133253 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.141.1.85","volume":"141","author":"M Mihara","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mihara, M. et al. Immunologic abnormality in NZB\/NZW F1 mice. Thymus-independent occurrence of B cell abnormality and requirement for T cells in the development of autoimmune disease, as evidenced by an analysis of the athymic nude individuals. J. Immunol. 141, 85\u201390 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203308098191","volume":"18","author":"A La Cava","year":"2009","unstructured":"La Cava, A. Lupus and T cells. Lupus 18, 196\u2013201 (2009).","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-194175","volume":"26","author":"M Pierdominici","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pierdominici, M. et al. Role of autophagy in immunity and autoimmunity, with a special focus on systemic lupus erythematosus. FASEB J. 26, 1400\u20131412 (2012).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4722","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-206060","volume":"26","author":"C Alessandri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alessandri, C. et al. T lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are resistant to induction of autophagy. FASEB J. 26, 4722\u20134732 (2012).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.20275","volume":"8","author":"F Gros","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gros, F. et al. Macroautophagy is deregulated in murine and human lupus T lymphocytes. Autophagy 8, 1113\u20131123 (2012).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5163","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.8.5163","volume":"177","author":"C Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li, C. et al. Autophagy is induced in CD4+ T cells and important for the growth factor-withdrawal cell death. J. Immunol. 177, 5163\u20135168 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3192","volume":"17","author":"J Martinez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martinez, J. et al. Molecular characterization of LC3-associated phagocytosis reveals distinct roles for Rubicon, NOX2 and autophagy proteins. Nat. Cell Biol. 17, 893\u2013906 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17950","volume":"533","author":"J Martinez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martinez, J. et al. Noncanonical autophagy inhibits the autoinflammatory, lupus-like response to dying cells. Nature 533, 115\u2013119 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/nri846","volume":"2","author":"RM Pope","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pope, R. M. Apoptosis as a therapeutic tool in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2, 527\u2013535 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R165","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2073","volume":"8","author":"MM Steenvoorden","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steenvoorden, M. M. et al. Transition of healthy to diseased synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with gain of mesenchymal\/fibrotic characteristics. Arthritis Res. Ther. 8, R165 (2006).","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel065","volume":"45","author":"LC Huber","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huber, L. C. et al. Synovial fibroblasts: key players in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 45, 669\u2013675 (2006).","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-012-0572-1","volume":"62","author":"K Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu, K. et al. Reduced apoptosis correlates with enhanced autophagy in synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis. Inflamm. Res. 62, 229\u2013237 (2013).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38190","volume":"66","author":"M Kato","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kato, M., Ospelt, C., Gay, R. E., Gay, S. & Klein, K. Dual role of autophagy in stress-induced cell death in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Arthritis Rheumatol. 66, 40\u201348 (2014).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R19","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2921","volume":"12","author":"YJ Shin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shin, Y. J. et al. Autophagy induction and CHOP under-expression promotes survival of fibroblasts from rheumatoid arthritis patients under endoplasmic reticulum stress. Arthritis Res. Ther. 12, R19 (2010).","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0892-y","volume":"17","author":"K Xu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xu, K. et al. Autophagy induction contributes to the resistance to methotrexate treatment in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synovial cells through high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1. Arthritis Res. Ther. 17, 374 (2015).","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2009.00850.x","volume":"233","author":"N Wegner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wegner, N. et al. Autoimmunity to specific citrullinated proteins gives the first clues to the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol. Rev. 233, 34\u201354 (2010).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131241","volume":"210","author":"SW Scally","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scally, S. W. et al. A molecular basis for the association of the HLA-DRB1 locus, citrullination, and rheumatoid arthritis. J. Exp. Med. 210, 2569\u20132582 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110640","volume":"208","author":"JM Ireland","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ireland, J. M. & Unanue, E. R. Autophagy in antigen-presenting cells results in presentation of citrullinated peptides to CD4 T cells. J. Exp. Med. 208, 2625\u20132632 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.19261","volume":"8","author":"JM Ireland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ireland, J. M. & Unanue, E. R. Processing of proteins in autophagy vesicles of antigen-presenting cells generates citrullinated peptides recognized by the immune system. Autophagy 8, 429\u2013430 (2012).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sorice, M. et al. Autophagy generates citrullinated peptides in human synoviocytes: a possible trigger for anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies. Rheumatology (Oxford) http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew178 (2016).","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew178"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.153","volume":"8","author":"G Schett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schett, G. & Gravallese, E. Bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis: mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 8, 656\u2013664 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1971","volume":"28","author":"F Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu, F. et al. Suppression of autophagy by FIP200 deletion leads to osteopenia in mice through the inhibition of osteoblast terminal differentiation. J. Bone Miner. Res. 28, 2414\u20132430 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.36182","volume":"10","author":"M Nollet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nollet, M. et al. Autophagy in osteoblasts is involved in mineralization and bone homeostasis. Autophagy 10, 1965\u20131977 (2014).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201671","volume":"72","author":"NY Lin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lin, N. Y. et al. Autophagy regulates TNF\u03b1-mediated joint destruction in experimental arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72, 761\u2013768 (2013).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.01.008","volume":"23","author":"MA Greene","year":"2015","unstructured":"Greene, M. A. & Loeser, R. F. Aging-related inflammation in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 23, 1966\u20131971 (2015).","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.196","volume":"7","author":"M Kapoor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kapoor, M., Martel-Pelletier, J., Lajeunesse, D., Pelletier, J. P. & Fahmi, H. Role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 7, 33\u201342 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34323","volume":"64","author":"H Sasaki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sasaki, H. et al. Autophagy modulates osteoarthritis-related gene expression in human chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 64, 1920\u20131928 (2012).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204599","volume":"74","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Cartilage-specific deletion of mTOR upregulates autophagy and protects mice from osteoarthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 74, 1432\u20131440 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33444","volume":"64","author":"B Carames","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carames, B. et al. Mechanical injury suppresses autophagy regulators and pharmacologic activation of autophagy results in chondroprotection. Arthritis Rheum. 64, 1182\u20131192 (2012).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16063","volume":"528","author":"L Cinque","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cinque, L. et al. FGF signalling regulates bone growth through autophagy. Nature 528, 272\u2013275 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39073","volume":"67","author":"B Carames","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carames, B., Olmer, M., Kiosses, W. B. & Lotz, M. K. The relationship of autophagy defects to cartilage damage during joint aging in a mouse model. Arthritis Rheumatol. 67, 1568\u20131576 (2015).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206295","volume":"75","author":"W Hui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hui, W. et al. Oxidative changes and signalling pathways are pivotal in initiating age-related changes in articular cartilage. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 75, 449\u2013458 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2575","volume":"30","author":"KK Vuppalapati","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vuppalapati, K. K. et al. Targeted deletion of autophagy genes Atg5 or Atg7 in the chondrocytes promotes caspase-dependent cell death and leads to mild growth retardation. J. Bone Miner. Res. 30, 2249\u20132261 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207742","volume":"75","author":"T Bouderlique","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bouderlique, T. et al. Targeted deletion of Atg5 in chondrocytes promotes age-related osteoarthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 75, 627\u2013631 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marion-Letellier, R., Savoye, G. & Ghosh, S. Fatty acids, eicosanoids and PPAR gamma. Eur. J. Pharmacol. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.11.004 (2015).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.11.004"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2004.08.014","volume":"83","author":"A Meirhaeghe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Meirhaeghe, A. & Amouyel, P. Impact of genetic variation of PPAR\u03b3 in humans. Mol. Genet. Metab. 83, 93\u2013102 (2004).","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205743","volume":"74","author":"F Vasheghani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vasheghani, F. et al. PPAR\u03b3 deficiency results in severe, accelerated osteoarthritis associated with aberrant mTOR signalling in the articular cartilage. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 74, 569\u2013578 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/34184","volume":"391","author":"C Jiang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jiang, C., Ting, A. T. & Seed, B. PPAR-\u03b3 agonists inhibit production of monocyte inflammatory cytokines. Nature 391, 82\u201386 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R31","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2151","volume":"9","author":"H Afif","year":"2007","unstructured":"Afif, H. et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b31 expression is diminished in human osteoarthritic cartilage and is downregulated by interleukin-1\u03b2 in articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Res. Ther. 9, R31 (2007).","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206884","volume":"74","author":"F Dell'Accio","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dell'Accio, F. & Sherwood, J. PPAR\u03b3\/mTOR signalling: striking the right balance in cartilage homeostasis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 74, 477\u2013479 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.53","volume":"10","author":"YY Ho","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ho, Y. Y., Lagares, D., Tager, A. M. & Kapoor, M. Fibrosis \u2014 a lethal component of systemic sclerosis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 10, 390\u2013402 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-013-2827-8","volume":"34","author":"T Frech","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frech, T. et al. Autophagy is a key feature in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatol. Int. 34, 435\u2013439 (2014).","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.69","volume":"134","author":"VI Dumit","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dumit, V. I. et al. Altered MCM protein levels and autophagic flux in aged and systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts. J. Invest. Dermatol. 134, 2321\u20132330 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2009.26","volume":"5","author":"J Varga","year":"2009","unstructured":"Varga, J. & Pasche, B. Transforming growth factor \u03b2 as a therapeutic target in systemic sclerosis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 5, 200\u2013206 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11677","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.308460","volume":"287","author":"SI Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim, S. I. et al. Autophagy promotes intracellular degradation of type I collagen induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b21. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 11677\u201311688 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1696","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.36","volume":"6","author":"S Ghavami","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ghavami, S. et al. Autophagy is a regulator of TGF-\u03b21-induced fibrogenesis in primary human atrial myofibroblasts. Cell Death Dis. 6, e1696 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013101068","volume":"25","author":"Y Ding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ding, Y. et al. Autophagy regulates TGF-\u03b2 expression and suppresses kidney fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 25, 2835\u20132846 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6727","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008340200","volume":"276","author":"B Razani","year":"2001","unstructured":"Razani, B. et al. Caveolin-1 regulates transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2\/SMAD signaling through an interaction with the TGF-\u03b2 type I receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 6727\u20136738 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23791","volume":"58","author":"F Del Galdo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Del Galdo, F. et al. Decreased expression of caveolin 1 in patients with systemic sclerosis: crucial role in the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis. Arthritis Rheum. 58, 2854\u20132865 (2008).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.10.13.16227","volume":"10","author":"R Castello-Cros","year":"2011","unstructured":"Castello-Cros, R. et al. Scleroderma-like properties of skin from caveolin-1-deficient mice: implications for new treatment strategies in patients with fibrosis and systemic sclerosis. Cell Cycle 10, 2140\u20132150 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-012-1204-x","volume":"304","author":"JH Shi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shi, J. H. et al. Reduced expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 in hypertrophic scars. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 304, 209\u2013215 (2012).","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.224","volume":"130","author":"T Quan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Quan, T., Shao, Y., He, T., Voorhees, J. J. & Fisher, G. J. Reduced expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF\/CCN2) mediates collagen loss in chronologically aged human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 130, 415\u2013424 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2012.06.002","volume":"133","author":"P Dekker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dekker, P. et al. Microarray-based identification of age-dependent differences in gene expression of human dermal fibroblasts. Mech. Ageing Dev. 133, 498\u2013507 (2012).","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200568","volume":"71","author":"C Beyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beyer, C. et al. \u03b2-catenin is a central mediator of pro-fibrotic Wnt signaling in systemic sclerosis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 71, 761\u2013767 (2012).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1734","volume":"3","author":"A Akhmetshina","year":"2012","unstructured":"Akhmetshina, A. et al. Activation of canonical Wnt signalling is required for TGF-\u03b2-mediated fibrosis. Nat. Commun. 3, 735 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2082","volume":"12","author":"C Gao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gao, C. et al. Autophagy negatively regulates Wnt signalling by promoting Dishevelled degradation. Nat. Cell Biol. 12, 781\u2013790 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.06.055","volume":"126","author":"K Inoki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Inoki, K. et al. TSC2 integrates Wnt and energy signals via a coordinated phosphorylation by AMPK and GSK3 to regulate cell growth. Cell 126, 955\u2013968 (2006).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2006.11.006","volume":"76","author":"M Kapoor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kapoor, M., Kojima, F., Yang, L. & Crofford, L. J. Sequential induction of pro- and anti-inflammatory prostaglandins and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma during normal wound healing: a time course study. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 76, 103\u2013112 (2007).","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2822","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24761","volume":"60","author":"M Kapoor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kapoor, M. et al. Loss of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 in mouse fibroblasts results in increased susceptibility to bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. Arthritis Rheum. 60, 2822\u20132829 (2009).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13778","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013778","volume":"5","author":"J Wei","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wei, J. et al. PPAR\u03b3 downregulation by TGF\u03b2 in fibroblast and impaired expression and function in systemic sclerosis: a novel mechanism for progressive fibrogenesis. PLoS ONE 5, e13778 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-010-0581-5","volume":"38","author":"HW Pan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pan, H. W., Xu, J. T. & Chen, J. S. Pioglitazone inhibits TGF\u03b2 induced keratocyte transformation to myofibroblast and extracellular matrix production. Mol. Biol. Rep. 38, 4501\u20134508 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1038\/369756a0","volume":"369","author":"EJ Brown","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brown, E. J. et al. A mammalian protein targeted by G1-arresting rapamycin\u2013receptor complex. Nature 369, 756\u2013758 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2013.752814","volume":"12","author":"N Pallet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pallet, N. & Legendre, C. Adverse events associated with mTOR inhibitors. Expert Opin. Drug Saf. 12, 177\u2013186 (2013).","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.078808","volume":"67","author":"GA Bruyn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bruyn, G. A. et al. Everolimus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving concomitant methotrexate: a 3-month, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, proof-of-concept study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 67, 1090\u20131095 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-014-0482-4","volume":"16","author":"K Takayama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Takayama, K. et al. Local intra-articular injection of rapamycin delays articular cartilage degeneration in a murine model of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 16, 482 (2014).","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.08.041","volume":"35","author":"T Matsuzaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Matsuzaki, T. et al. Intra-articular administration of gelatin hydrogels incorporating rapamycin-micelles reduces the development of experimental osteoarthritis in a murine model. Biomaterials 35, 9904\u20139911 (2014).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200557","volume":"71","author":"B Carames","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carames, B. et al. Autophagy activation by rapamycin reduces severity of experimental osteoarthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 71, 575\u2013581 (2012).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27498","volume":"62","author":"A Yoshizaki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yoshizaki, A. et al. Treatment with rapamycin prevents fibrosis in tight-skin and bleomycin-induced mouse models of systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum. 62, 2476\u20132487 (2010).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3821","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24986","volume":"60","author":"TI Su","year":"2009","unstructured":"Su, T. I. et al. Rapamycin versus methotrexate in early diffuse systemic sclerosis: results from a randomized, single-blind pilot study. Arthritis Rheum. 60, 3821\u20133830 (2009).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2007.00131.x","volume":"20","author":"S Kalia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kalia, S. & Dutz, J. P. New concepts in antimalarial use and mode of action in dermatology. Dermatol. Ther. 20, 160\u2013174 (2007).","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-2634","volume":"17","author":"RK Amaravadi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amaravadi, R. K. et al. Principles and current strategies for targeting autophagy for cancer treatment. Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 654\u2013666 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.109.028480","volume":"37","author":"F Marceau","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marceau, F., Bawolak, M. T., Bouthillier, J. & Morissette, G. Vacuolar ATPase-mediated cellular concentration and retention of quinacrine: a model for the distribution of lipophilic cationic drugs to autophagic vacuoles. Drug Metab. Dispos. 37, 2271\u20132274 (2009).","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2014.1879","volume":"7","author":"Q Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, Q. et al. Hydroxychloroquine facilitates autophagosome formation but not degradation to suppress the proliferation of cervical cancer SiHa cells. Oncol. Lett. 7, 1057\u20131062 (2014).","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev357","volume":"55","author":"HJ Ding","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ding, H. J., Denniston, A. K., Rao, V. K. & Gordon, C. Hydroxychloroquine-related retinal toxicity. Rheumatology (Oxford) 55, 957\u2013967 (2016).","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI13505","volume":"108","author":"G Zhou","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhou, G. et al. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. J. Clin. Invest. 108, 1167\u20131174 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2011.06.006","volume":"32","author":"E Phielix","year":"2011","unstructured":"Phielix, E., Szendroedi, J. & Roden, M. The role of metformin and thiazolidinediones in the regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism and its clinical impact. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 32, 607\u2013616 (2011).","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.06.005","volume":"56","author":"T Teranishi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Teranishi, T. et al. Effects of pioglitazone and metformin on intracellular lipid content in liver and skeletal muscle of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 56, 1418\u20131424 (2007).","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1196371","volume":"331","author":"DF Egan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Egan, D. F. et al. Phosphorylation of ULK1 (hATG1) by AMP-activated protein kinase connects energy sensing to mitophagy. Science 331, 456\u2013461 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.164970","volume":"334","author":"M Arai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arai, M. et al. Metformin, an antidiabetic agent, suppresses the production of tumor necrosis factor and tissue factor by inhibiting early growth response factor-1 expression in human monocytes in vitro. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 334, 206\u2013213 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2013.13.4.123","volume":"13","author":"B Hyun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hyun, B. et al. Metformin down-regulates TNF-\u03b1 secretion via suppression of scavenger receptors in macrophages. Immune Netw. 13, 123\u2013132 (2013).","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.23937\/2469-5726\/1510005","volume":"1","author":"H Yan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yan, H., Zhou, H. F., Hu, Y. & Pham, C. T. Suppression of experimental arthritis through AMP-activated protein kinase activation and autophagy modulation. J. Rheum. Dis. Treat. 1, 5 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Rheum. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR169","volume-title":"Oral Diabetes Medications for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: An Update","author":"WL Bennett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bennett, W. L. et al. Oral Diabetes Medications for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: An Update (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US), 2011)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1082024","volume":"11","author":"MM Ji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ji, M. M. et al. Induction of autophagy by valproic acid enhanced lymphoma cell chemosensitivity through HDAC-independent and IP3-mediated PRKAA activation. Autophagy 11, 2160\u20132171 (2015).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0063-0","volume":"27","author":"A Gaitatzis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gaitatzis, A. & Sander, J. W. The long-term safety of antiepileptic drugs. CNS Drugs 27, 435\u2013455 (2013).","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072761","volume":"356","author":"SE Nissen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nissen, S. E. & Wolski, K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N. Engl. J. Med. 356, 2457\u20132471 (2007).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12953","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.22.12953","volume":"270","author":"JM Lehmann","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lehmann, J. M. et al. An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 (PPAR\u03b3). J. Biol. Chem. 270, 12953\u201312956 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.43.10.1203","volume":"43","author":"ND Oakes","year":"1994","unstructured":"Oakes, N. D. et al. A new antidiabetic agent, BRL 49653, reduces lipid availability and improves insulin action and glucoregulation in the rat. Diabetes 43, 1203\u20131210 (1994).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.3.517","volume":"25","author":"Y Miyazaki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Miyazaki, Y., Matsuda, M. & DeFronzo, R. A. Dose-response effect of pioglitazone on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25, 517\u2013523 (2002).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2013.741585","volume":"12","author":"M Bortolini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bortolini, M., Wright, M. B., Bopst, M. & Balas, B. Examining the safety of PPAR agonists \u2014 current trends and future prospects. Expert Opin. Drug Saf. 12, 65\u201379 (2013).","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR177","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT00554853 (2013)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR178","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT00763139 (2014)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R110","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4290","volume":"15","author":"MJ Ormseth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ormseth, M. J. et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 agonist effect on rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Res. Ther. 15, R110 (2013).","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38686","volume":"66","author":"MJ Ormseth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ormseth, M. J. et al. Reversing vascular dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: improved augmentation index but not endothelial function with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist therapy. Arthritis Rheumatol. 66, 2331\u20132338 (2014).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR181","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT01322308 (2014)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR182","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT02338999 (2016)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR183","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT00379600 (2012)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33443","volume":"64","author":"LM Gierman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gierman, L. M. et al. Metabolic stress-induced inflammation plays a major role in the development of osteoarthritis in mice. Arthritis Rheum. 64, 1172\u20131181 (2012).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11199.x","volume":"168","author":"A Antonelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Antonelli, A. et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 agonists reduce cell proliferation and viability and increase apoptosis in systemic sclerosis fibroblasts. Br. J. Dermatol. 168, 129\u2013135 (2013).","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080574","volume":"174","author":"M Wu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wu, M. et al. Rosiglitazone abrogates bleomycin-induced scleroderma and blocks profibrotic responses through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3. Am. J. Pathol. 174, 519\u2013533 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1017179","volume":"11","author":"C Macri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Macri, C. et al. Modulation of deregulated chaperone-mediated autophagy by a phosphopeptide. Autophagy 11, 472\u2013486 (2015).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202460","volume":"72","author":"R Zimmer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zimmer, R., Scherbarth, H. R., Rillo, O. L., Gomez-Reino, J. J. & Muller, S. Lupuzor\/P140 peptide in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb clinical trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72, 1830\u20131835 (2013).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24027","volume":"58","author":"S Muller","year":"2008","unstructured":"Muller, S. et al. Spliceosomal peptide P140 for immunotherapy of systemic lupus erythematosus: results of an early phase II clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 58, 3873\u20133883 (2008).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR190","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT02504645 (2016)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314525249","volume":"23","author":"S Muller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muller, S. & Wallace, D. J. The importance of implementing proper selection of excipients in lupus clinical trials. Lupus 23, 609\u2013614 (2014).","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ra21","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aac5472","volume":"9","author":"BJ DeBosch","year":"2016","unstructured":"DeBosch, B. J. et al. Trehalose inhibits solute carrier 2A (SLC2A) proteins to induce autophagy and prevent hepatic steatosis. Sci. Signal. 9, ra21 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61354-2","volume":"377","author":"SV Navarra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Navarra, S. V. et al. Efficacy and safety of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 377, 721\u2013731 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bruce, I. N. et al. Long-term organ damage accrual and safety in patients with SLE treated with belimumab plus standard of care. Lupus http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/0961203315625119 (2016).","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203315625119"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203312469259","volume":"22","author":"DJ Wallace","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wallace, D. J. et al. Safety profile of belimumab: pooled data from placebo-controlled phase 2 and 3 studies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 22, 144\u2013154 (2013).","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2009.181","volume":"5","author":"PC Taylor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Taylor, P. C. & Feldmann, M. Anti-TNF biologic agents: still the therapy of choice for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 5, 578\u2013582 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204575","volume":"73","author":"S Ramiro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ramiro, S. et al. Safety of synthetic and biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2013 update of the EULAR recommendations for management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 73, 529\u2013535 (2014).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R62","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3778","volume":"14","author":"AM Connor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Connor, A. M., Mahomed, N., Gandhi, R., Keystone, E. C. & Berger, S. A. TNF\u03b1 modulates protein degradation pathways in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Arthritis Res. Ther. 14, R62 (2012).","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2015.993605","volume":"14","author":"C Selmi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Selmi, C., Ceribelli, A., Naguwa, S. M., Cantarini, L. & Shoenfeld, Y. Safety issues and concerns of new immunomodulators in rheumatology. Expert Opin. Drug Saf. 14, 389\u2013399 (2015).","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI77958","volume":"125","author":"LM Rice","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rice, L. M. et al. Fresolimumab treatment decreases biomarkers and improves clinical symptoms in systemic sclerosis patients. J. Clin. Invest. 125, 2795\u20132807 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-015-1653-0","volume":"64","author":"ME Lacouture","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lacouture, M. E. et al. Cutaneous keratoacanthomas\/squamous cell carcinomas associated with neutralization of transforming growth factor \u03b2 by the monoclonal antibody fresolimumab (GC1008). Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 64, 437\u2013446 (2015).","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90353","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090353","volume":"9","author":"JC Morris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morris, J. C. et al. Phase I study of GC1008 (fresolimumab): a human anti-transforming growth factor-beta (TGF\u03b2) monoclonal antibody in patients with advanced malignant melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. PLoS ONE 9, e90353 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26218","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.26218","volume":"2","author":"JP Stevenson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stevenson, J. P. et al. Immunological effects of the TGF\u03b2-blocking antibody GC1008 in malignant pleural mesothelioma patients. Oncoimmunology 2, e26218 (2013).","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.33","volume":"79","author":"H Trachtman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Trachtman, H. et al. A phase 1, single-dose study of fresolimumab, an anti-TGF-\u03b2 antibody, in treatment-resistant primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int. 79, 1236\u20131243 (2011).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12357","volume":"14","author":"ML Sosulski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sosulski, M. L. et al. Deregulation of selective autophagy during aging and pulmonary fibrosis: the role of TGF\u03b21. Aging Cell 14, 774\u2013783 (2015).","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9100","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.060061","volume":"285","author":"V Vingtdeux","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vingtdeux, V. et al. AMP-activated protein kinase signaling activation by resveratrol modulates amyloid-\u03b2 peptide metabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 9100\u20139113 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2011.149831","volume":"71","author":"G Xuzhu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xuzhu, G. et al. Resveratrol modulates murine collagen-induced arthritis by inhibiting Th17 and B-cell function. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 71, 129\u2013135 (2012).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.59.12.959","volume":"59","author":"F Heraud","year":"2000","unstructured":"Heraud, F., Heraud, A. & Harmand, M. F. Apoptosis in normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 59, 959\u2013965 (2000).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3747\/co.22.2393","volume":"22","author":"S Chia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chia, S. et al. Novel agents and associated toxicities of inhibitors of the pi3k\/Akt\/mtor pathway for the treatment of breast cancer. Curr. Oncol. 22, 33\u201348 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-012-9860-4","volume":"31","author":"H Asahina","year":"2013","unstructured":"Asahina, H. et al. Safety and tolerability of AZD8055 in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors; a dose-finding phase I study. Invest. New Drugs 31, 677\u2013684 (2013).","journal-title":"Invest. New Drugs"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29422","volume":"121","author":"JC Bendell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bendell, J. C. et al. A phase I dose-escalation study to assess safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy of the dual mTORC1\/mTORC2 kinase inhibitor CC-223 in patients with advanced solid tumors or multiple myeloma. Cancer 121, 3481\u20133490 (2015).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.368","volume":"107","author":"A Naing","year":"2012","unstructured":"Naing, A. et al. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of AZD8055 in advanced solid tumours and lymphoma. Br. J. Cancer 107, 1093\u20131099 (2012).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-013-0062-5","volume":"32","author":"CD Britten","year":"2014","unstructured":"Britten, C. D. et al. Phase I study of PF-04691502, a small-molecule, oral, dual inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR, in patients with advanced cancer. Invest. New Drugs 32, 510\u2013517 (2014).","journal-title":"Invest. New Drugs"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-1306","volume":"21","author":"GI Shapiro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shapiro, G. I. et al. First-in-human study of PF-05212384 (PKI-587), a small-molecule, intravenous, dual inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR in patients with advanced cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 21, 1888\u20131895 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seront, E. et al. Phase II study of dual phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor BEZ235 in patients with locally advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). BJU Int. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/bju.13415 (2016).","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13415"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dolly, S. et al. Phase I study of apitolisib (GDC-0980), dual phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-2225 (2016).","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-2225"},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-2422","volume":"21","author":"B Basu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Basu, B. et al. First-in-human pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the dual m-TORC 1\/2 inhibitor AZD2014. Clin. Cancer Res. 21, 3412\u20133419 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24362","volume":"114","author":"J Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen, J., Crawford, R. & Xiao, Y. Vertical inhibition of the PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR pathway for the treatment of osteoarthritis. J. Cell. Biochem. 114, 245\u2013249 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR219","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT00779194 (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR220","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT01914770 (2013)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR221","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT00392951 (2016)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR222","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT01946880 (2016)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR223","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT02349061 (2016)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR224","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT02246257 (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR225","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT02644499 (2016)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR226","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT01941940 (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR227","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT01256736 (2013)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR228","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT01211834 (2010)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR229","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT00805519 (2010)."},{"key":"BFnrrheum201692_CR230","unstructured":"US National Library of Science. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT02166229 (2014)."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.17","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,9]],"date-time":"2017-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486598400000}}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrrheum.2016.92.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrrheum.2016.92","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrrheum.2016.92.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T00:34:55Z","timestamp":1692405295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrrheum.2016.92"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,23]]},"references-count":230,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrrheum201692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.92","relation":{"erratum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.17","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1759-4790","1759-4804"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-4790","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-4804","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 June 2016","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2017","order":2,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":3,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"In the article, the sentence \u201cThe ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 ubiquitylates autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) so that it can form a functional complex with ubiquitin-like protein ATG12\u201d should have appeared as \u201cThe ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 conjugates autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) with ubiquitin-like protein ATG12 so that it can form a functional complex\u201d. In Figure 1 of the same article, ATG7 was incorrectly shown to be ubiquitylating ATG5, instead of conjugating ATG5 to ATG12. These errors have been corrected in the online version of the article.","order":4,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}