{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T15:30:37Z","timestamp":1784043037729,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,18]],"date-time":"2011-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1295308800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Urol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2010.230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,18]],"date-time":"2011-01-18T12:56:10Z","timestamp":1295355370000},"page":"86-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Contemporary concepts in the evaluation and management of male infertility"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Chanc","family":"Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry I.","family":"Lipshultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137433","volume":"6","author":"P Thonneau","year":"1991","unstructured":"Thonneau, P. et al. Incidence and main causes of infertility in a resident population (1,850,000) of three French regions (1988\u20131989). Hum. Reprod. 6, 811\u2013816 (1991).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR2","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services Fertility, Contraception, and Fatherhood: Data on Men andWomen From Cycle 6 (2002) of the National Survey of Family Growth [online] , (2010)."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)66104-6","volume":"166","author":"PN Kolettis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kolettis, P. N. & Sabanegh, E. S. Significant medical pathology discovered during a male infertility evaluation. J. Urol. 166, 178\u2013180 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(03)00047-1","volume":"32","author":"VM Brugh 3rd","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brugh, V. M. 3rd, Matschke, H. M. & Lipshultz, L. I. Male factor infertility. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 32, 689\u2013707 (2003).","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00340-3","volume":"50","author":"M Sigman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sigman, M. & Jarow, J. P. Endocrine evaluation of infertile men. Urology 50, 659\u2013664 (1997).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02607.x","volume":"23","author":"RI McLachlan","year":"2002","unstructured":"McLachlan, R. I. et al. Hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis in primates and man: insights for development of the male hormonal contraceptive. J. Androl. 23, 149\u2013162 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR7","unstructured":"American Urological Association. The optimal evaluation of the infertile male [online] , (2010)."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.01.039","volume":"82","author":"E Carlsen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carlsen, E., Petersen, J. H., Andersson, A. M. & Skakkebaek, N. E. Effects of ejaculatory frequency and season on variations in semen quality. Fertil. Steril. 82, 358\u2013366 (2004).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57588-8","volume":"63","author":"H Wolff","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wolff, H. The biologic significance of white blood cells in semen. Fertil. Steril. 63, 1143\u20131157 (1995).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/4.6.891","volume":"4","author":"C Keck","year":"1998","unstructured":"Keck, C., Gerber-Schafer, C., Clad, A., Wilhelm, C. & Breckwoldt, M. Seminal tract infections: impact on male fertility and treatment options. Hum. Reprod. Update 4, 891\u2013903 (1998).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp048","volume":"16","author":"TG Cooper","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cooper, T. G. et al. World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics. Hum. Reprod. Update 16, 231\u2013245 (2010).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR12","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction, 5th edn. (Cambridge University Press, 2010)."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR13","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction, 4th edn. (Cambridge University Press, 1999)."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)54012-6","volume":"54","author":"E Bostofte","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bostofte, E., Bagger, P., Michael, A. & Stakemann, G. Fertility prognosis for infertile men: results of follow-up study of semen analysis in infertile men from two different populations evaluated by the Cox regression model. Fertil. Steril. 54, 1100\u20131106 (1990).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58167-9","volume":"65","author":"R Menkveld","year":"1996","unstructured":"Menkveld, R., Rhemrev, J. P., Franken, D. R., Vermeiden, J. P. & Kruger, T. F. Acrosomal morphology as a novel criterion for male fertility diagnosis: relation with acrosin activity, morphology (strict criteria), and fertilization in vitro. Fertil. Steril. 65, 637\u2013644 (1996).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh361","volume":"19","author":"C Celik-Ozenci","year":"2004","unstructured":"Celik-Ozenci, C. et al. Sperm selection for ICSI: shape properties do not predict the absence or presence of numerical chromosomal aberrations. Hum. Reprod. 19, 2052\u20132059 (2004).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)02827-8","volume":"76","author":"HM Ryu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ryu, H. M. et al. Increased chromosome X, Y, and 18 nondisjunction in sperm from infertile patients that were identified as normal by strict morphology: implication for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil. Steril. 76, 879\u2013883 (2001).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)04237-1","volume":"78","author":"RA Saleh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Saleh, R. A. et al. Leukocytospermia is associated with increased reactive oxygen species production by human spermatozoa. Fertil. Steril. 78, 1215\u20131224 (2002).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1992.tb01628.x","volume":"13","author":"ML Rasanen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rasanen, M. L., Hovatta, O. L., Penttila, I. M. & Agrawal, Y. P. Detection and quantitation of sperm-bound antibodies by flow cytometry of human semen. J. Androl. 13, 55\u201364 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR20","first-page":"2","volume":"18","author":"AW Endtz","year":"1974","unstructured":"Endtz, A. W. A rapid staining method for differentiating granulocytes from \u201cgerminal cells\u201d in Papanicolaou-stained semen. Acta Cytol. 18, 2\u20137 (1974).","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmn004","volume":"14","author":"K Tremellen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tremellen, K. Oxidative stress and male infertility\u2014a clinical perspective. Hum. Reprod. Update 14, 243\u2013258 (2008).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)54855-9","volume":"57","author":"A Iwasaki","year":"1992","unstructured":"Iwasaki, A. & Gagnon, C. Formation of reactive oxygen species in spermatozoa of infertile patients. Fertil. Steril. 57, 409\u2013416 (1992).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(11)80017-7","volume":"164","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"1991","unstructured":"Aitken, R. J., Irvine, D. S. & Wu, F. C. Prospective analysis of sperm-oocyte fusion and reactive oxygen species generation as criteria for the diagnosis of infertility. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 164, 542\u2013551 (1991).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1996.tb00055.x","volume":"35","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"1996","unstructured":"Aitken, R. J., Buckingham, D. W., West, K. & Brindle, J. On the use of paramagnetic beads and ferrofluids to assess and eliminate the leukocytic contribution to oxygen radical generation by human sperm suspensions. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 35, 541\u2013551 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0810459","volume":"81","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"1987","unstructured":"Aitken, R. J. & Clarkson, J. S. Cellular basis of defective sperm function and its association with the genesis of reactive oxygen species by human spermatozoa. J. Reprod. Fertil. 81, 459\u2013469 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(99)00462-8","volume":"73","author":"M Spano","year":"2000","unstructured":"Spano, M. et al. Sperm chromatin damage impairs human fertility. The Danish First Pregnancy Planner Study Team. Fertil. Steril. 73, 43\u201350 (2000).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.1.184","volume":"17","author":"J Tesarik","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tesarik, J., Mendoza, C. & Greco, E. Paternal effects acting during the first cell cycle of human preimplantation development after ICSI. Hum. Reprod. 17, 184\u2013189 (2002).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)61730-0","volume":"7","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aitken, R. J., Baker, M. A. & Sawyer, D. Oxidative stress in the male germ line and its role in the aetiology of male infertility and genetic disease. Reprod. Biomed. Online 7, 65\u201370 (2003).","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.08.161","volume":"183","author":"M Smit","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smit, M. et al. Decreased sperm DNA fragmentation after surgical varicocelectomy is associated with increased pregnancy rate. J. Urol. 183, 270\u2013274 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei429","volume":"21","author":"R Smith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith, R. et al. Increased sperm DNA damage in patients with varicocele: relationship with seminal oxidative stress. Hum. Reprod. 21, 986\u2013993 (2006).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.04146","volume":"26","author":"E Greco","year":"2005","unstructured":"Greco, E. et al. Reduction of the incidence of sperm DNA fragmentation by oral antioxidant treatment. J. Androl. 26, 349\u2013353 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)59851-3","volume":"49","author":"S Ackerman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ackerman, S., McGuire, G., Fulgham, D. L. & Alexander, N. J. An evaluation of a commercially available assay for the detection of antisperm antibodies. Fertil. Steril. 49, 732\u2013734 (1988).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1994.tb00849.x","volume":"31","author":"A Heidenreich","year":"1994","unstructured":"Heidenreich, A., Bonfig, R., Wilbert, D. M., Strohmaier, W. L. & Engelmann, U. H. Risk factors for antisperm antibodies in infertile men. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 31, 69\u201376 (1994).","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138102","volume":"8","author":"JA Collins","year":"1993","unstructured":"Collins, J. A., Burrows, E. A., Yeo, J. & YoungLai, E. V. Frequency and predictive value of antisperm antibodies among infertile couples. Hum. Reprod. 8, 592\u2013598 (1993).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0700219","volume":"70","author":"RS Jeyendran","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jeyendran, R. S., Van der Ven, H. H., Perez-Pelaez, M., Crabo, B. G. & Zaneveld, L. J. Development of an assay to assess the functional integrity of the human sperm membrane and its relationship to other semen characteristics. J. Reprod. Fertil. 70, 219\u2013228 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1986.tb00881.x","volume":"9","author":"M Kallajoki","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kallajoki, M., Virtanen, I. & Suominen, J. The fate of acrosomal staining during the acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa as revealed by a monoclonal antibody and PNA-lectin. Int. J. Androl. 9, 181\u2013194 (1986).","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)59841-0","volume":"49","author":"LJ Burkman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Burkman, L. J. et al. The hemizona assay (HZA): development of a diagnostic test for the binding of human spermatozoa to the human hemizona pellucida to predict fertilization potential. Fertil. Steril. 49, 688\u2013697 (1988).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod15.4.471","volume":"15","author":"R Yanagimachi","year":"1976","unstructured":"Yanagimachi, R., Yanagimachi, H. & Rogers, B. J. The use of zona-free animal ova as a test-system for the assessment of the fertilizing capacity of human spermatozoa. Biol. Reprod. 15, 471\u2013476 (1976).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57862-5","volume":"64","author":"A Johnson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Johnson, A., Bassham, B., Lipshultz, L. I. & Lamb, D. J. A quality control system for the optimized sperm penetration assay. Fertil. Steril. 64, 832\u2013837 (1995).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.10.045","volume":"93","author":"KL O'Flynn O'Brien","year":"2010","unstructured":"O'Flynn O'Brien, K. L., Varghese, A. C. & Agarwal, A. The genetic causes of male factor infertility: a review. Fertil. Steril. 93, 1\u201312 (2010).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60677-3","volume":"14","author":"A Ferlin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ferlin, A. et al. Male infertility: role of genetic background. Reprod. Biomed. Online 14, 734\u2013745 (2007).","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5200805","volume":"10","author":"C Foresta","year":"2002","unstructured":"Foresta, C., Ferlin, A., Gianaroli, L. & Dallapiccola, B. Guidelines for the appropriate use of genetic tests in infertile couples. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 10, 303\u2013312 (2002).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/ng757","volume":"29","author":"T Kuroda-Kawaguchi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kuroda-Kawaguchi, T. et al. The AZFc region of the Y chromosome features massive palindromes and uniform recurrent deletions in infertile men. Nat. Genet. 29, 279\u2013286 (2001).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg348","volume":"18","author":"CV Hopps","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hopps, C. V. et al. Detection of sperm in men with Y chromosome microdeletions of the AZFa, AZFb and AZFc regions. Hum. Reprod. 18, 1660\u20131665 (2003).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/6.1.93","volume":"6","author":"S Egozcue","year":"2000","unstructured":"Egozcue, S. et al. Human male infertility: chromosome anomalies, meiotic disorders, abnormal spermatozoa and recurrent abortion. Hum. Reprod. Update 6, 93\u2013105 (2000).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/3.5.441","volume":"3","author":"J Egozcue","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egozcue, J., Blanco, J. & Vidal, F. Chromosome studies in human sperm nuclei using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Hum. Reprod. Update 3, 441\u2013452 (1997).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.2.351","volume":"15","author":"W Vegetti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vegetti, W. et al. Correlation between semen parameters and sperm aneuploidy rates investigated by fluorescence in-situ hybridization in infertile men. Hum. Reprod. 15, 351\u2013365 (2000).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1086\/302402","volume":"64","author":"WJ Huang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Huang, W. J. et al. Germ-cell nondisjunction in testes biopsies of men with idiopathic infertility. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64, 1638\u20131645 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2008.42","volume":"12","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aitken, R. J. Whither must spermatozoa wander? The future of laboratory seminology. Asian J. Androl. 12, 99\u2013103 (2010).","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200262120-00004","volume":"62","author":"G Haidl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Haidl, G. Management strategies for male factor infertility. Drugs 62, 1741\u20131753 (2002).","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1380286","volume":"138","author":"M De Rosa","year":"1998","unstructured":"De Rosa, M. et al. Cabergoline treatment rapidly improves gonadal function in hyperprolactinemic males: a comparison with bromocriptine. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 138, 286\u2013293 (1998).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0802","volume":"90","author":"AD Coviello","year":"2005","unstructured":"Coviello, A. D. et al. Low-dose human chorionic gonadotropin maintains intratesticular testosterone in normal men with testosterone-induced gonadotropin suppression. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 2595\u20132602 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attia, A. M., Al-Inany, H. G. & Proctor, M. L. Gonadotrophins for idiopathic male factor subfertility. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD005071. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD005071.pub3 (2006).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005071.pub3"},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(02)00101-6","volume":"193","author":"S Filippi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Filippi, S. et al. Identification, localization and functional activity of oxytocin receptors in epididymis. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 193, 89\u2013100 (2002).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1300231","volume":"130","author":"HD Nicholson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nicholson, H. D., Guldenaar, S. E., Boer, G. J. & Pickering, B. T. Testicular oxytocin: effects of intratesticular oxytocin in the rat. J. Endocrinol. 130, 231\u2013238 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg416","volume":"18","author":"MM Byrne","year":"2003","unstructured":"Byrne, M. M., Rolf, C., Depenbusch, M., Cooper, T. G. & Nieschlag, E. Lack of effect of a single i.v. dose of oxytocin on sperm output in severely oligozoospermic men. Hum. Reprod. 18, 2098\u20132102 (2003).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1982.tb13647.x","volume":"54","author":"BJ Abel","year":"1982","unstructured":"Abel, B. J. et al. Randomised trial of clomiphene citrate treatment and vitamin C for male infertility. Br. J. Urol. 54, 780\u2013784 (1982).","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[No authors listed] A double-blind trial of clomiphene citrate for the treatment of idiopathic male infertility. World Health Organization. Int. J. Androl. 15, 299\u2013307 (1992).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1992.tb01129.x"},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)59898-7","volume":"49","author":"RZ Sokol","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sokol, R. Z., Steiner, B. S., Bustillo, M., Petersen, G. & Swerdloff, R. S. A controlled comparison of the efficacy of clomiphene citrate in male infertility. Fertil. Steril. 49, 865\u2013870 (1988).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)47300-0","volume":"40","author":"C Wang","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wang, C., Chan, C. W., Wong, K. K. & Yeung, K. K. Comparison of the effectiveness of placebo, clomiphene citrate, mesterolone, pentoxifylline, and testosterone rebound therapy for the treatment of idiopathic oligospermia. Fertil. Steril. 40, 358\u2013365 (1983).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1980.tb00136.x","volume":"3","author":"L Ronnberg","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ronnberg, L. The effect of clomiphene citrate on different sperm parameters and serum hormone levels in preselected infertile men: a controlled double-blind cross-over study. Int. J. Androl. 3, 479\u2013486 (1980).","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)48889-6","volume":"133","author":"S Micic","year":"1985","unstructured":"Micic, S. & Dotlic, R. Evaluation of sperm parameters in clinical trial with clomiphene citrate of oligospermic men. J. Urol. 133, 221\u2013222 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmg002","volume":"9","author":"PY Liu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Liu, P. Y. & Handelsman, D. J. The present and future state of hormonal treatment for male infertility. Hum. Reprod. Update 9, 9\u201323 (2003).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.04180","volume":"26","author":"A Hussein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hussein, A., Ozgok, Y., Ross, L. & Niederberger, C. Clomiphene administration for cases of nonobstructive azoospermia: a multicenter study. J. Androl. 26, 787\u2013793 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandekerckhove, P., Lilford, R., Vail, A. & Hughes, E. Clomiphene or tamoxifen for idiopathic oligo\/asthenospermia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD000151. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD000151 (1996).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000151"},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)01123-3","volume":"80","author":"DA Adamopoulos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Adamopoulos, D. A. et al. Effectiveness of combined tamoxifen citrate and testosterone undecanoate treatment in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia. Fertil. Steril. 80, 914\u2013920 (2003).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)69099-2","volume":"167","author":"JD Raman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Raman, J. D. & Schlegel, P. N. Aromatase inhibitors for male infertility. J. Urol. 167, 624\u2013629 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)66540-8","volume":"165","author":"CP Pavlovich","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pavlovich, C. P., King, P., Goldstein, M. & Schlegel, P. N. Evidence of a treatable endocrinopathy in infertile men. J. Urol. 165, 837\u2013841 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1989.tb00094.x","volume":"10","author":"RV Clark","year":"1989","unstructured":"Clark, R. V. & Sherins, R. J. Treatment of men with idiopathic oligozoospermic infertility using the aromatase inhibitor, testolactone. Results of a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with crossover. J. Androl. 10, 240\u2013247 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh725","volume":"20","author":"B Eskenazi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eskenazi, B. et al. Antioxidant intake is associated with semen quality in healthy men. Hum. Reprod. 20, 1006\u20131012 (2005).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1993.1074","volume":"300","author":"GR Buettner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Buettner, G. R. The pecking order of free radicals and antioxidants: lipid peroxidation, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbate. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 300, 535\u2013543 (1993).","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55456-9","volume":"58","author":"EB Dawson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dawson, E. B., Harris, W. A., Teter, M. C. & Powell, L. C. Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the sperm quality of smokers. Fertil. Steril. 58, 1034\u20131039 (1992).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57861-3","volume":"64","author":"E Kessopoulou","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kessopoulou, E. et al. A double-blind randomized placebo cross-over controlled trial using the antioxidant vitamin E to treat reactive oxygen species associated male infertility. Fertil. Steril. 64, 825\u2013831 (1995).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/01485010390129269","volume":"49","author":"L Keskes-Ammar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Keskes-Ammar, L. et al. Sperm oxidative stress and the effect of an oral vitamin E and selenium supplement on semen quality in infertile men. Arch. Androl. 49, 83\u201394 (2003).","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.4.1028","volume":"14","author":"C Rolf","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rolf, C., Cooper, T. G., Yeung, C. H. & Nieschlag, E. Antioxidant treatment of patients with asthenozoospermia or moderate oligoasthenozoospermia with high-dose vitamin C and vitamin E: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Hum. Reprod. 14, 1028\u20131033 (1999).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-2997(97)00036-8","volume":"18","author":"A Lewin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lewin, A. & Lavon, H. The effect of coenzyme Q10 on sperm motility and function. Mol. Aspects Med. 18 (Suppl.), S213\u2013S219 (1997).","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019708","volume":"13","author":"A Lenzi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lenzi, A., Gandini, L. & Picardo, M. A rationale for glutathione therapy. Hum. Reprod. 13, 1419\u20131422 (1998).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1021\/tx970156l","volume":"11","author":"DR Lloyd","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lloyd, D. R., Carmichael, P. L. & Phillips, D. H. Comparison of the formation of 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine and single- and double-strand breaks in DNA mediated by fenton reactions. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11, 420\u2013427 (1998).","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1995.tb00561.x","volume":"16","author":"K Iwanier","year":"1995","unstructured":"Iwanier, K. & Zachara, B. A. Selenium supplementation enhances the element concentration in blood and seminal fluid but does not change the spermatozoal quality characteristics in subfertile men. J. Androl. 16, 441\u2013447 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2005.00047.x","volume":"7","author":"FH Comhaire","year":"2005","unstructured":"Comhaire, F. H., El Garem, Y., Mahmoud, A., Eertmans, F. & Schoonjans, F. Combined conventional\/antioxidant \u201cAstaxanthin\u201d treatment for male infertility: a double blind, randomized trial. Asian J. Androl. 7, 257\u2013262 (2005).","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0560105","volume":"56","author":"BT Hinton","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hinton, B. T., Snoswell, A. M. & Setchell, B. P. The concentration of carnitine in the luminal fluid of the testis and epididymis of the rat and some other mammals. J. Reprod. Fertil. 56, 105\u2013111 (1979).","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR82","first-page":"236","volume":"45","author":"I Matalliotakis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Matalliotakis, I. et al. L-Carnitine levels in the seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men: correlation with sperm quality. Int. J. Fertil. Womens Med. 45, 236\u2013240 (2000).","journal-title":"Int. J. Fertil. Womens Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)04679-4","volume":"79","author":"A Lenzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lenzi, A. et al. Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trial. Fertil. Steril. 79, 292\u2013300 (2003).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.034","volume":"81","author":"A Lenzi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lenzi, A. et al. A placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial of the use of combined l-carnitine and l-acetyl-carnitine treatment in men with asthenozoospermia. Fertil. Steril. 81, 1578\u20131584 (2004).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1994.tb00780.x","volume":"26","author":"M Costa","year":"1994","unstructured":"Costa, M., Canale, D., Filicori, M., D'Lddio, S. & Lenzi, A. L-Carnitine in idiopathic asthenozoospermia: a multicenter study. Italian Study Group on Carnitine and Male Infertility. Andrologia 26, 155\u2013159 (1994).","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.10.055","volume":"85","author":"M Sigman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sigman, M., Glass, S., Campagnone, J. & Pryor, J. L. Carnitine for the treatment of idiopathic asthenospermia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil. Steril. 85, 1409\u20131414 (2006).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11303","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.24.11303","volume":"91","author":"RL Brinster","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brinster, R. L. & Avarbock, M. R. Germline transmission of donor haplotype following spermatogonial transplantation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 11303\u201311307 (1994).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1689","volume":"302","author":"H Sadri-Ardekani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sadri-Ardekani, H. et al. Propagation of human spermatogonial stem cells in vitro. JAMA 302, 2127\u20132134 (2009).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg360","volume":"18","author":"E Goossens","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goossens, E., Frederickx, V., De Block, G., Van Steirteghem, A. C. & Tournaye, H. Reproductive capacity of sperm obtained after germ cell transplantation in a mouse model. Hum. Reprod. 18, 1874\u20131880 (2003).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24189","volume":"115","author":"K Fujita","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fujita, K. et al. Transplantation of spermatogonial stem cells isolated from leukemic mice restores fertility without inducing leukemia. J. Clin. Invest. 115, 1855\u20131861 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11166","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-2326","volume":"66","author":"K Fujita","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fujita, K. et al. Isolation of germ cells from leukemia and lymphoma cells in a human in vitro model: potential clinical application for restoring human fertility after anticancer therapy. Cancer Res. 66, 11166\u201311171 (2006).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del418","volume":"22","author":"M Geens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Geens, M. et al. The efficiency of magnetic-activated cell sorting and fluorescence-activated cell sorting in the decontamination of testicular cell suspensions in cancer patients. Hum. Reprod. 22, 733\u2013742 (2007).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-4409(03)00070-5","volume":"34","author":"KR Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith, K. R. Gene therapy: theoretical and bioethical concepts. Arch. Med. Res. 34, 247\u2013268 (2003).","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR94","first-page":"592","volume-title":"Therapeutic options: current research and future prospects for gene therapy in andrology","author":"Y Kojima","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kojima, Y., Kohri, K. Therapeutic options: current research and future prospects for gene therapy in andrology 592\u2013598 (Springer, Heiderberg, 2006)."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.101.001743","volume":"67","author":"K Yomogida","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yomogida, K., Yagura, Y. & Nishimune, Y. Electroporated transgene-rescued spermatogenesis in infertile mutant mice with a sertoli cell defect. Biol. Reprod. 67, 712\u2013717 (2002).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)49891-2","volume":"46","author":"TF Kruger","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kruger, T. F. et al. Sperm morphologic features as a prognostic factor in in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril. 46, 1118\u20131123 (1986).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2010230_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(73)90318-X","volume":"2","author":"RD Amelar","year":"1973","unstructured":"Amelar, R. D., Dubin, L. & Schoenfeld, C. Semen analysis. An office technique. Urology 2, 605\u2013611 (1973).","journal-title":"Urology"}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrurol.2010.230.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrurol.2010.230","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrurol.2010.230.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T07:00:33Z","timestamp":1712127633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrurol.2010.230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,18]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrurol2010230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrurol.2010.230","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-4812","1759-4820"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-4812","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-4820","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,18]]}}}