{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:47:20Z","timestamp":1791820040446,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]],"date-time":"2012-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1353369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Urol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2012.197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]],"date-time":"2012-11-20T05:14:01Z","timestamp":1353388441000},"page":"678-690","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":245,"title":["Insight into oxidative stress in varicocele-associated male infertility: part 1"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ashok","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro C.","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65109-9","volume":"167","author":"JP Jarow","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jarow, J. P. et al. Best practice policies for male infertility. J. Urol. 167, 2138\u20132144 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137433","volume":"6","author":"P Thonneau","year":"1991","unstructured":"Thonneau, P. et al. Incidence and main causes of infertility in a resident population (1,850,000) of three French regions (1988\u20131989). Hum. Reprod. 6, 811\u2013816 (1991).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57306-3","volume":"63","author":"I Madgar","year":"1995","unstructured":"Madgar, I., Weissenberg, R., Lunenfeld, B., Karasik, A. & Goldwasser, B. Controlled trial of high spermatic vein ligation for varicocele in infertile men. Fertil. Steril. 63, 120\u2013124 (1995).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(93)90268-F","volume":"42","author":"MA Witt","year":"1993","unstructured":"Witt, M. A. & Lipshultz, L. I. Varicocele: a progressive or static lesion? Urology 42, 541\u2013543 (1993).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37035-0","volume":"148","author":"M Goldstein","year":"1992","unstructured":"Goldstein, M., Gilbert, B. R., Dicker, A. P., Dwosh, J. & Gnecco, C. Microsurgical inguinal varicocelectomy with delivery of the testis: an artery and lymphatic sparing technique. J. Urol. 148, 1808\u20131811 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597495","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/597495","volume":"2012","author":"R Miyaoka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miyaoka, R. & Esteves, S. C. A critical appraisal on the role of varicocele in male infertility. Adv. Urol. 2012, 597495 (2012).","journal-title":"Adv. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2010.01083.x","volume":"42","author":"Y Gat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gat, Y. et al. Azoospermia and maturation arrest: malfunction of valves in erect poster of humans leads to hypoxia in sperm production site. Andrologia 42, 389\u2013394 (2010).","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR8","first-page":"309","volume":"5","author":"JA Sylora","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sylora, J. A. & Pryor, J. L. Varicocele. Curr. Ther. Endocrinol. Metab. 5, 309\u2013314 (1994).","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)50874-5","volume":"131","author":"KF Green","year":"1984","unstructured":"Green, K. F., Turner, T. T. & Howards, S. S. Varicocele: reversal of the testicular blood flow and temperature effects by varicocele repair. J. Urol. 131, 1208\u20131211 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.1997.00044.x","volume":"20","author":"JF Griveau","year":"1997","unstructured":"Griveau, J. F. & Le Lannou, D. Reactive oxygen species and human spermatozoa: physiology and pathology. Int. J. Androl. 20, 61\u201369 (1997).","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamada, A., Esteves, S. C. & Agarwal, A. Insight into oxidative stress in varicocele-associated male infertility: part 2. Nat. Rev. Urol. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/nrurol.2012.198 .","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2012.198"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2000.00735.x","volume":"86","author":"E Akbay","year":"2000","unstructured":"Akbay, E., Cayan, S., Doruk, E., Duce, M. N. & Bozlu, M. The prevalence of varicocele and varicocele-related testicular atrophy in Turkish children and adolescents. BJU Int. 86, 490\u2013493 (2000).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei089","volume":"20","author":"Y Gat","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gat, Y., Zukerman, Z., Chakraborty, J. & Gornish, M. Varicocele, hypoxia and male infertility. Fluid mechanics analysis of the impaired testicular venous drainage system. Hum. Reprod. 20, 2614\u20132619 (2005).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60638-4","volume":"13","author":"Y Gat","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gat, Y. et al. Right varicocele and hypoxia, crucial factors in male infertility: fluid mechanics analysis of the impaired testicular drainage system. Reprod. Biomed. Online 13, 510\u2013515 (2006).","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The influence of varicocele on parameters of fertility in a large group of men presenting to infertility clinics. World Health Organization. Fertil. Steril. 57, 1289\u20131293 (1992).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55089-4"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)38400-X","volume":"22","author":"L Dubin","year":"1971","unstructured":"Dubin, L. & Amelar, R. D. Etiologic factors in 1294 consecutive cases of male infertility. Fertil. Steril. 22, 469\u2013474 (1971).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.04.011","volume":"70","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Agarwal, A. et al. Efficacy of varicocelectomy in improving semen parameters: new meta-analytical approach. Urology 70, 532\u2013538 (2007).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.06.018","volume":"60","author":"A Baazeem","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baazeem, A. et al. Varicocele and male factor infertility treatment: a new meta-analysis and review of the role of varicocele repair. Eur. Urol. 60, 796\u2013808 (2011).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR19","unstructured":"Evers, J. L., Collins, J. A. & Vandekerckhove, P. Surgery or embolisation for varicocele in subfertile men. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD000479."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.11.023","volume":"49","author":"V Ficarra","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ficarra, V. et al. Treatment of varicocele in subfertile men: The Cochrane Review\u2014a contrary opinion. Eur. Urol. 49, 258\u2013263 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.12.008","volume":"88","author":"JL Marmar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marmar, J. L. et al. Reassessing the value of varicocelectomy as a treatment for male subfertility with a new meta-analysis. Fertil. Steril. 88, 639\u2013648 (2007).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.06.028","volume":"182","author":"K Inci","year":"2009","unstructured":"Inci, K. et al. Sperm retrieval and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in men with nonobstructive azoospermia, and treated and untreated varicocele. J. Urol. 182, 1500\u20131505 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1590\/S1677-55382005000600005","volume":"31","author":"SC Esteves","year":"2005","unstructured":"Esteves, S. C. & Glina, S. Recovery of spermatogenesis after microsurgical subinguinal varicocele repair in azoospermic men based on testicular histology. Int. Braz. J. Urol. 31, 541\u2013548 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. Braz. J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1590\/S1677-55382011000500002","volume":"37","author":"SC Esteves","year":"2011","unstructured":"Esteves, S. C., Miyaoka, R. & Agarwal, A. Sperm retrieval techniques for assisted reproduction. Int. Braz. J. Urol. 37, 570\u2013583 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. Braz. J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.06.004","volume":"184","author":"SC Esteves","year":"2010","unstructured":"Esteves, S. C., Oliveira, F. V. & Bertolla, R. P. Clinical outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in infertile men with treated and untreated clinical varicocele. J. Urol. 184, 1442\u20131446 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(96)00313-5","volume":"48","author":"RK Sharma","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sharma, R. K. & Agarwal, A. Role of reactive oxygen species in male infertility. Urology 48, 835\u2013850 (1996).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.017","volume":"36","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aitken, R. J., Ryan, A. L., Baker, M. A. & McLaughlin, E. A. Redox activity associated with the maturation and capacitation of mammalian spermatozoa. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 36, 994\u20131010 (2004).","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520140127","volume":"14","author":"A Roveri","year":"2001","unstructured":"Roveri, A., Ursini, F., Flohe, L. & Maiorino, M. PHGPx and spermatogenesis. Biofactors 14, 213\u2013222 (2001).","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod44.3.398","volume":"44","author":"I Bize","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bize, I., Santander, G., Cabello, P., Driscoll, D. & Sharpe, C. Hydrogen peroxide is involved in hamster sperm capacitation in vitro. Biol. Reprod. Mar. 44, 398\u2013403 (1991).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod. Mar."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(93)90006-G","volume":"14","author":"E de Lamirande","year":"1993","unstructured":"de Lamirande, E. & Gagnon, C. Human sperm hyperactivation and capacitation as parts of an oxidative process. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 14, 157\u2013166 (1993).","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod56.3.602","volume":"56","author":"JG Sun","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sun, J. G., Jurisicova, A. & Casper, R. F. Detection of deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation in human sperm: correlation with fertilization in vitro. Biol. Reprod. Mar. 56, 602\u2013607 (1997).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod. Mar."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1220497","volume":"122","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aitken, R. J. & Krausz, C. Oxidative stress, DNA damage and the Y chromosome. Reproduction 122, 497\u2013506 (2001).","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.04.044","volume":"91","author":"K Shiraishi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shiraishi, K., Takihara, H. & Naito, K. Testicular volume, scrotal temperature, and oxidative stress in fertile men with left varicocele. Fertil. Steril. 91 (Suppl. 4), 1388\u20131391 (2009).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5913-5_28","volume":"286","author":"JA Salisz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Salisz, J. A., Kass, E. J. & Steinert, B. W. The significance of elevated scrotal temperature in an adolescent with a varicocele. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 286, 245\u2013251 (1991).","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)60858-0","volume":"52","author":"M Yamaguchi","year":"1989","unstructured":"Yamaguchi, M., Sakatoku, J. & Takihara, H. The application of intrascrotal deep body temperature measurement for the noninvasive diagnosis of varicoceles. Fertil. Steril. 52, 295\u2013301 (1989).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-010-0191-3","volume":"39","author":"A Mariotti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mariotti, A. et al. Scrotal thermoregulatory model and assessment of the impairment of scrotal temperature control in varicocele. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 39, 664\u2013673 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod32.2.342","volume":"32","author":"JG Alvarez","year":"1985","unstructured":"Alvarez, J. G. & Storey, B. T. Spontaneous lipid peroxidation in rabbit and mouse epididymal spermatozoa: dependence of rate on temperature and oxygen concentration. Biol. Reprod. Mar. 32, 342\u2013351 (1985).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod. Mar."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.041525","volume":"550","author":"D Morgan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Morgan, D. et al. Temperature dependence of NADPH oxidase in human eosinophils. J. Physiol. 550, 447\u2013458 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.10.053","volume":"44","author":"MH Shin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shin, M. H. et al. Reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and mitochondrial electron transport system mediate heat shock-induced MMP-1 and MMP-9 expression. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 44, 635\u2013645 (2008).","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.108.005538","volume":"30","author":"J Guo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guo, J. et al. Expression of nitric oxide synthase during germ cell apoptosis in testis of cynomolgus monkey after testosterone and heat treatment. J. Androl. 30, 190\u2013199 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06274-2","volume":"358","author":"F Hadziselimovic","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hadziselimovic, F. & Herzog, B. The importance of both an early orchidopexy and germ cell maturation for fertility. Lancet 358, 1156\u20131157 (2001).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136174","volume":"10","author":"M Rosselli","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rosselli, M., Dubey, R. K., Imthurn, B., Macas, E. & Keller, P. J. Effects of nitric oxide on human spermatozoa: evidence that nitric oxide decreases sperm motility and induces sperm toxicity. Hum. Reprod. 10, 1786\u20131790 (1995).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/01485010490455494","volume":"50","author":"TP Wu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wu, T. P., Huang, B. M., Tsai, H. C., Lui, M. C. & Liu, M. Y. Effects of nitric oxide on human spermatozoa activity, fertilization and mouse embryonic development. Arch. Androl. 50, 173\u2013179 (2004).","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod55.5.935","volume":"55","author":"A Zini","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zini, A., O'Bryan, M. K., Magid, M. S. & Schlegel, P. N. Immunohistochemical localization of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human testis, epididymis, and vas deferens suggests a possible role for nitric oxide in spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, and programmed cell death. Biol. Reprod. 55, 935\u2013941 (1996).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64380-5","volume":"160","author":"Y Wang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. An alternative promoter of the human neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene is expressed specifically in Leydig cells. Am. J. Pathol. 160, 369\u2013380 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2011.01245.x","volume":"44","author":"P Cos\u00b8tur","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cos\u00b8tur, P. et al. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the azoospermic human testis. Andrologia 44 (Suppl. 1), 654\u2013660 (2012).","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1023\/B:UROL.0000032687.58462.4f","volume":"36","author":"I T\u00fcrker K\u00f6ksal","year":"2004","unstructured":"T\u00fcrker K\u00f6ksal, I. et al. The potential role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in the testicular dysfunction associated with varicocele: an experimental study. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 36, 67\u201372 (2004).","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-4096.2001.02446.x","volume":"88","author":"G Santoro","year":"2001","unstructured":"Santoro, G. et al. Nitric oxide synthase patterns in normal and varicocele testis in adolescents. BJU Int. 88, 967\u2013973 (2001).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.06800.x","volume":"99","author":"K Shiraishi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shiraishi, K. & Naito, K. Nitric oxide produced in the testis is involved in dilatation of the internal spermatic vein that compromises spermatogenesis in infertile men with varicocele. BJU Int. 99, 1086\u20131090 (2007).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.4.2354","volume":"272","author":"A Shiratsuchi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shiratsuchi, A., Umeda, M., Ohba, Y. & Nakanishi, Y. Recognition of phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic spermatogenic cells and subsequent phagocytosis by Sertoli cells of the rat. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 2354\u20132358 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1808","volume":"91","author":"Y Lue","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lue, Y. et al. Transient testicular warming enhances the suppressive effect of testosterone on spermatogenesis in adult cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91, 539\u2013545 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00447.x","volume":"158","author":"JD Allen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Allen, J. D. & Gow, A. J. Nitrite, NO and hypoxic vasodilation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 158, 1653\u20131654 (2009).","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR53","first-page":"L699","volume":"268","author":"WA Pryor","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pryor, W. A. & Squadrito, G. L. The chemistry of peroxynitrite: a product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide. Am. J. Physiol. 268, L699\u2013L722 (1995).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28799","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M102341200","volume":"276","author":"D Jourd'heuil","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jourd'heuil, D. et al. Reaction of superoxide and nitric oxide with peroxynitrite. Implications for peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation reactions in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 28799\u201328805 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.2213","volume":"213","author":"TE Bates","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bates, T. E., Loesch, A., Burnstock, G. & Clark, J. B. Immunocytochemical evidence for a mitochondrially located nitric oxide synthase in brain and liver. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 213, 896\u2013900 (1995).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.1824","volume":"211","author":"L Kobzik","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kobzik, L., Stringer, B., Balligand, J. L., Reid, M. B. & Stamler, J. S. Endothelial type nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle fibers: mitochondrial relationships. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 211, 375\u2013381 (1995).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7631","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.13.7631","volume":"95","author":"E Clementi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Clementi, E., Brown, G. C., Feelisch, M. & Moncada, S. Persistent inhibition of cell respiration by nitric oxide: crucial role of S.-nitrosylation of mitochondrial complex I and protective action of glutathione. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 7631\u20137636 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1996.0146","volume":"328","author":"JJ Poderoso","year":"1996","unstructured":"Poderoso, J. J. et al. Nitric oxide inhibits electron transfer and increases superoxide radical production in rat heart mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 328, 85\u201392 (1996).","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703147","volume":"129","author":"B Beltr\u00e1n","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beltr\u00e1n, B., Orsi, A., Clementi, E. & Moncada, S. Oxidative stress and S-nitrosylation of proteins in cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 129, 953\u2013960 (2000).","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1159\/000322154","volume":"86","author":"M Abbasi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abbasi, M. et al. Aminoguanidine improves epididymal sperm parameters in varicocelized rats. Urol. Int. 86, 302\u2013306 (2011).","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719110393028","volume":"18","author":"M Abbasi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abbasi, M. et al. Effect of aminoguanidine in sperm DNA fragmentation in varicocelized rats: role of nitric oxide. Reprod. Sci. 18, 545\u2013550 (2011).","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR62","first-page":"51","volume":"18","author":"N Alizadeh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alizadeh, N. et al. Effects of aminoguanidine on infertile varicocelized rats: A functional and morphological study. Daru. 18, 51\u201356 (2010).","journal-title":"Daru."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR63","first-page":"684","volume":"9","author":"XK Gao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gao, X. K. et al. Protective effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) on germ cell apoptosis in experimentally cryptorchid rats [Chinese]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 9, 684\u2013686, 689 (2003).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000138846.56399.de","volume":"172","author":"WR DeFoor","year":"2004","unstructured":"DeFoor, W. R., Kuan, C. Y., Pinkerton, M., Sheldon, C. A. & Lewis, A. G. Modulation of germ cell apoptosis with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in a murine model of congenital cryptorchidism. J. Urol. 172, 1731\u20131735 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-0142","volume":"144","author":"Y Lue","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lue, Y., Sinha Hikim, A. P., Wang, C., Leung, A. & Swerdloff, R. S. Functional role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the induction of male germ cell apoptosis, regulation of sperm number, and determination of testes size: evidence from null mutant mice. Endocrinology 144, 3092\u20133100 (2003).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.071779","volume":"80","author":"C Paul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Paul, C., Teng, S. & Saunders, P. T. A single, mild, transient scrotal heat stress causes hypoxia and oxidative stress in mouse testes, which induces germ cell death. Biol. Reprod. 80, 913\u2013919 (2009).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660903303415","volume":"50","author":"TA Ebeid","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ebeid, T. A. Organic selenium enhances the antioxidative status and quality of cockerel semen under high ambient temperature. Br. Poult. Sci. 50, 641\u2013647 (2009).","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760500130517","volume":"39","author":"T Ishii","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ishii, T. et al. Accelerated impairment of spermatogenic cells in SOD1-knockout mice under heat stress. Free Radic. Res. 39, 697\u2013705 (2005).","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2009.00920.x","volume":"41","author":"N Ghasemi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ghasemi, N., Babaei, H., Azizallahi, S. & Kheradmand, A. Effect of long-term administration of zinc after scrotal heating on mice spermatozoa and subsequent offspring quality. Andrologia 41, 222\u2013228 (2009).","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.13.1831","volume":"205","author":"D Abele","year":"2002","unstructured":"Abele, D., Heise, K., P\u00f6rtner, H. O. & Puntarulo, S. Temperature-dependence of mitochondrial function and production of reactive oxygen species in the intertidal mud clam Mya arenaria. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 1831\u20131841 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod61.2.393","volume":"61","author":"M Ikeda","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ikeda, M. et al. Role of radical oxygen species in rat testicular germ cell apoptosis induced by heat stress. Biol. Reprod. 61, 393\u2013399 (1999).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760400010470","volume":"38","author":"S Venkataraman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Venkataraman, S. et al. Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase promotes the survival of prostate cancer cells exposed to hyperthermia. Free Radic. Res. 38, 1119\u20131132 (2004).","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00318","volume":"89","author":"GY Tan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tan, G. Y., Yang, L., Fu, Y. Q., Feng, J. H. & Zhang, M. H. Effects of different acute high ambient temperatures on function of hepatic mitochondrial respiration, antioxidative enzymes, and oxidative injury in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 89, 115\u2013122 (2010).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0240071","volume":"24","author":"JK Voglmayr","year":"1971","unstructured":"Voglmayr, J. K., Setchell, B. P. & White, I. G. The effects of heat on the metabolism and ultrastructure of ram testicular spermatozoa. J. Reprod. Fertil. 24, 71\u201380 (1971).","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.06.071","volume":"360","author":"K Zhang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang, K. et al. Uncoupling protein 2 protects testicular germ cells from hyperthermia-induced apoptosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 360, 327\u2013332 (2007).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5827","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.21.5827","volume":"18","author":"E Rial","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rial, E. et al. Retinoids activate proton transport by the uncoupling proteins UCP1 and UCP2. EMBO J. 18, 5827\u20135833 (1999).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.461","volume":"309","author":"S Dridi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dridi, S., Temim, S., Derouet, M., Tesseraud, S. & Taouis, M. Acute cold- and chronic heat-exposure upregulate hepatic leptin and muscle uncoupling protein (UCP) gene expression in broiler chickens. J. Exp. Zool. A Ecol. Genet. Physiol. 309, 381\u2013388 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. A Ecol. Genet. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.1416","volume":"98","author":"KS Echtay","year":"2001","unstructured":"Echtay, K. S., Winkler, E., Frischmuth, K. & Klingenberg, M. Uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 are highly active H(+) transporters and highly nucleotide sensitive when activated by coenzyme Q (ubiquinone). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 1416\u20131421 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1998.tb01374.x","volume":"30","author":"A Mancini","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mancini, A., Conte, G., Milardi, D., De Marinis, L. & Littarru, G. P. Relationship between sperm cell ubiquinone and seminal parameters in subjects with and without varicocele. Andrologia 30, 1\u20134 (1998).","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.2570040208","volume":"4","author":"JL Skibba","year":"1989","unstructured":"Skibba, J. L., Stadnicka, A., Kalbfleisch, J. H. & Powers, R. H. Effects of hyperthermia on xanthine oxidase activity and glutathione levels in the perfused rat liver. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 4, 119\u2013125 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Toxicol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.11.7649415","volume":"9","author":"R Hille","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hille, R. & Nishino, T. Flavoprotein structure and mechanism. 4. Xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase. FASEB J. 9, 995\u20131003 (1995).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR82","first-page":"G753","volume":"254","author":"TG McKelvey","year":"1988","unstructured":"McKelvey, T. G. et al. Mechanisms of conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase in ischemic rat liver and kidney. Am. J. Physiol. 254, G753\u2013G760 (1988).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-0436.1982.tb01286.x","volume":"23","author":"G Bruder","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bruder, G., Heid, H. W., Jarasch, E. D. & Mather, I. H. Immunological identification and determination of xanthine oxidase in cells and tissues. Differentiation 23, 218\u2013225 (1983).","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR84","first-page":"99","volume":"36","author":"S Kawaguchi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kawaguchi, S., Fukuda, J., Kumagai, J., Shimizu, Y. & Tanaka, T. Expression of xanthine oxidase in testicular cells. Akita J. Med. 36, 99\u2013105 (2009).","journal-title":"Akita J. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007138522517","volume":"31","author":"\u00d6 Yaman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yaman, \u00d6. et al. The significance of testicular reactive oxygen species on testicular histology in infertile patients. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 31, 395\u2013399 (1999).","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65403-X","volume":"156","author":"D Mitropoulos","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mitropoulos, D. et al. Nitric oxide synthase and xanthine oxidase activities in the spermatic vein of patients with varicocele: a potential role for nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in sperm dysfunction. J. Urol. 156, 1952\u20131958 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(94)90749-8","volume":"139","author":"WK McCoubrey Jr","year":"1994","unstructured":"McCoubrey, W. K. Jr & Maines, M. D. The structure, organization and differential expression of the gene encoding rat heme oxygenase-2. Gene 139, 155\u2013161 (1994).","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)39141-0","volume":"265","author":"MO Rotenberg","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rotenberg, M. O. & Maines, M. D. Isolation, characterization, and expression in Escherichia coli of a cDNA encoding rat heme oxygenase-2. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 7501\u20137506 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13811.x","volume":"171","author":"T Yoshida","year":"1988","unstructured":"Yoshida, T., Biro, P., Cohen, T., M\u00fcller, R. M. & Shibahara, S. Human heme oxygenase cDNA and induction of its mRNA by hemin. Eur. J. Biochem. 171, 457\u2013461 (1988).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14583.x","volume":"179","author":"S Shibahara","year":"1989","unstructured":"Shibahara, S., Sato, M., Muller, R. M. & Yoshida, T. Structural organization of the human heme oxygenase gene and the function of its promoter. Eur. J. Biochem. 179, 557\u2013563 (1989).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.11.012","volume":"44","author":"QS Lin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lin, Q. S. et al. Catalytic inactive heme oxygenase-1 protein regulates its own expression in oxidative stress. Free Radic. Biol. Med. Mar. 44, 847\u2013855 (2008).","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med. Mar."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR92","first-page":"573","volume":"46","author":"MD Maines","year":"2000","unstructured":"Maines, M. D. The heme oxygenase system and its functions in the brain. Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand) 46, 573\u2013585 (2000).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand)"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.2004.04241.x","volume":"271","author":"R Udono-Fujimori","year":"2004","unstructured":"Udono-Fujimori, R. et al. Expression of heme oxygenase-1 is repressed by interferon-gamma and induced by hypoxia in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 271, 3076\u20133084 (2004).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5074","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.12.5074.bloodjournal87125074","volume":"87","author":"S Okinaga","year":"1996","unstructured":"Okinaga, S. et al. Regulation of human heme oxygenase-1 gene expression under thermal stress. Blood 87, 5074\u20135084 (1996).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9125","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209939200","volume":"278","author":"T Kitamuro","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kitamuro, T. et al. Bach1 functions as a hypoxia-inducible repressor for the heme oxygenase-1 gene in human cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 9125\u20139133 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2683","volume":"271","author":"M Nakayama","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nakayama, M. et al. Repression of heme oxygenase-1 by hypoxia in vascular endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 271, 665\u2013671 (2000).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR97","first-page":"370","volume":"25","author":"S Shibahara","year":"1988","unstructured":"Shibahara, S. Regulation of heme oxygenase gene expression. Semin. Hematol. 25, 370\u2013376 (1988).","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.5.7720678","volume":"136","author":"JF Ewing","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ewing, J. F. & Maines, M. D. Distribution of constitutive (HO-2) and heat-inducible (HO-1) heme oxygenase isozymes in rat testes: HO-2 displays stage-specific expression in germ cells. Endocrinology 136, 2294\u20132302 (1995).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0213190","volume":"109","author":"N Ozawa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ozawa, N. et al. Leydig cell-derived heme oxygenase-1 regulates apoptosis of premeiotic germ cells in response to stress. J. Clin. Invest. 109, 457\u2013467 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2009.00983.x","volume":"42","author":"MT Abdel Aziz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abdel Aziz, M. T. et al. Heme oxygenase enzyme activity in seminal plasma of oligoasthenoteratozoospermic males with varicocele. Andrologia 42, 236\u2013241 (2008).","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei063","volume":"20","author":"K Shiraishi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shiraishi, K. & Naito, K. Increased expression of Leydig cell haem oxygenase-1 preserves spermatogenesis in varicocele. Hum. Reprod. 20, 2608\u20132613 (2005).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ge.27.120193.002253","volume":"27","author":"DA Parsell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Parsell, D. A. & Lindquist, S. The function of heat-shock proteins in stress tolerance: degradation and reactivation of damaged proteins. Annu. Rev. Genet. 27, 437\u2013496 (1993).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.03.078","volume":"66","author":"C Yes\u00b8illi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yes\u00b8illi, C. et al. Effect of varicocelectomy on sperm creatine kinase, HspA2 chaperone protein (creatine kinase-M type), LDH, LDH-X, and lipid peroxidation product levels in infertile men with varicocele. Urology 66, 610\u2013615 (2005).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.05.030","volume":"86","author":"SB Lima","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lima, S. B. et al. Expression of the HSPA2 gene in ejaculated spermatozoa from adolescents with and without varicocele. Fertil. Steril. 86, 1659\u20131663 (2006).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR105","first-page":"104","volume":"4","author":"MAH Esfahani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Esfahani, M. A. H. et al. Can altered expression of HSPA2 in varicocele patients lead to abnormal spermatogenesis. Int. J. Fertil. Steril. 4, 104\u2013113 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.11.009","volume":"183","author":"A Ferlin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ferlin, A. et al. Heat shock protein and heat shock factor expression in sperm: relation to oligozoospermia and varicocele. J. Urol. 183, 1248\u20131252 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.7.1545","volume":"19","author":"A Nakai","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nakai, A., Suzuki, M. & Tanabe, M. Arrest of spermatogenesis in mice expressing an active heat shock transcription factor 1. EMBO J. 19, 1545\u20131554 (2000).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000135455.97627.15","volume":"172","author":"F Kilin\u00e7","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kilin\u00e7, F. et al. Experimental varicocele induces hypoxia inducible factor-1\u03b1, vascular endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis in the rat testis. J. Urol. 172, 1188\u20131191 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR109","first-page":"2697","volume":"22","author":"A Horiuchi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Horiuchi, A. et al. Hypoxia-induced changes in the expression of VEGF, HIF-1\u03b1 and cell cycle-related molecules in ovarian cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 22, 2697\u20132702 (2002).","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)00417-9","volume":"175","author":"JD Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee, J. D., Jeng, S. Y. & Lee, T. H. Increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 in the internal spermatic vein of patients with varicocele. J. Urol. 175, 1045\u20131048 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acuro.2011.07.022","volume":"36","author":"JS Paick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Paick, J. S. et al. Increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 and connective tissue growth factor accompanied by fibrosis in the rat testis of varicocele [Spanish]. Actas Urol. Esp. 36, 282\u2013288 (2012).","journal-title":"Actas Urol. Esp."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.108.007153","volume":"31","author":"H Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang, H. et al. Hypoxia-induced apoptosis in the bilateral testes of rats with left-sided varicocele: a new way to think about the varicocele. J. Androl. 31, 299\u2013305 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR113","first-page":"1670","volume":"88","author":"HF Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang, H. F. et al. Expression of hypoxia induced factor-1alpha and function of epididymis in varicocele: experiment with rats [Chinese]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 88, 1670\u20131672 (2008).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.05.002","volume":"1","author":"JK Brunelle","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brunelle, J. K. et al. Oxygen sensing requires mitochondrial ROS but not oxidative phosphorylation. Cell Metab. 1, 409\u2013414 (2005).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25130","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M001914200","volume":"275","author":"NS Chandel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chandel, N. S. et al. Reactive oxygen species generated at mitochondrial complex III stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 during hypoxia: a mechanism of O2 sensing. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 25130\u201325138 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgn032","volume":"29","author":"S-N Jung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jung, S.-N. et al. Reactive oxygen species stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 protein and stimulate transcriptional activity via AMP-activated protein kinase in DU145 human prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 29, 713\u2013721 (2008).","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.6.917","volume":"187","author":"C Hierholzer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hierholzer, C. et al. Essential role of induced nitric oxide in the initiation of the inflammatory response after hemorrhagic shock. J. Exp. Med. 187, 917\u2013928 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00049a007","volume":"37","author":"WM Moore","year":"1994","unstructured":"Moore, W. M. et al. L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine: a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase. J. Med. Chem. 37, 3886\u20133888 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2006.033506","volume":"91","author":"RD Guzy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guzy, R. D. & Schumacker, P. T. Oxygen sensing by mitochondria at complex III: the paradox of increased reactive oxygen species during hypoxia. Exp. Physiol. 91, 807\u2013819 (2006).","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(03)00262-1","volume":"58","author":"HY Sohn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sohn, H. Y. et al. Differential regulation of xanthine and NAD(P)H oxidase by hypoxia in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Role of nitric oxide and adenosine. Cardiovasc. Res. 58, 638\u2013646 (2003).","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00320-8","volume":"29","author":"RD Jones","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jones, R. D., Hancock, J. T. & Morice, A. H. NADPH oxidase: a universal oxygen sensor? Free Radic. Biol. Med. 29, 416\u2013424 (2000).","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2004.10.010","volume":"200","author":"NA Neidlinger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Neidlinger, N. A. et al. Postinjury serum secretory phospholipase A2 correlates with hypoxemia and clinical status at 72 hours. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 200, 173\u2013178 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR123","first-page":"6","volume":"13","author":"SM Girgis","year":"1981","unstructured":"Girgis, S. M. et al. Lactate and pyruvate levels in the testicular vein of subfertile males with varicocele as a test for the theory of underlying hypoxia. Andrologia 13, 6\u20139 (1981).","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1981.tb00044.x","volume":"13","author":"AA Ibrahim","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ibrahim, A. A., Hamada, T. A. & Moussa, M. M. Effect of varicocele on sperm respiration and metabolism. Andrologia 13, 253\u2013259 (1981).","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR125","first-page":"35","volume":"46","author":"A Buonaguidi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Buonaguidi, A. et al. Experience with the determination of LDH-X in seminal plasma as diagnostic and prognostic factor in varicocele [Spanish]. Arch. Esp. Urol. 46, 35\u201339 (1993).","journal-title":"Arch. Esp. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C99","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1997.272.1.C99","volume":"272","author":"CM Padgett","year":"1997","unstructured":"Padgett, C. M. & Whorton, A. R. Glutathione redox cycle regulates nitric oxide-mediated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibition. Am. J. Physiol. 272, C99\u2013108 (1997).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.05.070","volume":"92","author":"K Ghabili","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ghabili, K., Shoja, M. M., Agutter, P. S. & Agarwal, A. Hypothesis: intracellular acidification contributes to infertility in varicocele. Fertil. Steril. 92, 399\u2013401 (2009).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2009.01009.x","volume":"43","author":"S Arena","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arena, S. et al. Aquaporin-9 immunohistochemistry in varicocele testes as a consequence of hypoxia in the sperm production site. Andrologia 43, 34\u201337 (2011).","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2006.00754.x","volume":"39","author":"T Ishikawa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ishikawa, T., Fujioka, H., Ishimura, T., Takenaka, A. & Fujisawa, M. Expression of leptin and leptin receptor in the testis of fertile and infertile patients. Andrologia 39, 22\u201327 (2007).","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.10.025","volume":"85","author":"Z Sahin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sahin, Z. et al. Increased expression of interleukin-1\u03b1 and interleukin-1\u03b2 is associated with experimental varicocele. Fertil. Steril. 85 (Suppl. 1), 1265\u20131275 (2006).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.05.045","volume":"64","author":"KP Nallella","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nallella, K. P. et al. Relationship of interleukin-6 with semen characteristics and oxidative stress in patients with varicocele. Urology 64, 1010\u20131013 (2004).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34601","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M205172200","volume":"277","author":"G Ambrosini","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ambrosini, G., Nath, A. K., Sierra-Honigmann, M. R. & Flores-Riveros, J. Transcriptional activation of the human leptin gene in response to hypoxia. Involvement of hypoxia!inducible factor 1. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 34601\u201334609 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.12.002","volume":"37","author":"D Konukoglu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Konukoglu, D., Serin, O. & Turhan, M. S. Plasma leptin and its relationship with lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide in obese female patients with or without hypertension. Arch. Med. Res. 37, 602\u2013606 (2006).","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25096","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M007383200","volume":"276","author":"SI Yamagishi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yamagishi, S. I. et al. Leptin induces mitochondrial superoxide production and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in aortic endothelial cells by increasing fatty acid oxidation via protein kinase A. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 25096\u201325100 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR135","first-page":"125","volume":"8","author":"LP Chen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chen, L. P. et al. The changes of IL-1 and NO levels in the testes of rats with experimental varicocele [Chinese]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 8, 125\u2013126 (2002).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2008.00911.x","volume":"32","author":"E Moretti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moretti, E. et al. Semen characteristics and inflammatory mediators in infertile men with different clinical diagnoses. Int. J. Androl. 32, 637\u2013646 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a135879","volume":"10","author":"A Zalata","year":"1995","unstructured":"Zalata, A., Hafez, T., Van Hoecke, M. J. & Comhaire, F. Evaluation of \u03b2-endorphin and interleukin-6 in seminal plasma of patients with certain andrological diseases. Hum. Reprod. 10, 3161\u20133165 (1995).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80334-9","volume":"6","author":"M Romano","year":"1997","unstructured":"Romano, M. et al. Role of IL-6 and its soluble receptor in induction of chemokines and leukocyte recruitment. Immunity 6, 315\u2013325 (1997).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02785.x","volume":"25","author":"S Basu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Basu, S., Aballa, T. C., Ferrell, S. M., Lynne, C. M. & Brackett, N. L. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are elevated in seminal plasma of men with spinal cord injuries. J. Androl. 25, 250\u2013254 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR140","first-page":"921","volume":"57","author":"I Tortolero","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tortolero, I. et al. The effect of seminal leukocytes on semen quality in subfertile males with and without varicocele [Spanish]. Arch. Esp. Urol. 57, 921\u2013928 (2004).","journal-title":"Arch. Esp. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.106.052274","volume":"75","author":"Y-Y Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li, Y.-Y., Hwang, I. S., O, W.-S. & Tang, F. Adrenomedullin peptide: gene expression of adrenomedullin, its receptors and receptor activity modifying proteins, and receptor binding in rat testis--actions on testosterone secretion. Biol. Reprod. 75, 183\u2013188 (2006).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2005.03.021","volume":"122","author":"E Marinoni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marinoni, E. et al. Adrenomedullin in human male reproductive system. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 122, 195\u2013198 (2005).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.1827","volume":"201","author":"S Sugo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sugo, S. et al. Endothelial cells actively synthesize and secrete adrenomedullin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 201, 1160\u20131166 (1994).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.32.5.917","volume":"32","author":"M Jougasaki","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jougasaki, M., Schirger, J. A., Simari, R. D. & Burnett, J. C. Jr. Autocrine role for the endothelin-B receptor in the secretion of adrenomedullin. Hypertension 32, 917\u2013922 (1998).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)80289-0","volume":"338","author":"K Kitamura","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kitamura, K. et al. Complete amino acid sequence of porcine adrenomedullin and cloning of cDNA encoding its precursor. FEBS Lett. 338, 306\u2013310 (1994).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000165690.85505.37","volume":"45","author":"M Fujita","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fujita, M., Kuwaki, T., Ando, K. & Fujita, T. Sympatho-inhibitory action of endogenous adrenomedullin through inhibition of oxidative stress in the brain. Hypertension 45, 1165\u20131172 (2005).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20430","volume":"24","author":"M Yurekli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yurekli, M. et al. Adrenomedullin reduces antioxidant defense system and enhances kidney tissue damage in cadmium and lead exposed rats. Environ. Toxicol. 24, 279\u2013286 (2009).","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00753.x","volume":"30","author":"GE Hurtado de Catalfo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hurtado de Catalfo, G. E., Ranieri-Casilla, A., Marra, F. A., de Alaniz, M. J. & Marra, C. A. Oxidative stress biomarkers and hormonal profile in human patients undergoing varicocelectomy. Int. J. Androl. 30, 519\u2013530 (2007).","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1159\/000051544","volume":"201","author":"C Evereklioglu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Evereklioglu, C. et al. Increased plasma adrenomedullin levels in patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease. Dermatology 201, 312\u2013315 (2000).","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.060871","volume":"78","author":"YF Chan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chan, Y. F., O, W.-S. & Tang, F. Adrenomedullin in the rat testis. I: Its production, actions on testosterone secretion, regulation by human chorionic gonadotropin, and its interaction with endothelin 1 in the leydig cell. Biol. Reprod. 78, 773\u2013779 (2008).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17718","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608556103","volume":"103","author":"C Zhang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhang, C. et al. Oligozoospermia with normal fertility in male mice lacking the androgen receptor in testis peritubular myoid cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 17718\u201317723 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2000.00853.x","volume":"86","author":"E Ozbek","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ozbek, E., Yurekli, M., Soylu, A., Davarci, M. & Balbay, M. D. The role of adrenomedullin in varicocele and impotence. BJU Int. 86, 694\u2013698 (2000).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)46043-7","volume":"37","author":"H Ito","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ito, H. et al. Internal spermatic vein prostaglandins in varicocele patients. Fertil. Steril. 37, 218\u2013222 (1982).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)59368-6","volume":"48","author":"DA Adamopoulos","year":"1987","unstructured":"Adamopoulos, D. A., Kontogeorgos, L., Abrahamian-Michalakis, A., Terzis, T. & Vassilopoulos, P. Raised sodium, potassium, and urea concentrations in spermatic venous blood: an additional causative factor in the testicular dysfunction of varicocele? Fertil. Steril. 48, 331\u2013333 (1987).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9491","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402961101","volume":"101","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Dmitrieva, N. I., Park, J.-H., Levine, R. L. & Burg, M. B. High urea and NaCl carbonylate proteins in renal cells in culture and in vivo, and high urea causes 8-oxoguanine lesions in their, DNA. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 9491\u20139496 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.01.008","volume":"73","author":"SY Jeng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jeng, S. Y., Wu, S. M. & Lee, J. D. Cadmium accumulation and metallothionein overexpression in internal spermatic vein of patients with varicocele. Urology 73, 1231\u20131235 (2009).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh139","volume":"19","author":"SH Benoff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benoff, S. H., Millan, C., Hurley, I. R., Napolitano, B. & Marmar, J. L. Bilateral increased apoptosis and bilateral accumulation of cadmium in infertile men with left varicocele. Hum. Reprod. 19, 616\u2013627 (2004).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)81921-8","volume":"67","author":"S Benoff","year":"1997","unstructured":"Benoff, S. et al. A potential role for cadmium in the etiology of varicocele-associated infertility. Fertil. Steril. 67, 336\u2013347 (1997).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.12.035","volume":"89","author":"S Benoff","year":"2008","unstructured":"Benoff, S., Auborn, K., Marmar, J. L. & Hurley, I. R. Link between low-dose environmentally relevant cadmium exposures and asthenozoospermia in a rat model. Fertil. Steril. 89 (Suppl. 2), e73\u2013e79 (2008).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod14.4.481","volume":"14","author":"MJ Free","year":"1976","unstructured":"Free, M. J., Schluntz, G. A. & Jaffe, R. A. Respiratory gas tensions in tissues and fluids of the male rat reproductive tract. Biol. Reprod. 14, 481\u2013488 (1976).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001630404","volume":"163","author":"F Suzuki","year":"1982","unstructured":"Suzuki, F. Microvasculature of the mouse testis and excurrent duct system. Am. J. Anat. 163, 309\u2013325 (1982).","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0070-2153(08)60337-3","volume":"33","author":"BT Hinton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hinton, B. T., Palladino, M. A., Rudolph, D., Lan, Z. J. & Labus, J. C. The role of the epididymis in the protection of spermatozoa. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 33, 61\u2013102 (1996).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/19396360802415752","volume":"54","author":"U Ozturk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ozturk, U. et al. The effects of experimental left varicocele on the epididymis. Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med. 54, 177\u2013184 (2008).","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR164","first-page":"108","volume":"5","author":"QY Zhang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. Y., Qiu, S. D., Ma, X. N., Yu, H. M. & Wu, Y. W. Effect of experimental varicocele on structure and function of epididymis in adolescent rats. Asian J. Androl. 5, 108\u2013112 (2003).","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2012197_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/EHX.0000398852.98339.40","volume":"34","author":"SA Mahmoud","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mahmoud, S. A. & Zahran, N. M. Electron microscopic study of the left caput epididymal epithelium of adult albino rats in an experimental left varicocele model. Egypt. J. Histol. 34, 483\u2013495 (2011).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Histol."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrurol.2012.197.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrurol.2012.197","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrurol.2012.197.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:51:44Z","timestamp":1684457504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrurol.2012.197"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]]},"references-count":165,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrurol2012197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrurol.2012.197","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-4812","1759-4820"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-4812","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-4820","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]]}}}