{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T10:15:33Z","timestamp":1786702533548,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,13]],"date-time":"2016-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481587200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Urol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2016.243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,13]],"date-time":"2016-12-13T11:05:47Z","timestamp":1481627147000},"page":"205-214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["A contemporary update on Fournier's gangrene"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Judith C.","family":"Hagedorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hunter","family":"Wessells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR1","unstructured":"Fournier, J. Gangrene foudroyante de la verge. Sem. Med. (1883)."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR2","first-page":"251","volume":"20","author":"H Baurienne","year":"1764","unstructured":"Baurienne, H. Sur une plaie contuse qui s'est terminee par le sphacele de la scrotum. J. Med. Chir Pharm. 20, 251\u2013256 (1764).","journal-title":"J. Med. Chir Pharm."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(77)90283-5","volume":"134","author":"A Giuliano","year":"1977","unstructured":"Giuliano, A., Lewis, F. Jr., Hadley, K. & Blaisdell, F. W. Bacteriology of necrotizing fasciitis. Am. J. Surg. 134, 52\u201357 (1977).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480206800810","volume":"68","author":"KS Norton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Norton, K. S. et al. Management of Fournier's gangrene: an eleven year retrospective analysis of early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment. Am. Surg. 68, 709\u2013713 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.2000.01497.x","volume":"87","author":"N Eke","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eke, N. Fournier's gangrene: a review of 1726 cases. Br. J. Surg. 87, 718\u2013728 (2000).","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.01.034","volume":"181","author":"MD Sorensen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sorensen, M. D. et al. Fournier's gangrene: population based epidemiology and outcomes. J. Urol. 181, 2120\u20132126 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000321691","volume":"86","author":"D Koukouras","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koukouras, D. et al. Fournier's gangrene, a urologic and surgical emergency: presentation of a multi-institutional experience with 45 cases. Urol. Int. 86, 167\u2013172 (2011).","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR8","first-page":"586","volume":"75","author":"BR Ayumba","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ayumba, B. R. & Magoha, G. A. Epidemiological aspects of Fournier's gangrene at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East Afr. Med. J. 75, 586\u2013589 (1998).","journal-title":"East Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-008-8169-x","volume":"37","author":"R Czymek","year":"2009","unstructured":"Czymek, R. et al. New insights into the epidemiology and etiology of Fournier's gangrene: a review of 33 patients. Infection 37, 306\u2013312 (2009).","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2005.03609.x","volume":"75","author":"F Ayan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ayan, F. et al. Fournier's gangrene: a retrospective clinical study on forty-one patients. ANZ J. Surg. 75, 1055\u20131058 (2005).","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.01.021","volume":"13","author":"M Ulug","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ulug, M., Gedik, E., Girgin, S., Celen, M. K. & Ayaz, C. The evaluation of microbiology and Fournier's gangrene severity index in 27 patients. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 13, e424\u2013e430 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR12","first-page":"49","volume":"170","author":"MD Clayton","year":"1990","unstructured":"Clayton, M. D., Fowler, J. E. Jr, Sharifi, R. & Pearl, R. K. Causes, presentation and survival of fifty-seven patients with necrotizing fasciitis of the male genitalia. Surg. Gynecol. Obstetr. 170, 49\u201355 (1990).","journal-title":"Surg. Gynecol. Obstetr."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR13","first-page":"500","volume":"40","author":"CF Kuo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kuo, C. F., Wang, W. S., Lee, C. M., Liu, C. P. & Tseng, H. K. Fournier's gangrene: ten-year experience in a medical center in northern Taiwan. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 40, 500\u2013506 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(96)80017-3","volume":"47","author":"MJ Hejase","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hejase, M. J., Simonin, J. E., Bihrle, R. & Coogan, C. L. Genital Fournier's gangrene: experience with 38 patients. Urology 47, 734\u2013739 (1996).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2014-036","volume":"63","author":"M Wroblewska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wroblewska, M. et al. Fournier's gangrene\u2014current concepts. Pol. J. Microbiol. 63, 267\u2013273 (2014).","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.40775","volume":"54","author":"HR Unalp","year":"2008","unstructured":"Unalp, H. R. et al. Fournier's gangrene: evaluation of 68 patients and analysis of prognostic variables. J. Postgrad. Med. 54, 102\u2013105 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197205000-00010","volume":"175","author":"HH Stone","year":"1972","unstructured":"Stone, H. H. & Martin, J. D. Jr. Synergistic necrotizing cellulitis. Ann. Surg. 175, 702\u2013711 (1972).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(96)00058-1","volume":"47","author":"E Benizri","year":"1996","unstructured":"Benizri, E. et al. Gangrene of the perineum. Urology 47, 935\u2013939 (1996).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1990.tb14801.x","volume":"65","author":"LS Baskin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Baskin, L. S., Carroll, P. R., Cattolica, E. V. & McAninch, J. W. Necrotising soft tissue infections of the perineum and genitalia. Bacteriology, treatment and risk assessment. Br. J. Urol. 65, 524\u2013529 (1990).","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1159\/000019775","volume":"34","author":"R Asci","year":"1998","unstructured":"Asci, R., Sarikaya, S., Buyukalpelli, R., Yilmaz, A. F. & Yildiz, S. Fournier's gangrene: risk assessment and enzymatic debridement with lyophilized collagenase application. Eur. Urol. 34, 411\u2013418 (1998).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.08.050","volume":"182","author":"MD Sorensen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sorensen, M. D., Krieger, J. N., Rivara, F. P., Klein, M. B. & Wessells, H. Fournier's gangrene: management and mortality predictors in a population based study. J. Urol. 182, 2742\u20132747 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)67236-7","volume":"154","author":"E Laor","year":"1995","unstructured":"Laor, E., Palmer, L. S., Tolia, B. M., Reid, R. E. & Winter, H. I. Outcome prediction in patients with Fournier's gangrene. J. Urol. 154, 89\u201392 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR23","first-page":"537","volume":"53","author":"F Ersoz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ersoz, F. et al. Factors affecting mortality in Fournier's gangrene: experience with fifty-two patients. Singapore Med. J. 53, 537\u2013540 (2012).","journal-title":"Singapore Med. J."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.03.049","volume":"64","author":"CO Yeniyol","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yeniyol, C. O., Suelozgen, T., Arslan, M. & Ayder, A. R. Fournier's gangrene: experience with 25 patients and use of Fournier's gangrene severity index score. Urology 64, 218\u2013222 (2004).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.05.021","volume":"180","author":"AT Corcoran","year":"2008","unstructured":"Corcoran, A. T., Smaldone, M. C., Gibbons, E. P., Walsh, T. J. & Davies, B. J. Validation of the Fournier's gangrene severity index in a large contemporary series. J. Urol. 180, 944\u2013948 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.01.030","volume":"50","author":"A Tuncel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tuncel, A. et al. Fournier's gangrene: three years of experience with 20 patients and validity of the Fournier's gangrene severity index score. Eur. Urol. 50, 838\u2013843 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.09075.x","volume":"106","author":"S Lujan Marco","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lujan Marco, S., Budia, A., Di Capua, C., Broseta, E. & Jimenez Cruz, F. Evaluation of a severity score to predict the prognosis of Fournier's gangrene. BJU Int. 106, 373\u2013376 (2010).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-010-0592-1","volume":"14","author":"T Yilmazlar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yilmazlar, T. et al. Fournier's gangrene: an analysis of 80 patients and a novel scoring system. Tech. Coloproctol. 14, 217\u2013223 (2010).","journal-title":"Tech. Coloproctol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.08.090","volume":"75","author":"B Erol","year":"2010","unstructured":"Erol, B. et al. Fournier's gangrene: overview of prognostic factors and definition of new prognostic parameter. Urology 75, 1193\u20131198 (2010).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11082.x","volume":"110","author":"F Roghmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roghmann, F. et al. Is there a need for the Fournier's gangrene severity index? Comparison of scoring systems for outcome prediction in patients with Fournier's gangrene. BJU Int. 110, 1359\u20131365 (2012).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","volume":"40","author":"ME Charlson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Charlson, M. E., Pompei, P., Ales, K. L. & MacKenzie, C. R. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J. Chron. Dis. 40, 373\u2013383 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Chron. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2006.11.011","volume":"204","author":"AA Gawande","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gawande, A. A., Kwaan, M. R., Regenbogen, S. E., Lipsitz, S. A. & Zinner, M. J. An Apgar score for surgery. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 204, 201\u2013208 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2014.00036","volume":"1","author":"EP Misiakos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Misiakos, E. P. et al. Current concepts in the management of necrotizing fasciitis. Front. Surg. 1, 36 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.01.028","volume":"75","author":"MS Morgan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Morgan, M. S. Diagnosis and management of necrotising fasciitis: a multiparametric approach. J. Hosp. Infect. 75, 249\u2013257 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-005-8437-y","volume":"37","author":"H Sahin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sahin, H., Aflay, U., Kilinc, N. & Bircan, M. K. Coagulation parameters in the patients with Fournier's Gangrene. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 37, 733\u2013737 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR36","volume-title":"Medical Microbiology","author":"JT Mader","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mader, J. T. & Calhoun, J. in Medical Microbiology (ed. Baron, S.) (Univ. of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 1996)."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2013.118","volume":"16","author":"WT Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin, W. T., Chao, C. M., Lin, H. L., Hung, M. C. & Lai, C. C. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in patients with Fournier gangrene. Surg. Infect. (Larchmt). 16, 165\u2013168 (2015).","journal-title":"Surg. Infect. (Larchmt)."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR38","first-page":"539","volume":"76","author":"MH Bross","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bross, M. H., Soch, K., Morales, R. & Mitchell, R. B. Vibrio vulnificus infection: diagnosis and treatment. Am. Fam. Physician 76, 539\u2013544 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000104920.01254.82","volume":"32","author":"KH Goodell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Goodell, K. H., Jordan, M. R., Graham, R., Cassidy, C. & Nasraway, S. A. Rapidly advancing necrotizing fasciitis caused by Photobacterium (Vibrio) damsela: a hyperaggressive variant. Crit. Care Med. 32, 278\u2013281 (2004).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800639","volume":"19","author":"D Jain","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jain, D. et al. Zygomycotic necrotizing fasciitis in immunocompetent patients: a series of 18 cases. Mod. Pathol. 19, 1221\u20131226 (2006).","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318220d7fa","volume":"71","author":"KF Huang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huang, K. F. et al. Independent predictors of mortality for necrotizing fasciitis: a retrospective analysis in a single institution. J. Trauma 71, 467\u2013473; discussion 473 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-014-0783-8","volume":"4","author":"LM Tang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tang, L. M., Su, Y. J. & Lai, Y. C. The evaluation of microbiology and prognosis of Fournier's gangrene in past five years. Springerplus 4, 14 (2015).","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i3","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg466","volume":"52","author":"LJ Eron","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eron, L. J. et al. Managing skin and soft tissue infections: expert panel recommendations on key decision points. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 52 (Suppl. 1), i3\u2013i17 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000244925.80290.57","volume":"119","author":"PC Ferreira","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ferreira, P. C. et al. Fournier's gangrene: a review of 43 reconstructive cases. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 119, 175\u2013184 (2007).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000678","volume":"125","author":"R Sinha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sinha, R., Arachchi, A., Lee, P. & Marwan, K. Fournier gangrene in pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 125, 1342\u20131344 (2015).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942437","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/942437","volume":"2012","author":"MN Mallikarjuna","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mallikarjuna, M. N., Vijayakumar, A., Patil, V. S. & Shivswamy, B. S. Fournier's gangrene: current practices. ISRN Surg. 2012, 942437 (2012).","journal-title":"ISRN Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR47","first-page":"543","volume-title":"Advanced Male Urethral and Genital Reconstructive Surgery","author":"J Hagedorn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hagedorn, J. & Rosenstein, D. in Advanced Male Urethral and Genital Reconstructive Surgery (eds Brandes, S. B. & Morey, A. F.) 543\u2013562 (Springer, 2014)."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000129486.35458.7D","volume":"32","author":"CH Wong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wong, C. H., Khin, L. W., Heng, K. S., Tan, K. C. & Low, C. O. The LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections. Crit. Care Med. 32, 1535\u20131541 (2004).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6787.2011.00235.x","volume":"9","author":"L Schuster","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schuster, L. & Nunez, D. E. Using clinical pathways to aid in the diagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infections synthesis of evidence. Worldviews Evid. Based Nurs. 9, 88\u201399 (2012).","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid. Based Nurs."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.282075048","volume":"28","author":"RB Levenson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levenson, R. B., Singh, A. K. & Novelline, R. A. Fournier gangrene: role of imaging. Radiographics 28, 519\u2013528 (2008).","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182134a76","volume":"70","author":"EA McGillicuddy","year":"2011","unstructured":"McGillicuddy, E. A. et al. Development of a computed tomography-based scoring system for necrotizing soft-tissue infections. J. Trauma 70, 894\u2013899 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.12.041","volume":"81","author":"MA Bjurlin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bjurlin, M. A. et al. Causative pathogens, antibiotic sensitivity, resistance patterns, and severity in a contemporary series of Fournier's gangrene. Urology 81, 752\u2013758 (2013).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR53","first-page":"170","volume":"29","author":"M Smaldone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smaldone, M., Corcoran, A. & Davies, B. Fournier gangrene: advances in clinical management. AUA update series 29, 170\u2013179 (2010).","journal-title":"AUA update series"},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu444","volume":"59","author":"DL Stevens","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stevens, D. L. et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 59, 147\u2013159 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1177\/000313489906501107","volume":"65","author":"EE Frezza","year":"1999","unstructured":"Frezza, E. E. & Atlas, I. Minimal debridement in the treatment of Fournier's gangrene. Am. Surg. 65, 1031\u20131034 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1996.tb01188.x","volume":"66","author":"HS Ong","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ong, H. S. & Ho, Y. H. Genitoperineal gangrene: experience in Singapore. Aust. N. Z. J. Surg. 66, 291\u2013293 (1996).","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000240","volume":"29","author":"C Eckmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eckmann, C. The importance of source control in the management of severe skin and soft tissue infections. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 29, 139\u2013144 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2012.08.008","volume":"206","author":"WN Chao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chao, W. N. et al. Impact of timing of surgery on outcome of Vibrio vulnificus-related necrotizing fasciitis. Am. J. Surg. 206, 32\u201339 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-008-0461-9","volume":"395","author":"R Czymek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Czymek, R. et al. Fournier's gangrene: is the female gender a risk factor? Langenbecks Arch. Surg. 395, 173\u2013180 (2010).","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpsurg.2014.06.001","volume":"51","author":"TW Hakkarainen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hakkarainen, T. W., Kopari, N. M., Pham, T. N. & Evans, H. L. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: review and current concepts in treatment, systems of care, and outcomes. Curr. Probl. Surg. 51, 344\u2013362 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR61","first-page":"571","volume":"64","author":"M Haidari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haidari, M. et al. Honey in the treatment of Fournier's gangrene as an adjuvant: a cross sectional study. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 64, 571\u2013573 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60016-6","volume":"1","author":"MD Mandal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mandal, M. D. & Mandal, S. Honey: its medicinal property and antibacterial activity. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 1, 154\u2013160 (2011).","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e426","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000426","volume":"94","author":"J Ye","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ye, J., Xie, T., Wu, M., Ni, P. & Lu, S. Negative pressure wound therapy applied before and after split-thickness skin graft helps healing of Fournier gangrene: a case report (CARE-Compliant). Medicine (Baltimore) 94, e426 (2015).","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR64","first-page":"e1","volume":"162","author":"M Assenza","year":"2011","unstructured":"Assenza, M. et al. VAC (Vacuum Assisted Closure) treatment in Fournier's gangrene: personal experience and literature review. Clin. Ter. 162, e1\u2013e5 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2008.04.018","volume":"197","author":"E Ozturk","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ozturk, E., Ozguc, H. & Yilmazlar, T. The use of vacuum assisted closure therapy in the management of Fournier's gangrene. Am. J. Surg. 197, 660\u2013665; discussion 665 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2015.1.28","volume":"87","author":"G Milanese","year":"2015","unstructured":"Milanese, G. et al. A conservative approach to perineal Fournier's gangrene. Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl. 87, 28\u201332 (2015).","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.6300","volume":"28","author":"I Rosa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rosa, I. & Guerreiro, F. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of Fournier's gangrene: a review of 34 cases. Acta Med. Port. 28, 619\u2013623 (2015).","journal-title":"Acta Med. Port."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199801000-00016","volume":"101","author":"RS Hollabaugh Jr","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hollabaugh, R. S. Jr, Dmochowski, R. R., Hickerson, W. L. & Cox, C. E. Fournier's gangrene: therapeutic impact of hyperbaric oxygen. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 101, 94\u2013100 (1998).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/110241598750004463","volume":"164","author":"K Korhonen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Korhonen, K., Hirn, M. & Niinikoski, J. Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of Fournier's gangrene. Eur. J. Surg. 164, 251\u2013255 (1998).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1999.00140.x","volume":"84","author":"JM Corman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Corman, J. M., Moody, J. A. & Aronson, W. J. Fournier's gangrene in a modern surgical setting: improved survival with aggressive management. BJU Int. 84, 85\u201388 (1999).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR71","first-page":"342","volume":"15","author":"A Akcan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Akcan, A. et al. Necessity of preventive colostomy for Fournier's gangrene of the anorectal region. Ulus. Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 15, 342\u2013346 (2009).","journal-title":"Ulus. Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-013-0868-6","volume":"77","author":"IC Eray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eray, I. C. et al. Comparison of diverting colostomy and bowel management catheter applications in Fournier gangrene cases requiring fecal diversion. Indian J. Surg. 77, 438\u2013441 (2015).","journal-title":"Indian J. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR73","first-page":"414","volume-title":"Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery of The External Genitalia","author":"A Morey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Morey, A. & McAninch, J. in Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery of The External Genitalia (eds Ehrlich R. M. & Alter, G. J.) 414\u2013422 (WB Sounders,1999)."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR74","first-page":"657","volume-title":"Textbook of Reconstructive Urologic Surgery","author":"F G. G.","year":"2008","unstructured":"G. G., F. & S. B., B. in Textbook of Reconstructive Urologic Surgery (eds Mantague, D., Gill, I., Angermeier, K. W., & Ross, J) 657\u2013667 (Informa Healthcare, 2008)."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000000505","volume":"76","author":"OA Okwudili","year":"2015","unstructured":"Okwudili, O. A. Temporary relocation of the testes in anteromedial thigh pouches facilitates delayed primary scrotal wound closure in fournier gangrene with extensive loss of scrotal skin-experience with 12 cases. Ann. Plast. Surg. 76, 323\u2013326 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000133972.65501.44","volume":"172","author":"PC Black","year":"2004","unstructured":"Black, P. C., Friedrich, J. B., Engrav, L. H. & Wessells, H. Meshed unexpanded split-thickness skin grafting for reconstruction of penile skin loss. J. Urol. 172, 976\u2013979 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.10.063","volume":"67","author":"MS Morris","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morris, M. S., Morey, A. F., Stackhouse, D. A. & Santucci, R. A. Fibrin sealant as tissue glue: preliminary experience in complex genital reconstructive surgery. Urology 67, 688\u2013691; discussion 691\u2013682 (2006).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2012.00997.x","volume":"10","author":"JC Zhao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhao, J. C., Xian, C. J., Yu, J. A. & Shi, K. Reconstruction of infected and denuded scrotum and penis by combined application of negative pressure wound therapy and split-thickness skin grafting. Int. Wound J. 10, 407\u2013410 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2010.07.018","volume":"64","author":"SY Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen, S. Y., Fu, J. P., Chen, T. M. & Chen, S. G. Reconstruction of scrotal and perineal defects in Fournier's gangrene. J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg. 64, 528\u2013534 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)52343-5","volume":"129","author":"WS McDougal","year":"1983","unstructured":"McDougal, W. S. Scrotal reconstruction using thigh pedicle flaps. J. Urol. 129, 757\u2013759 (1983).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200202000-00030","volume":"109","author":"P Yu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yu, P., Sanger, J. R., Matloub, H. S., Gosain, A. & Larson, D. Anterolateral thigh fasciocutaneous island flaps in perineoscrotal reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 109, 610\u2013616; discussion 617\u2013618 (2002).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol2016243_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1159\/000445695","volume":"97","author":"MD Sorensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sorensen, M. D. & Krieger, J. N. Fournier's gangrene: epidemiology and outcomes in the general US population. Urol. Int. 97, 249\u2013259 (2016).","journal-title":"Urol. Int."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrurol.2016.243.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrurol.2016.243","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrurol.2016.243.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T07:58:51Z","timestamp":1692604731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrurol.2016.243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,13]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrurol2016243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrurol.2016.243","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-4812","1759-4820"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-4812","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-4820","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 December 2016","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}