{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:48:17Z","timestamp":1792813697382,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,23]],"date-time":"2016-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456185600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Urol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2016.26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,23]],"date-time":"2016-02-23T05:54:27Z","timestamp":1456206867000},"page":"226-235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":560,"title":["Current use of PSMA\u2013PET in prostate cancer management"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tobias","family":"Maurer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Eiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Schwaiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen E.","family":"Gschwend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21262","volume":"65","author":"LA Torre","year":"2015","unstructured":"Torre, L. A. et al. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J. Clin. 65, 87\u2013108 (2015).","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR2","unstructured":"American Urological Association. Guideline for the management of clinically localized prostate cancer (2007). [online] , (2007)."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR3","unstructured":"European Association of Urology. Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. http:\/\/uroweb.org\/guideline\/prostate-cancer\/ (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2377-y","volume":"22","author":"JO Barentsz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barentsz, J. O. et al. ESUR prostate MR guidelines 2012. Eur. Radiol. 22, 746\u2013757 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.08.077","volume":"67","author":"E Baco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baco, E. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-transectal ultrasound image-fusion biopsies accurately characterize the index tumor: correlation with step-sectioned radical prostatectomy specimens in 135 patients. Eur. Urol. 67, 787\u2013794 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.10.026","volume":"68","author":"M Valerio","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valerio, M. et al. Detection of clinically significant prostate cancer using magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound fusion targeted biopsy: a systematic review. Eur. Urol. 68, 8\u201319 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2013.04.002","volume":"32","author":"SS Dianat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dianat, S. S., Carter, H. B. & Macura, K. J. Performance of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation and management of clinically low-risk prostate cancer. Urol. Oncol. 32, 39.e1\u201339.e10 (2014).","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185114531754","volume":"56","author":"LA Reisaeter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reisaeter, L. A. et al. 1.5-T multiparametric MRI using PI-RADS: a region by region analysis to localize the index-tumor of prostate cancer in patients undergoing prostatectomy. Acta Radiol. 56, 500\u2013511 (2015).","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12120281","volume":"266","author":"CM Hoeks","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hoeks, C. M. et al. Transition zone prostate cancer: detection and localization with 3-T multiparametric MR imaging. Radiology 266, 207\u2013217 (2013).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3276-9","volume":"24","author":"L Schimmoller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schimmoller, L. et al. MR-sequences for prostate cancer diagnostics: validation based on the PI-RADS scoring system and targeted MR-guided in-bore biopsy. Eur. Radiol. 24, 2582\u20132589 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR11","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Prostate cancer. \">[online] , (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.04.019","volume":"64","author":"MH Umbehr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Umbehr, M. H., Muntener, M., Hany, T., Sulser, T. & Bachmann, L. M. The role of 11C-choline and 18F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography (PET) and PET\/CT in prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Urol. 64, 106\u2013117 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR13","first-page":"580","volume":"4","author":"CY Yu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yu, C. Y., Desai, B., Ji, L., Groshen, S. & Jadvar, H. Comparative performance of PET tracers in biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer: a critical analysis of literature. Am. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 4, 580\u2013601 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3751","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-2093","volume":"17","author":"M Souvatzoglou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Souvatzoglou, M. et al. The sensitivity of [11C]choline PET\/CT to localize prostate cancer depends on the tumor configuration. Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 3751\u20133759 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2358-2","volume":"40","author":"C Brogsitter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brogsitter, C., Zophel, K. & Kotzerke, J. 18F-choline, 11C-choline and 11C-acetate PET\/CT: comparative analysis for imaging prostate cancer patients. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 40, S18\u2013S27 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.09.039","volume":"63","author":"L Evangelista","year":"2013","unstructured":"Evangelista, L., Guttilla, A., Zattoni, F., Muzzio, P. C. & Zattoni, F. Utility of choline positron emission tomography\/computed tomography for lymph node involvement identification in intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Eur. Urol. 63, 1040\u20131048 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.10.015","volume":"22","author":"MJ Beresford","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beresford, M. J., Gillatt, D., Benson, R. J. & Ajithkumar, T. A systematic review of the role of imaging before salvage radiotherapy for post-prostatectomy biochemical recurrence. Clin. Oncol. (R. Coll. Radiol.) 22, 46\u201355 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Oncol. (R. Coll. Radiol.)"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-007-0581-4","volume":"35","author":"BJ Krause","year":"2008","unstructured":"Krause, B. J. et al. The detection rate of [11C]choline-PET\/CT depends on the serum PSA-value in patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 35, 18\u201323 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4761","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-0249","volume":"11","author":"H Schoder","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schoder, H. et al. 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the detection of disease in patients with prostate-specific antigen relapse after radical prostatectomy. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 4761\u20134769 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-012-2069-0","volume":"39","author":"A Afshar-Oromieh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Afshar-Oromieh, A., Haberkorn, U., Eder, M., Eisenhut, M. & Zechmann, C. M. [68Ga]gallium-labelled PSMA ligand as superior PET tracer for the diagnosis of prostate cancer: comparison with 18F-FECH. Eur. J. Nuclear Med. Mol. Imaging 39, 1085\u20131086 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nuclear Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1995.377","volume":"72","author":"J Leek","year":"1995","unstructured":"Leek, J. et al. Prostate-specific membrane antigen: evidence for the existence of a second related human gene. Br. J. Cancer 72, 583\u2013588 (1995).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4781(98)00200-0","volume":"1443","author":"DS O'Keefe","year":"1998","unstructured":"O'Keefe, D. S. et al. Mapping, genomic organization and promoter analysis of the human prostate-specific membrane antigen gene. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1443, 113\u2013127 (1998).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12779-1","volume":"361","author":"AM DeMarzo","year":"2003","unstructured":"DeMarzo, A. M., Nelson, W. G., Isaacs, W. B. & Epstein, J. I. Pathological and molecular aspects of prostate cancer. Lancet 361, 955\u2013964 (2003).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR24","first-page":"4787","volume":"58","author":"LS Grauer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Grauer, L. S. et al. Identification, purification, and subcellular localization of prostate-specific membrane antigen PSM\u2032 protein in the LNCaP prostatic carcinoma cell line. Cancer Res. 58, 4787\u20134789 (1998).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00177-5","volume":"49","author":"WD Heston","year":"1997","unstructured":"Heston, W. D. Characterization and glutamyl preferring carboxypeptidase function of prostate specific membrane antigen: a novel folate hydrolase. Urology 49, 104\u2013112 (1997).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)02269-0","volume":"61","author":"E Huang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Huang, E., Teh, B. S., Mody, D. R., Carpenter, L. S. & Butler, E. B. Prostate adenocarcinoma presenting with inguinal lymphadenopathy. Urology 61, 463 (2003).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.7634","volume":"199","author":"LM Wu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wu, L. M., Xu, J. R., Ye, Y. Q., Lu, Q. & Hu, J. N. The clinical value of diffusion-weighted imaging in combination with T2-weighted imaging in diagnosing prostate carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 199, 103\u2013110 (2012).","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2005.05619.x","volume":"96","author":"AJ Birtle","year":"2005","unstructured":"Birtle, A. J. et al. Tumour markers for managing men who present with metastatic prostate cancer and serum prostate-specific antigen levels of &lt;10 ng\/mL. BJU Int. 96, 303\u2013307 (2005).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9578","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1106383108","volume":"108","author":"MJ Evans","year":"2011","unstructured":"Evans, M. J. et al. Noninvasive measurement of androgen receptor signaling with a positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical that targets prostate-specific membrane antigen. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 9578\u20139582 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR30","first-page":"2674","volume":"5","author":"SS Chang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chang, S. S. et al. Prostate-specific membrane antigen is produced in tumor-associated neovasculature. Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 2674\u20132681 (1999).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR31","first-page":"3192","volume":"59","author":"SS Chang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chang, S. S. et al. Five different anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) antibodies confirm PSMA expression in tumor-associated neovasculature. Cancer Res. 59, 3192\u20133198 (1999).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)01094-3","volume":"57","author":"SS Chang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chang, S. S., Reuter, V. E., Heston, W. D. & Gaudin, P. B. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma neovasculature expresses prostate-specific membrane antigen. Urology 57, 801\u2013805 (2001).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2009.06.003","volume":"40","author":"MC Haffner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haffner, M. C. et al. Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression in the neovasculature of gastric and colorectal cancers. Hum. Pathol. 40, 1754\u20131761 (2009).","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2011.112","volume":"24","author":"MK Samplaski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Samplaski, M. K., Heston, W., Elson, P., Magi-Galluzzi, C. & Hansel, D. E. Folate hydrolase (prostate-specific membrane [corrected] antigen) 1 expression in bladder cancer subtypes and associated tumor neovasculature. Mod. Pathol. 24, 1521\u20131529 (2011).","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR35","first-page":"81","volume":"3","author":"DA Silver","year":"1997","unstructured":"Silver, D. A., Pellicer, I., Fair, W. R., Heston, W. D. & Cordon-Cardo, C. Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression in normal and malignant human tissues. Clin. Cancer Res. 3, 81\u201385 (1997).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.2.749","volume":"93","author":"RE Carter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Carter, R. E., Feldman, A. R. & Coyle, J. T. Prostate-specific membrane antigen is a hydrolase with substrate and pharmacologic characteristics of a neuropeptidase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 749\u2013753 (1996).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)47823-4","volume":"262","author":"MB Robinson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Robinson, M. B., Blakely, R. D., Couto, R. & Coyle, J. T. Hydrolysis of the brain dipeptide N-acetyl-l-aspartyl-l-glutamate. J. Biol. Chem. 262, 14498\u201314506 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000000995","volume":"41","author":"SP Rowe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rowe, S. P. et al. Detection of 18F-FDG PET\/CT occult lesions with 18F-DCFPyL PET\/CT in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin. Nucl. Med. 41, 83\u201385 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-015-1017-z","volume":"29","author":"SP Rowe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rowe, S. P. et al. Imaging of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma with PSMA-targeted F-DCFPyL PET\/CT. Ann. Nucl. Med. 29, 877\u2013882 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-015-3065-y","volume":"42","author":"FA Verburg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Verburg, F. A., Krohn, T., Heinzel, A., Mottaghy, F. M. & Behrendt, F. F. First evidence of PSMA expression in differentiated thyroid cancer using [68Ga]PSMA-HBED-CC PET\/CT. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 42, 1622\u20131623 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-014-2915-3","volume":"42","author":"T Krohn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krohn, T. et al. [68Ga]PSMA-HBED uptake mimicking lymph node metastasis in coeliac ganglia: an important pitfall in clinical practice. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 42, 210\u2013214 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-014-2921-5","volume":"42","author":"J Schwenck","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwenck, J. et al. In vivo visualization of prostate-specific membrane antigen in glioblastoma. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 42, 170\u2013171 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-015-3235-y","volume":"43","author":"C Rischpler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rischpler, C., Maurer, T., Schwaiger, M. & Eiber, M. Intense PSMA-expression using 68Ga-PSMA PET\/CT in a paravertebral schwannoma mimicking prostate cancer metastasis. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 43, 193\u2013194 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10661","volume":"91","author":"A Ghosh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ghosh, A. & Heston, W. D. W. Tumor target prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and its regulation in prostate cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 91, 528\u2013539 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12590","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1735443100","volume":"100","author":"N Sch\u00fclke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sch\u00fclke, N. et al. The homodimer of prostate-specific membrane antigen is a functional target for cancer therapy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 12590\u201312595 (2003).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00058837","volume":"1","author":"LC Commandeur","year":"1990","unstructured":"Commandeur, L. C. & Parsons, J. R. Degradation of halogenated aromatic compounds. Biodegradation 1, 207\u2013220 (1990).","journal-title":"Biodegradation"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19980601)82:11<2256::AID-CNCR22>3.0.CO;2-S","volume":"82","author":"DG Bostwick","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bostwick, D. G., Pacelli, A., Blute, M., Roche, P. & Murphy, G. P. Prostate specific membrane antigen expression in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma: a study of 184 cases. Cancer 82, 2256\u20132261 (1998).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-008-9104-2","volume":"15","author":"S Mannweiler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mannweiler, S. et al. Heterogeneity of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression in prostate carcinoma with distant metastasis. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 15, 167\u2013172 (2009).","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910620511","volume":"62","author":"JK Troyer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Troyer, J. K., Beckett, M. L. & Wright, G. L. Detection and characterization of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in tissue extracts and body fluids. Int. J. Cancer. 62, 552\u2013558 (1995).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.04.034","volume":"68","author":"T Maurer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maurer, T. et al. Prostate-specific membrane antigen-radioguided surgery for metastatic lymph nodes in prostate cancer. Eur. Urol. 68, 530\u2013534 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR51","first-page":"S13","volume":"6","author":"SS Chang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chang, S. S. Overview of prostate-specific membrane antigen. Rev. Urol. 6, S13\u2013S18 (2004).","journal-title":"Rev. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4835","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e02-11-0731","volume":"14","author":"SA Rajasekaran","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rajasekaran, S. A. et al. A novel cytoplasmic tail MXXXL motif mediates the internalization of prostate-specific membrane antigen. Mol. Biol. Cell 14, 4835\u20134845 (2003).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR53","first-page":"4055","volume":"58","author":"H Liu","year":"1998","unstructured":"Liu, H. et al. Constitutive and antibody-induced internalization of prostate-specific membrane antigen. Cancer Res. 58, 4055\u20134060 (1998).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1021\/bc200279b","volume":"23","author":"M Eder","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eder, M. et al. 68Ga-complex lipophilicity and the targeting property of a urea-based PSMA inhibitor for PET imaging. Bioconjug. Chem. 23, 688\u2013697 (2012).","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10661","volume":"91","author":"A Ghosh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ghosh, A. & Heston, W. D. Tumor target prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and its regulation in prostate cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 91, 528\u2013539 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19970301)30:4<232::AID-PROS2>3.0.CO;2-N","volume":"30","author":"JK Troyer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Troyer, J. K., Beckett, M. L. & Wright, G. L. Location of prostate-specific membrane antigen in the LNCaP prostate carcinoma cell line. Prostate 30, 232\u2013242 (1997).","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24795","volume":"116","author":"ST Tagawa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tagawa, S. T. et al. Anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen-based radioimmunotherapy for prostate cancer. Cancer 116, 1075\u20131083 (2010).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.108.058487","volume":"50","author":"U Els\u00e4sser-Beile","year":"2009","unstructured":"Els\u00e4sser-Beile, U. et al. PET imaging of prostate cancer xenografts with a highly specific antibody against the prostate-specific membrane antigen. J. Nuclear Med. 50, 606\u2013611 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Nuclear Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.076174","volume":"51","author":"JP Holland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Holland, J. P. et al. 89Zr-DFO-J591 for immunoPET of prostate-specific membrane antigen expression in vivo. J. Nucl. Med. 51, 1293\u20131300 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22794","volume":"74","author":"S Wiehr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wiehr, S. et al. Pharmacokinetics and PET imaging properties of two recombinant anti-PSMA antibody fragments in comparison to their parental antibody. Prostate 74, 743\u2013755 (2014).","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)37683-9","volume":"286","author":"R Luthi-Carter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Luthi-Carter, R., Barczak, A. K., Speno, H. & Coyle, J. T. Molecular characterization of human brain N-acetylated \u03b1-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 286, 1020\u20131025 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19990401)39:1<28::AID-PROS5>3.0.CO;2-A","volume":"39","author":"CW Tiffany","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tiffany, C. W., Lapidus, R. G., Merion, A., Calvin, D. C. & Slusher, B. S. Characterization of the enzymatic activity of PSM: comparison with brain NAALADase. Prostate 39, 28\u201335 (1999).","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2009.10.061","volume":"20","author":"H Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang, H. et al. Bioisosterism of urea-based GCPII inhibitors: synthesis and structure\u2013activity relationship studies. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20, 392\u2013397 (2010).","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026611313080008","volume":"13","author":"RC Mease","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mease, R. C., Foss, C. A. & Pomper, M. G. PET imaging in prostate cancer: focus on prostate-specific membrane antigen. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 13, 951\u2013962 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4022","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-2690","volume":"11","author":"CA Foss","year":"2005","unstructured":"Foss, C. A. et al. Radiolabeled small-molecule ligands for prostate-specific membrane antigen: in vivo imaging in experimental models of prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 4022\u20134028 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6932","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-1682","volume":"69","author":"SM Hillier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hillier, S. M. et al. Preclinical evaluation of novel glutamate-urea-lysine analogues that target prostate-specific membrane antigen as molecular imaging pharmaceuticals for prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 69, 6932\u20136940 (2009).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1021\/jm800994j","volume":"52","author":"KP Maresca","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maresca, K. P. et al. A series of halogenated heterodimeric inhibitors of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) as radiolabeled probes for targeting prostate cancer. J. Med. Chem. 52, 347\u2013357 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1021\/mp9000712","volume":"6","author":"SA Kularatne","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kularatne, S. A., Zhou, Z., Yang, J., Post, C. B. & Low, P. S. Design, synthesis, and preclinical evaluation of prostate-specific membrane antigen targeted 99mTc-radioimaging agents. Mol. Pharm. 6, 790\u2013800 (2009).","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2012.09.014","volume":"23","author":"G Lu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lu, G. et al. Synthesis and SAR of 99mTc\/Re-labeled small molecule prostate specific membrane antigen inhibitors with novel polar chelates. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 23, 1557\u20131563 (2013).","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7645","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-1357","volume":"17","author":"Y Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. 2-(3-{1-carboxy-5-[(6-[18F]fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl)-amino]-pentyl}-ureido)-pentanedioic acid, [18F]DCFPyL, a PSMA-based PET imaging agent for prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 7645\u20137653 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.154336","volume":"56","author":"SP Rowe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rowe, S. P. et al. 18F-DCFBC PET\/CT for PSMA-based detection and characterization of primary prostate cancer. J. Nucl. Med. 56, 1003\u20131010 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.415","volume":"2","author":"SR Banerjee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Banerjee, S. R. et al. A modular strategy to prepare multivalent inhibitors of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Oncotarget 2, 1244\u20131253 (2011).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-014-2949-6","volume":"42","author":"A Afshar-Oromieh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Afshar-Oromieh, A. et al. The diagnostic value of PET\/CT imaging with the 68Ga-labelled PSMA ligand HBED-CC in the diagnosis of recurrent prostate cancer. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 42, 197\u2013209 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2525-5","volume":"41","author":"A Afshar-Oromieh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Afshar-Oromieh, A. et al. Comparison of PET imaging with a 68Ga-labelled PSMA ligand and 18F-choline-based PET\/CT for the diagnosis of recurrent prostate cancer. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 41, 11\u201320 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2489-5","volume":"40","author":"A Afshar-Oromieh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Afshar-Oromieh, A. et al. PET\/MRI with a 68Ga-PSMA ligand for the detection of prostate cancer. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 40, 1629\u20131630 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-014-0063-1","volume":"4","author":"M Weineisen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weineisen, M., Simecek, J., Schottelius, M., Schwaiger, M. & Wester, H.-J. Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of DOTAGA-conjugated PSMA ligands for functional imaging and endoradiotherapy of prostate cancer. EJNMMI Res. 4, 63 (2014).","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-012-2298-2","volume":"40","author":"A Afshar-Oromieh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Afshar-Oromieh, A. et al. PET imaging with a [68Ga]gallium-labelled PSMA ligand for the diagnosis of prostate cancer: biodistribution in humans and first evaluation of tumour lesions. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 40, 486\u2013495 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.2174\/156802610793176738","volume":"10","author":"F Roesch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roesch, F. & Riss, P. J. The renaissance of the 68Ge\/68Ga radionuclide generator initiates new developments in 68Ga radiopharmaceutical chemistry. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 10, 1633\u20131668 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-015-0147-6","volume":"5","author":"M Schottelius","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schottelius, M., Wirtz, M., Eiber, M., Maurer, T. & Wester, H. J. [111In]PSMA-I&T: expanding the spectrum of PSMA-I&T applications towards SPECT and radioguided surgery. EJNMMI Res. 5, 68 (2015).","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.158550","volume":"56","author":"M Weineisen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weineisen, M. et al. 68Ga- and 177Lu-Labeled PSMA I&T: optimization of a PSMA-targeted theranostic concept and first proof-of-concept human studies. J. Nucl. Med. 56, 1169\u20131176 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-014-0063-1","volume":"4","author":"M Weineisen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weineisen, M., Simecek, J., Schottelius, M., Schwaiger, M. & Wester, H. J. Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of DOTAGA-conjugated PSMA ligands for functional imaging and endoradiotherapy of prostate cancer. EJNMMI Res. 4, 63 (2014).","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.114.147413","volume":"56","author":"M Bene\u0161ov\u00e1","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bene\u0161ov\u00e1, M. et al. Preclinical evaluation of a tailor-made DOTA-conjugated PSMA inhibitor with optimized linker moiety for imaging and endoradiotherapy of prostate cancer. J. Nucl. Med. 56, 914\u2013920 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.161299","volume":"56","author":"A Afshar-Oromieh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Afshar-Oromieh, A. et al. The novel theranostic PSMA-ligand PSMA-617 in the diagnosis of prostate cancer by PET\/CT: biodistribution in humans, radiation dosimetry and first evaluation of tumor lesions. J. Nucl. Med. 56, 1697\u20131705 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-015-3174-7","volume":"43","author":"A Delker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Delker, A. et al. Dosimetry for Lu-DKFZ-PSMA-617: a new radiopharmaceutical for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 43, 42\u201351 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR85","first-page":"114","volume":"5","author":"H Ahmadzadehfar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahmadzadehfar, H. et al. Early side effects and first results of radioligand therapy with 177Lu-DKFZ-617 PSMA of castrate-resistant metastatic prostate cancer: a two-centre study. EJNMMI Res. 5, 114 (2015).","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-015-0866-0","volume":"17","author":"M Dietlein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dietlein, M. et al. Comparison of [18F]DCFPyL and [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC for PSMA-PET imaging in patients with relapsed prostate cancer. Mol. Imaging Biol. 17, 575\u2013584 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-015-0844-6","volume":"17","author":"N Malik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Malik, N. et al. Radiofluorination of PSMA-HBED via Al18F2+ chelation and biological evaluations in vitro. Mol. Imaging Biol. 17, 777\u2013785 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-1517","volume":"14","author":"RC Mease","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mease, R. C. et al. N-[N-[(S)-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl]carbamoyl]-4-[18F]fluorobenzyl-l-cysteine, [18F]DCFBC: a new imaging probe for prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 3036\u20133043 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.112.104661","volume":"53","author":"SY Cho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cho, S. Y. et al. Biodistribution, tumor detection, and radiation dosimetry of 18F-DCFBC, a low-molecular-weight inhibitor of prostate-specific membrane antigen, in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. J. Nucl. Med. 53, 1883\u20131891 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-015-0850-8","volume":"17","author":"Z Szabo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Szabo, Z. et al. Initial evaluation of [18F]DCFPyL for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted PET imaging of prostate cancer. Mol. Imaging Biol. 17, 565\u2013574 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2412051866","volume":"241","author":"JJ Futterer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Futterer, J. J. et al. Prostate cancer localization with dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 241, 449\u2013458 (2006).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2501080207","volume":"250","author":"HK Lim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lim, H. K., Kim, J. K., Kim, K. A. & Cho, K. S. Prostate cancer: apparent diffusion coefficient map with T2-weighted images for detection \u2014 a multireader study. Radiology 250, 145\u2013151 (2009).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-2195","volume":"16","author":"A Sciarra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sciarra, A. et al. Value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging for detecting prostate cancer foci in men with prior negative biopsy. Clin. Cancer Res. 16, 1875\u20131883 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.7805","volume":"199","author":"CH Tan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tan, C. H., Wei, W., Johnson, V. & Kundra, V. Diffusion-weighted MRI in the detection of prostate cancer: meta-analysis. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 199, 822\u2013829 (2012).","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10139","volume":"16","author":"B Issa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Issa, B. In vivo measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in normal and malignant prostatic tissues using echo-planar imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 16, 196\u2013200 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0b013e3181aa6b50","volume":"19","author":"MA Jacobs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jacobs, M. A., Ouwerkerk, R., Petrowski, K. & Macura, K. J. Diffusion-weighted imaging with apparent diffusion coefficient mapping and spectroscopy in prostate cancer. Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging 19, 261\u2013272 (2008).","journal-title":"Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-006-0110-8","volume":"111","author":"G Manenti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Manenti, G. et al. In vivo measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in normal and malignant prostatic tissue using thin-slice echo-planar imaging. Radiol. Med. 111, 1124\u20131133 (2006).","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.04.102","volume":"74","author":"P Puech","year":"2009","unstructured":"Puech, P. et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of intraprostatic prostate cancer: correlation with radical prostatectomy specimens. Urology 74, 1094\u20131099 (2009).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.23723","volume":"36","author":"YJ Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen, Y. J. et al. Washout gradient in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI is associated with tumor aggressiveness of prostate cancer. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 36, 912\u2013919 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.6861","volume":"197","author":"A Oto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oto, A. et al. Diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of prostate cancer: correlation of quantitative MR parameters with Gleason score and tumor angiogenesis. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 197, 1382\u20131390 (2011).","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11646.x","volume":"110","author":"NK Yerram","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yerram, N. K. et al. Low suspicion lesions on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging predict for the absence of high-risk prostate cancer. BJU Int. 110, E783\u2013E788 (2012).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2445-4","volume":"40","author":"M Souvatzoglou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Souvatzoglou, M. et al. PET\/MR in prostate cancer: technical aspects and potential diagnostic value. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 40, S79\u2013S88 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2467-y","volume":"40","author":"M Souvatzoglou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Souvatzoglou, M. et al. Comparison of integrated whole-body [11C]choline PET\/MR with PET\/CT in patients with prostate cancer. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 40, 1486\u20131499 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-014-0301-z","volume":"40","author":"M Eiber","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eiber, M. et al. 68Ga-PSMA PET\/MR with multimodality image analysis for primary prostate cancer. Abdom. Imaging 40, 1769\u20131771 (2014).","journal-title":"Abdom. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR105","unstructured":"Eiber, M. et al. Simultaneous 68Ga-PSMA HBED-CC PET\/MRI improves the localization of primary prostate cancer. Eur. Urol.(in the press)."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E217","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-9056(15)60217-2","volume":"14","author":"E Storz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Storz, E. et al. PSMA-PET\/MRI-guided transrectal fusion biopsy for the detection of prostate cancer. Eur. Urol. Suppl. 14, E217 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Suppl."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-015-1233-y","volume":"10","author":"O Zettinig","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zettinig, O. et al. Multimodal image-guided prostate fusion biopsy based on automatic deformable registration. Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg. 10, 1997\u20132007 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maurer, T. et al. Diagnostic efficacy of 68Gallium-PSMA-PET compared to conventional imaging in lymph node staging of of 130 consecutive patients with intermediate to high-risk prostate cancer. J. Urol. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2015.12.025 (2015).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.12.025"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.02.020","volume":"62","author":"FE Lecouvet","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lecouvet, F. E. et al. Can whole-body magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion-weighted imaging replace Tc 99m bone scanning and computed tomography for single-step detection of metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer? Eur. Urol. 62, 68\u201375 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70203-1","volume":"9","author":"RA Heesakkers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Heesakkers, R. A. et al. MRI with a lymph-node-specific contrast agent as an alternative to CT scan and lymph-node dissection in patients with prostate cancer: a prospective multicohort study. Lancet Oncol. 9, 850\u2013856 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2007.05.022","volume":"63","author":"AM Hovels","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hovels, A. M. et al. The diagnostic accuracy of CT and MRI in the staging of pelvic lymph nodes in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Clin. Radiol. 63, 387\u2013395 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2007.12.023","volume":"15","author":"EI Akduman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Akduman, E. I. et al. Comparison between malignant and benign abdominal lymph nodes on diffusion-weighted imaging. Acad. Radiol. 15, 641\u2013646 (2008).","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e3181bbdc2f","volume":"45","author":"M Eiber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eiber, M. et al. Preliminary results for characterization of pelvic lymph nodes in patients with prostate cancer by diffusion-weighted MR-imaging. Invest. Radiol. 45, 15\u201323 (2010).","journal-title":"Invest. Radiol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21480","volume":"28","author":"JK Kim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim, J. K., Kim, K. A., Park, B. W., Kim, N. & Cho, K. S. Feasibility of diffusion-weighted imaging in the differentiation of metastatic from nonmetastatic lymph nodes: early experience. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 28, 714\u2013719 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2361-7","volume":"40","author":"H Jadvar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jadvar, H. Imaging evaluation of prostate cancer with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET\/CT: utility and limitations. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 40, S5\u2013S10 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12279","volume":"112","author":"B Mohsen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mohsen, B. et al. Application of C-11-acetate positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging in prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. BJU Int. 112, 1062\u20131072 (2013).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22921","volume":"75","author":"JB Pinaquy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pinaquy, J. B. et al. Comparative effectiveness of [18F]-fluorocholine PET-CT and pelvic MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging for staging in patients with high-risk prostate cancer. Prostate 75, 323\u2013331 (2015).","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3109\/21681805.2014.932840","volume":"49","author":"MC Schumacher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schumacher, M. C., Radecka, E., Hellstrom, M., Jacobsson, H. & Sundin, A. [11C]acetate positron emission tomography-computed tomography imaging of prostate cancer lymph-node metastases correlated with histopathological findings after extended lymphadenectomy. Scand. J. Urol. 49, 35\u201342 (2015).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR119","first-page":"331","volume":"44","author":"IJ de Jong","year":"2003","unstructured":"de Jong, I. J., Pruim, J., Elsinga, P. H., Vaalburg, W. & Mensink, H. J. Preoperative staging of pelvic lymph nodes in prostate cancer by 11C-choline PET. J. Nucl. Med. 44, 331\u2013335 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s002590000309","volume":"27","author":"J Kotzerke","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kotzerke, J. et al. Experience with carbon-11 choline positron emission tomography in prostate carcinoma. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 27, 1415\u20131419 (2000).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.09090413","volume":"254","author":"M Beheshti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beheshti, M. et al. 18F choline PET\/CT in the preoperative staging of prostate cancer in patients with intermediate or high risk of extracapsular disease: a prospective study of 130 patients. Radiology 254, 925\u2013933 (2010).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-013-1189-x","volume":"32","author":"H Kjolhede","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kjolhede, H. et al. 18F-fluorocholine PET\/CT compared with extended pelvic lymph node dissection in high-risk prostate cancer. World J. Urol. 32, 965\u2013970 (2014).","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000000709","volume":"40","author":"PS Chakraborty","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chakraborty, P. S., Kumar, R., Tripathi, M., Das, C. J. & Bal, C. Detection of brain metastasis with 68Ga-labeled PSMA ligand PET\/CT: a novel radiotracer for imaging of prostate carcinoma. Clin. Nucl. Med. 40, 328\u2013329 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000290","volume":"36","author":"L Kabasakal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kabasakal, L. et al. Evaluation of PSMA PET\/CT imaging using a 68Ga-HBED-CC ligand in patients with prostate cancer and the value of early pelvic imaging. Nucl. Med. Commun. 36, 582\u2013587 (2015).","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12577","volume":"21","author":"T Maurer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maurer, T. et al. Positron emission tomography\/magnetic resonance imaging with 68Gallium-labeled ligand of prostate-specific membrane antigen: promising novel option in prostate cancer imaging? Int. J. Urol. 21, 1286\u20131288 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.08.013","volume":"65","author":"D Pfister","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pfister, D. et al. Early salvage radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy. Eur. Urol. 65, 1034\u20131043 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.10.069","volume":"84","author":"CR King","year":"2012","unstructured":"King, C. R. The timing of salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: a systematic review. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 84, 104\u2013111 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-009-1647-4","volume":"20","author":"O Rouviere","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rouviere, O., Vitry, T. & Lyonnet, D. Imaging of prostate cancer local recurrences: why and how? Eur. Radiol 20, 1254\u20131266 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.154153","volume":"56","author":"M Eiber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eiber, M. et al. Evaluation of hybrid 68Ga-PSMA ligand PET\/CT in 248 patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J. Nucl. Med. 56, 668\u2013674 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-010-1604-0","volume":"38","author":"P Castellucci","year":"2011","unstructured":"Castellucci, P. et al. Is there a role for 11C-choline PET\/CT in the early detection of metastatic disease in surgically treated prostate cancer patients with a mild PSA increase &lt;1.5 ng\/ml? Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 38, 55\u201363 (2011).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2377-z","volume":"40","author":"P Castellucci","year":"2013","unstructured":"Castellucci, P. & Picchio, M. 11C-choline PET\/CT and PSA kinetics. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 40, S36\u2013S40 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-011-1970-2","volume":"39","author":"V Graute","year":"2012","unstructured":"Graute, V. et al. Relationship between PSA kinetics and [18F]fluorocholine PET\/CT detection rates of recurrence in patients with prostate cancer after total prostatectomy. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 39, 271\u2013282 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5023","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.5023","volume":"33","author":"T Maurer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maurer, T. et al. PET imaging with 68Gallium-labelled ligand of prostate-specific membrane antigen (68Ga-HBED-PSMA) for staging of biochemical recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. J. Clin. Oncol. 33 (Suppl.),5023 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR134","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR135","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR136","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov [online] , (2015)."},{"key":"BFnrurol201626_CR137","unstructured":"EU Clinical Trials Register. clinicaltrialsregister.eu [online] , (2015)."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrurol.2016.26.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrurol.2016.26","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrurol.2016.26.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T09:43:09Z","timestamp":1748770989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrurol.2016.26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,23]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrurol201626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrurol.2016.26","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-4812","1759-4820"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-4812","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-4820","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 February 2016","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"T.M. declares a familial association with Celgene<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> (Celgene Corporation, USA); grants or funding from Acelity<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> (KCI Licensing, Inc.), Bayer<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> (Bayer Aktiengesellschaft, Germany) and Takeda Oncology<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> (Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Japan); consultation for DLR<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> (Deutsches Luft-und Raumfahrtzentrum, Germany) and honoraria from Astellas<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> (Astellas US LLC, USA), Janssen Cilag (Johnson & Johnson, USA) and Sanofi<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> (Sanofi Corporation, France). M.E. declares grants or funding from Bayer<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> and honoraria Astellas<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> and Janssen Cilag. M.S. and J.E.G. declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}