{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T08:58:15Z","timestamp":1789635495751,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,6]],"date-time":"2012-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2197,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Although obesity is increasing in older U.S. adults, treatment is controversial in this age group. We sought to examine evidence concerning obesity's health\u2010related risks, diagnostic methods, and treatment outcomes in older individuals.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Research Methods and Procedures:<\/jats:italic>\n                    We searched MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases, consulted with experts, and examined bibliographies for English language studies discussing obesity in older adults (mean age \u2265 60), published between January 1980 and November 2005. Inclusion criteria were met by 32 longitudinal analyses, seven diagnostic studies, and 17 randomized controlled trial articles. At least two authors independently reviewed and abstracted study design, population, results, and quality information.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Correlations between body fat and three anthropometric measures (BMI, waist circumference, waist\u2010to\u2010hip ratio) decrease with age but remain clinically significant. Obesity contributes to risk for several cardiovascular endpoints, some cancers, and impaired mobility but protects against hip fracture. The association between obesity and mortality declines as age increases. Intensive counseling strategies incorporating behavioral, dietary, and exercise components promote a weight loss of 3 to 4 kg over 1 to 3.3 years. The loss is linked with improved glucose tolerance, improved physical functioning, reduced incidence of diabetes and a combined hypertension and cardiovascular endpoint, and reduced bone density.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Discussion:<\/jats:italic>\n                    In older adults, obesity can be diagnosed with standard clinical measures. Intensive counseling can promote modest sustained weight loss, but data are insufficient to evaluate surgical or pharmacological options. Obesity treatment is most likely to benefit individuals with high cardiovascular risk. Limited data suggest possible functional improvement. Treatment should incorporate measures to avoid bone loss.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,23]],"date-time":"2008-04-23T10:27:09Z","timestamp":1208946429000},"page":"1485-1497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Obesity in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of the Evidence for Diagnosis and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"McTigue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Ziouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","volume-title":"Health, United States, 2004, with Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","volume-title":"Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report: NIH Publication No. 98\u20104083","author":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Obesity Education Initiative","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1994.tb04968.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50220.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199608)9:4<273::AID-ANR1790090412>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.2.M131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.1.M30"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.suppl_2.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-139-11-200312020-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","first-page":"513","article-title":"Periodic health examination, 1999 update: I. detection, prevention, and treatment of obesity: Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care","volume":"160","author":"Douketis JD","year":"1999","journal-title":"CMAJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The prevention and treatment of obesity","volume":"97","author":"NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eff Health Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.20.1900"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.21.2029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.672"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.228"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","first-page":"131","article-title":"Surveillance for sensory impairment, activity limitation, and health\u2010related quality of life among older adults: United States, 1993\u20131997","volume":"48","author":"Campbell VA","year":"1999","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","first-page":"120","article-title":"Prevalence of disabilities and associated health conditions among adults: United States, 1999","volume":"50","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00124.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2001.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","first-page":"357","article-title":"Identification of obesity: waistlines or weight? Nutrition, Exercise, and Obesity Research Group","volume":"41","author":"Logue E.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Fam Pract."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1988.tb05386.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.14.2117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.21.1843"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(97)00047-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.3.264"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.18.2074"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(96)90011-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.3.456"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.1.13","article-title":"Total and regional body composition across age in healthy Hispanic and white women of similar socioeconomic status","volume":"73","author":"Casas YG","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.42.4.537","article-title":"Race\u2010dependent health risks of upper body obesity","volume":"42","author":"Dowling HJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/61.4.765"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2002.34042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.21.6.0415"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_2","volume-title":"Health Technology Assessment: Diagnosis and Treatment of Obesity in the Elderly","author":"McTigue KM","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-139-11-200312020-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(01)00261-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510290071040","article-title":"Users\u2019 guides to the medical literature: III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test: A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence\u2010Based Medicine Working Group","volume":"271","author":"Jaeschke R.","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1031527"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_2","first-page":"640","article-title":"Evaluating and treating unintentional weight loss in the elderly","volume":"65","author":"Huffman GB","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(03)00121-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00417.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(02)00246-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009844"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7097.1791"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(03)00121-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-3-200302040-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(02)00415-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta6120"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801013380101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018428531619"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf084"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802606"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-03-2135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50406.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.12.2370"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.13.1413"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djg009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djg010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510380049036","article-title":"Body mass index, weight change, and risk of mobility disability in middle\u2010aged and older women: the epidemiologic follow\u2010up study of NHANES I","volume":"271","author":"Launer LJ","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh059"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199910073411501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009942"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.9.1194"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(91)90126-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009218"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/080370501753182370"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.802199"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199805000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.45.2.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_2","first-page":"119","article-title":"Body weight and coronary heart disease mortality: an analysis in relation to age and smoking habit: 15 years of follow\u2010up data from the Whitehall Study","volume":"16","author":"Fitzgerald AP","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_2","first-page":"21","article-title":"Cancer mortality trends in two cohorts of elderly people having different life\u2010styles","volume":"11","author":"Mazza A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aging (Milano)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199505000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114599001117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199803000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19910073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008833"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2000251"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000022053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03876.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801414"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2002.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.11.839"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04749.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_2","first-page":"393","article-title":"Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin","volume":"46","author":"Knowler WC","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199609000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.10.1736"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1996.2030543.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_2","first-page":"249","article-title":"Effect of an exercise program on the perception of exertion in males at retirement","volume":"15","author":"Wong DG","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can J Sport Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043798-200302000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1511-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(02)00132-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.21.5.419"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.3.323"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21466"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(94)00056-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_105_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gastrointestinal surgery for severe obesity","volume":"9","year":"1991","journal-title":"Consens Statement"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-8-199604150-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-98-4-504"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197710202971601"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-199915020-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.10.1587"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_111_2","first-page":"998","article-title":"Functional and metabolic consequences of sarcopenia","volume":"127","author":"Evans W.","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_112_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"U.S.Preventive Services Task Force. Behavioral counseling in primary care to promote physical activity: recommendation and rationale","volume":"103","author":"Berg AO","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Nurs."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf114"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000133361.68436.da"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200101000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(99)00224-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JAS-51338"}],"container-title":["Obesity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1038%2Foby.2006.171","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1038\/oby.2006.171","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T02:25:07Z","timestamp":1698719107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1038\/oby.2006.171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1038\/oby.2006.171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2006.171","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1930-7381","1930-739X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1930-7381","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-739X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-09-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}