{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T02:08:24Z","timestamp":1789783704004,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,6]],"date-time":"2012-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1924,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Objective:<\/jats:italic> We assessed the relationship between a high\u2010fat (HF) diet and central apnea during rapid eye movement and non\u2010rapid eye movement sleep stages by recording ventilatory parameters in 28 non\u2010obese rats in which insulin resistance had been induced by an HF diet. We also studied whether metformin (an anti\u2010hyperglycemic drug frequently used to treat insulin resistance) could reverse sleep apnea or prevent its occurrence in this experimental paradigm.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Research Methods and Procedures:<\/jats:italic> Rats were fed with a standard diet (10 rats), an HF diet (8 rats), or an HF diet concomitantly with metformin treatment (10 rats). Each animal was instrumented for electroencephalographic and electromyographic recording. After 3 weeks, ventilatory parameters during sleep were recorded with a body plethysmograph. All rats were treated with metformin for 1 week, after which time the ventilatory measurements were measured again.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Results:<\/jats:italic> Our results showed that the three groups of animals did not differ in terms of body growth over the entire experimental period. The HF diet did not modify sleep structure or minute ventilation in the different sleep stages. A great increase (+266 \u00b1 48%) in central apnea frequency was observed in insulin\u2010resistant rats. This was explained by an increase in both post\u2010sigh (+195 \u00b1 35%) and spontaneous apnea (+437 \u00b1 65%) in the different sleep stages. These increases were suppressed by metformin treatment.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Discussion:<\/jats:italic> Insulin resistance induced by the HF diet could be the promoter of sleep apnea in non\u2010obese rats. Metformin is an efficient curative and preventive treatment for sleep apnea, suggesting that insulin resistance modifies the ventilatory drive independently of obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,17]],"date-time":"2008-07-17T17:03:11Z","timestamp":1216314191000},"page":"1409-1418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Sleep Apnea Is Induced by a High\u2010fat Diet and Reversed and Prevented by Metformin in Non\u2010obese Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wi\u00e2m","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9rard","family":"Dewasmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Petitjean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Wiernsperger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Delanaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Geloen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Pierre","family":"Libert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-106-3-434"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.2.8756795"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2003.01177.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.3.580"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/17.7.614"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(88)90243-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(94)00395-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.78.4.1215","article-title":"Modification of conditioned apneas in rats: evidence for cortical involvement","volume":"78","author":"Thomas A. 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