{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:26:54Z","timestamp":1785223614620,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,6]],"date-time":"2012-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1771,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Objective:<\/jats:italic> Low\u2010molecular weight chromium compounds, such as chromium picolinate [Cr(pic)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>], improve insulin sensitivity, although toxicity is a concern. We synthesized a novel chromium complex, chromium (<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010phenylalanine)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> [Cr(<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010phe)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>], in an attempt to improve insulin sensitivity with reduced toxicity. The aim of this study was to compare the two chromium compounds on cardiac contractile function in <jats:italic>ob\/ob<\/jats:italic> obese mice.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Research Methods and Procedures:<\/jats:italic> C57BL lean and <jats:italic>ob\/ob<\/jats:italic> obese mice were randomly divided into three groups: H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, Cr(<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010phe)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, or Cr(pic)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> (45 \u00b5g\/kg per day orally for 6 months).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Results:<\/jats:italic> The glucose tolerance test displayed improved glucose clearance by Cr(<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010phe)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> but not Cr(pic)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. Myocytes from <jats:italic>ob\/ob<\/jats:italic> mice exhibited depressed peak shortening (PS) and maximal velocity of shortening\/relengthening (\u00b1dL\/dt), prolonged time\u2010to\u2010PS and time\u2010to\u201090% relengthening (TR90), reduced electrically stimulated rise in intracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> (\u0394fura\u20102 fluorescence intensity), and slowed intracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> decay. Although a 3\u2010month Cr(<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010phe)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> treatment for a separate group of <jats:italic>ob\/ob<\/jats:italic> and lean 2\u2010month\u2010old mice only rectified reduced \u00b1dL\/dt in <jats:italic>ob\/ob<\/jats:italic> mice, all mechanical and intracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> abnormalities were significantly attenuated or ablated by 6 months of Cr(<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010phe)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> but not Cr(pic)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> treatment (except TR90). Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> ATPase activity and Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2010Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> exchanger expression were depressed in <jats:italic>ob\/ob<\/jats:italic> mice, which were reversed by both Cr(<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010phe)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and Cr(pic)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, with a more pronounced effect from Cr(<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010phe)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. Cr(<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010phe)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> corrected reduced insulin\u2010stimulated glucose uptake and improved basal phosphorylation of Akt and insulin receptor, as well as insulin\u2010stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and insulin receptor in <jats:italic>ob\/ob<\/jats:italic> myocytes. Heart homogenates from <jats:italic>ob\/ob<\/jats:italic> mice had enhanced oxidative stress and protein carbonyl formation compared with the lean group, which were attenuated by both Cr(<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010phe)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and Cr(pic)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Discussion:<\/jats:italic> Our data suggest that the new Cr(<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010phe)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> compound possesses better cardio\u2010protective and insulin\u2010sensitizing properties against obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,17]],"date-time":"2008-07-17T22:54:10Z","timestamp":1216335250000},"page":"2699-2711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Chromium (<scp>d<\/scp>\u2010Phenylalanine)<sub>3<\/sub> Improves Obesity\u2010Induced Cardiac Contractile Defect in <i>ob\/ob<\/i> Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nair","family":"Sreejayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000017823.53114.4C"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2003.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1708","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.279.4.H1708","article-title":"Reduced contractile response to insulin and IGF\u2010I in ventricular myocytes from genetically obese Zucker rats","volume":"279","author":"Ren J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1810001"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801498","article-title":"Lipotoxic diseases of nonadipose tissues in obesity","volume":"24","author":"Unger R. 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