{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T04:05:05Z","timestamp":1793678705385,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,6]],"date-time":"2012-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1497,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Childhood overweight and obesity have increased substantially in the past two decades, raising concerns about their psychosocial and cognitive consequences. We examined the associations between academic performance (AP), cognitive functioning (CF), and increased BMI in a nationally representative sample of children.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods and Procedures:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Participants were 2,519 children aged 8\u201316 years, who completed a brief neuropsychological battery and measures of height and weight as a part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross\u2010sectional survey conducted between 1988 and 1994.\n                    <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010scores were calculated for each neuropsychological test, and poor performance was defined as\n                    <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010score &lt;2.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The association between BMI and AP was not significant after adjusting for parental\/familial characteristics. However, the associations between CF remained significant after adjusting for parental\/familial characteristic, sports participation, physical activity, hours spent watching TV, psychosocial development, blood pressure, and serum lipid profile.\n                    <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010scores on block design (a measure of visuospatial organization and general mental ability) among overweight children and children at risk of overweight were below those of normal\u2010weight children by 0.22 (s.e. = 0.16) and 0.10 (s.e. = 0.10) unit, respectively (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    for trend &lt;0.05). The odds of poor performance on block design were 1.97 (95% confidence interval: 1.01\u20133.83) and 2.80 (1.16\u20136.75), respectively, among children at risk or overweight compared to normal\u2010weight peers.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Increased body weight is independently associated with decreased visuospatial organization and general mental ability among children. Future research is needed to determine the nature, persistence, and functional significance of this association.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,12]],"date-time":"2008-06-12T12:22:56Z","timestamp":1213273376000},"page":"1809-1815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":294,"title":["Overweight Is Associated With Decreased Cognitive Functioning Among School\u2010age Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yanfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James 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