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Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)\u2010derived monocytes, but not T cells, cocultured via transwells with primary subcutaneous preadipocytes, increased proliferation (approximately twofold) and reduced differentiation (\u223c50%) of preadipocytes. Gene expression analyses in proliferating preadipocytes (i.e., prior to hormonal induction of terminal differentiation) revealed that monocytes down\u2010regulated mRNA levels of CCAAT\/enhancer binding protein, alpha (C\/EBP\u03b1) and up\u2010regulated mRNA levels of G0\/G1 switch 2 (G0S2) message, genes important for the regulation of adipogenesis and the cell cycle. These data indicate that circulating peripheral blood monocytes can disrupt adipogenesis by interfering with a critical step in C\/EBP\u03b1 and G0S2 transcription required for preadipocytes to make the transition from proliferation to differentiation. Interactions between preadipocytes and monocytes also increased the inflammatory cytokines IL\u20106 and IL\u20108, as well as a novel chemotactic cytokine, CXCL1. Additionally, the levels of both IL\u20106 and CXCL1 were highest when preadipocytes and monocytes were cultured together, compared to each cell in culture alone. 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