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We evaluated cranial ultrasound (cUS) scans from term Ugandan infants with and without NE for evidence of brain injury.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Infants were recruited from a national referral hospital in Kampala. Cases (184) had NE and controls (100) were systematically selected unaffected term infants. All had cUS scans &lt;36\u2009h reported blind to NE status.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Scans were performed at median age 11.5 (interquartile range (IQR): 5.2\u201320.2) and 8.4 (IQR: 3.6\u201313.5) hours, in cases and controls respectively. None had established antepartum injury. Major evolving injury was reported in 21.2% of the cases vs. 1.0% controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). White matter injury was not significantly associated with bacteremia in encephalopathic infants (odds ratios (OR): 3.06 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98\u20139.60). Major cUS abnormality significantly increased the risk of neonatal death (case fatality 53.9% with brain injury vs. 25.9% without; OR: 3.34 (95% CI: 1.61\u20136.95)).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In this low-resource setting, there was no evidence of established antepartum insult, but a high proportion of encephalopathic infants had evidence of major recent and evolving brain injury on early cUS imaging, suggesting prolonged or severe acute exposure to hypoxia\u2013ischemia (HI). Early abnormalities were a significant predictor of death.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.77","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]],"date-time":"2016-04-11T16:03:44Z","timestamp":1460390624000},"page":"190-196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Early cranial ultrasound findings among infants with neonatal encephalopathy in Uganda: an observational study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0131-4952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cally J.","family":"Tann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Nakakeeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Hagmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Nyombi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flaviah","family":"Namiiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Harvey-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Muhumuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Burgoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison M.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Kurinczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola J.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frances M.","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFpr201677_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.206","volume":"74","author":"AC Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee AC, Kozuki N, Blencowe H, et al. 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