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Due to their preferential location in gene-rich regions, especially in introns and 3\u2032 UTRs,\n                    <jats:italic>Alu<\/jats:italic>\n                    elements can exert regulatory effects on the expression of both host and neighboring genes. When two\n                    <jats:italic>Alu<\/jats:italic>\n                    elements with inverse orientations are positioned in close proximity, their transcription results in the generation of distinct double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), known as inverted\n                    <jats:italic>Alu<\/jats:italic>\n                    repeats (IR\n                    <jats:italic>Alus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). IR\n                    <jats:italic>Alus<\/jats:italic>\n                    are key immunogenic self-dsRNAs and post-transcriptional\n                    <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -regulatory elements that play a role in circular RNA biogenesis, as well as RNA transport and stability. Recently, IR\n                    <jats:italic>Alus<\/jats:italic>\n                    dsRNAs have emerged as regulators of transcription and activators of Z-DNA-binding proteins. The formation and activity of IR\n                    <jats:italic>Alus<\/jats:italic>\n                    can be modulated through RNA editing and interactions with RNA-binding proteins, and misregulation of IR\n                    <jats:italic>Alus<\/jats:italic>\n                    has been implicated in several immune-associated disorders. In this review, we summarize the emerging functions of IR\n                    <jats:italic>Alus<\/jats:italic>\n                    dsRNAs, the regulatory mechanisms governing IR\n                    <jats:italic>Alus<\/jats:italic>\n                    activity, and their relevance in the pathogenesis of human diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01177-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T22:10:28Z","timestamp":1718316628000},"page":"1250-1262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Inverted Alu repeats: friends or foes in the human transcriptome"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Keonyong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4112-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayoung","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doyeong","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3064-4643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoosik","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1177_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/35057062","volume":"409","author":"ES Lander","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lander, E. 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