{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:24:04Z","timestamp":1792499044255,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Obes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays an essential role in food intake and energy homeostasis. More than 170 <jats:italic>MC4R<\/jats:italic> variants have been described over the past two decades, with conflicting reports regarding the prevalence and phenotypic effects of these variants in diverse cohorts. To determine the frequency of <jats:italic>MC4R<\/jats:italic> variants in large cohort of different ancestries, we evaluated the <jats:italic>MC4R<\/jats:italic> coding region for 20,537 eMERGE participants with sequencing data plus additional 77,454 independent individuals with genome-wide genotyping data at this locus.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Subjects\/Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The sequencing data were obtained from the eMERGE phase III study, in which multisample variant call format calls have been generated, curated, and annotated. In addition to penetrance estimation using body mass index (BMI) as a binary outcome, GWAS and PheWAS were performed using median BMI in linear regression analyses. All results were adjusted for principal components, age, sex, and sites of genotyping.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Targeted sequencing data of <jats:italic>MC4R<\/jats:italic> revealed 125 coding variants in 1839 eMERGE participants including 30 unreported coding variants that were predicted to be functionally damaging. Highly penetrant unreported variants included (L325I, E308K, D298N, S270F, F261L, T248A, D111V, and Y80F) in which seven participants had obesity class III defined as BMI\u2009\u2265\u200940\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. In GWAS analysis, in addition to known risk haplotype upstream of <jats:italic>MC4R<\/jats:italic> (best variant rs6567160 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095.36\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u221225<\/jats:sup>, Beta\u2009=\u20090.37), a novel rare haplotype was detected which was protective against obesity and encompassed the V103I variant with known gain-of-function properties (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096.23\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u221208<\/jats:sup>, Beta\u2009=\u2009\u22120.62). PheWAS analyses extended this protective effect of V103I to type 2 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, and chronic renal failure independent of BMI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>MC4R<\/jats:italic> screening in a large eMERGE cohort confirmed many previous findings, extend the <jats:italic>MC4R<\/jats:italic> pleotropic effects, and discovered additional <jats:italic>MC4R<\/jats:italic> rare alleles that probably contribute to obesity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-00675-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T12:02:37Z","timestamp":1600603357000},"page":"155-169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Evaluation of the MC4R gene across eMERGE network identifies many unreported obesity-associated variants"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4452-7878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahram","family":"Namjou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian B.","family":"Stanaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Lingren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank D.","family":"Mentch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Benoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9906-8608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozan","family":"Dikilitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinnan","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley H.","family":"Shoemaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0754-3820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tooraj","family":"Mirshahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajbir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1418-3103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan G.","family":"Nestor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakon","family":"Hakonarson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua C.","family":"Denny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Crosslin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail P.","family":"Jarvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6524-3471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iftikhar J.","family":"Kullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc S.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The eMERGE Network","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Harley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"675_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/385165a0","volume":"385","author":"W Fan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fan W, Boston BA, Kesterson RA, Hruby VJ, Cone RD. 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