{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T19:57:58Z","timestamp":1793735878267,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Obes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Altered appetite-related gut hormone concentrations may reflect a physiological adaptation facilitating weight regain after weight loss. This review investigates hormonal changes after weight loss achieved through calorie restriction (CR), exercise (EX), or both combined (CREX).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search of PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs reporting in a fasting state either pre- and post-intervention appetite-related hormone concentrations or the changes therein after weight loss. The hormones examined were ghrelin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1), and cholecystokinin (CCK), in their total and\/or active form. Standardised mean differences (SMD) were extracted as the effect size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      127 studies were identified: 19 RCTs, 108 non-RCTs, 1305 and 4725 participants, respectively. In response to weight loss induced by CR, EX or CREX, the meta-analysis revealed an increase in total ghrelin from both RCTs (SMD: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.07\u20131.04) and non-RCTs (SMD: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.14\u20130.35). A decrease in acylated ghrelin was identified for RCTs (SMD: \u20130.58, 95% CI: \u20131.09 to \u20130.06) but an increase was observed for non-RCTs (SMD: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.27). Findings also revealed a decrease in PYY (total PYY: SMD: \u20130.17, 95%CI: \u20130.28 to \u20130.06; PYY\n                      <jats:sub>3-36<\/jats:sub>\n                      : SMD: \u20130.17, 95%CI: \u20130.32 to \u20130.02) and active GLP-1 (SMD: -0.16, 95% CI: \u20130.28 to \u20130.05) from non-RCTs. Changes in hormones did not differ among the three interventions when controlling for weight loss. Meta-regression indicated that greater weight loss was associated with a greater increase in total ghrelin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Weight loss induced by CR, EX, or CREX elicits an increase in total ghrelin, but varied responses in other appetite-related hormones. The extent of weight loss influences changes in appetite-related gut hormone concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-025-01726-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T12:04:18Z","timestamp":1739189058000},"page":"776-792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Fasting appetite-related gut hormone responses after weight loss induced by calorie restriction, exercise, or both in people with overweight or obesity: a meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9766-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuoxiu","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7800-3207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice E.","family":"Thackray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonghui","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Deighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8174-9173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James A.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9119-8590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Stensel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1726_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14290","volume":"23","author":"S Sarma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarma S, Sockalingam S, Dash S. Obesity as a multisystem disease: trends in obesity rates and obesity-related complications. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23:3\u201316.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR2","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 2024;403:1027\u201350."},{"key":"1726_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.5.579","volume":"74","author":"JW Anderson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, Wood CL. Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:579\u201384.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.01.002","volume":"93","author":"L Busetto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Busetto L, Bettini S, Makaronidis J, Roberts CA, Halford JCG, Batterham RL. Mechanisms of weight regain. Eur J Intern Med. 2021;93:3\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"1726_CR5","first-page":"90","volume":"11","author":"MM Ibrahim Abdalla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ibrahim Abdalla MM. Ghrelin - Physiological Functions and Regulation. Eur Endocrinol. 2015;11:90\u201395.","journal-title":"Eur Endocrinol"},{"key":"1726_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00058","volume":"5","author":"C Sobrino Crespo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sobrino Crespo C, Perianes Cachero A, Puebla Jim\u00e9nez L, Barrios V, Arilla Ferreiro E. Peptides and food intake. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014;5:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"1726_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/35038090","volume":"407","author":"M Tsch\u00f6p","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tsch\u00f6p M, Smiley DL, Heiman ML. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature 2000;407:908\u201313.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1726_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030204","volume":"349","author":"RL Batterham","year":"2003","unstructured":"Batterham RL, Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Withers DJ, Frost GS, et al. Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36. N. Engl J Med. 2003;349:941\u20138.","journal-title":"N. Engl J Med"},{"key":"1726_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.1.81","volume":"44","author":"JP Gutzwiller","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gutzwiller JP, G\u00f6ke B, Drewe J, Hildebrand P, Ketterer S, Handschin D, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1: a potent regulator of food intake in humans. Gut 1999;44:81\u201386.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1726_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90397-2","volume":"106","author":"RJ Lieverse","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lieverse RJ, Jansen J, Masclee AAM, Lamers C. Satiety effects of cholecystokinin in humans. Gastroenterology 1994;106:1451\u20134.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1726_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105816","volume":"365","author":"P Sumithran","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, Purcell K, Shulkes A, Kriketos A, et al. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N. Engl J Med. 2011;365:1597\u2013604.","journal-title":"N. Engl J Med"},{"key":"1726_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0570","volume":"235","author":"A Holliday","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holliday A, Blannin A. Appetite, food intake and gut hormone responses to intense aerobic exercise of different duration. J Endocrinol. 2017;235:193\u2013205.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1726_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24104","volume":"32","author":"A Hengist","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hengist A, Sciarrillo CM, Guo J, Walter M, Hall KD. Gut-derived appetite hormones do not explain energy intake differences in humans following low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diets. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024;32:1689\u201398.","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"1726_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.12.010","volume":"63","author":"MM Schubert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schubert MM, Desbrow B, Sabapathy S, Leveritt M. Acute exercise and subsequent energy intake. A meta-analysis. Appetite 2013;63:92\u2013104.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1726_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2735","volume":"96","author":"JA King","year":"2011","unstructured":"King JA, Wasse LK, Ewens J, Crystallis K, Emmanuel J, Batterham RL, et al. Differential acylated ghrelin, peptide YY3-36, appetite, and food intake responses to equivalent energy deficits created by exercise and food restriction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1114\u201321.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2513","volume":"17","author":"H Ellingsgaard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ellingsgaard H, Hauselmann I, Schuler B, Habib AM, Baggio LL, Meier DT, et al. Interleukin-6 enhances insulin secretion by increasing glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from L cells and alpha cells. Nat Med. 2011;17:1481\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1726_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.07.034","volume":"70","author":"CH Chew","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chew CH, Choo QC, Lim WS, Lao KM, Wong SY, Chow XH. IL-6 possibly modulates ghrelin expression through MEK1\/p90RSK signaling cascade in pancreatic cell lines. Cytokine 2014;70:34.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"1726_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2026","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002026","volume":"3","author":"R Wu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wu R, Dong W, Ji Y, Zhou M, Marini CP, Ravikumar TS, et al. Orexigenic hormone ghrelin attenuates local and remote organ injury after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. PLoS One. 2008;3:e2026.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1726_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801251","volume":"24","author":"E Doucet","year":"2000","unstructured":"Doucet E, Imbeault P, St-Pierre S, Alm\u00e9ras N, Mauri\u00e8ge P, Richard D, et al. Appetite after weight loss by energy restriction and a low-fat diet\u2013exercise follow-up. Int J Obes. 2000;24:906\u201314.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1726_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0119-9","volume":"42","author":"S Nymo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nymo S, Coutinho SR, Eknes PH, Vestbostad I, Rehfeld JF, Truby H, et al. Investigation of the long-term sustainability of changes in appetite after weight loss. Int J Obes. 2018;42:1489\u201399.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1726_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27706","volume":"90","author":"NA King","year":"2009","unstructured":"King NA, Caudwell PP, Hopkins M, Stubbs JR, Naslund E, Blundell JE. Dual-process action of exercise on appetite control: increase in orexigenic drive but improvement in meal-induced satiety23. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:921\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2082","volume":"95","author":"C Martins","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martins C, Kulseng B, King NA, Holst JJ, Blundell JE. The effects of exercise-induced weight loss on appetite-related peptides and motivation to eat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:1609\u201316.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-115646","volume":"49","author":"X Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao X, Han Q, Gang X, Lv Y, Liu Y, Sun C, et al. The role of gut hormones in diet-induced weight change: a systematic review. Horm Metab Res. 2017;49:816\u201325.","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"1726_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmac014","volume":"13","author":"DKM Tacad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tacad DKM, Tovar AP, Richardson CE, Horn WF, Krishnan GP, Keim NL, et al. Satiety associated with calorie restriction and time-restricted feeding: peripheral hormones. Adv Nutr. 2022;13:792\u2013820.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.106424","volume":"182","author":"T Almesbehi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Almesbehi T, Harris L, McGarty A, Alqallaf S, Westrop S, Edwards CA, et al. Effects of exercise training programmes on fasting gastrointestinal appetite hormones in adults with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Appetite 2023;182:106424.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1726_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220213","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0213","volume":"378","author":"M Hopkins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hopkins M, Gibbons C, Blundell J. Fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate are determinants of energy intake: Implications for a theory of appetite control. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2023;378:20220213.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"1726_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/muscles1010003","volume":"1","author":"A Grannell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grannell A, Kokkinos A, le Roux CW. Myokines in appetite control and energy balance. Muscles. 2022;1:26\u201347.","journal-title":"Muscles"},{"key":"1726_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e06-05-0402","volume":"18","author":"N Filigheddu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Filigheddu N, Gnocchi VF, Coscia M, Cappelli M, Porporato PE, Taulli R, et al. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin promote differentiation and fusion of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Mol Biol Cell. 2007;18:986\u201394.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"1726_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1606-4","volume":"62","author":"E Angelino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Angelino E, Reano S, Bollo A, Ferrara M, De Feudis M, Sustova H, et al. Ghrelin knockout mice display defective skeletal muscle regeneration and impaired satellite cell self-renewal. Endocrine 2018;62:129\u201335.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"1726_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90671.2008","volume":"296","author":"TA Hagobian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hagobian TA, Sharoff CG, Stephens BR, Wade GN, Silva JE, Chipkin SR, et al. Effects of exercise on energy-regulating hormones and appetite in men and women. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;296:233\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"1726_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711452000224X","volume":"124","author":"D Ashtary-Larky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Abbasnezhad A, Tinsley GM, Alipour M, Wong A. Effects of gradual weight loss v. rapid weight loss on body composition and RMR: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2020;124:1121\u201332.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021;372:n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1726_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u00c4\u2021 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2019;366:l4898.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1726_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","volume":"355","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Hern\u00e1n MA, Reeves BC, Savovi\u0107 J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ 2016;355:I4919.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1726_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","volume":"36","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor Package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36:1\u201348.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"1726_CR36","unstructured":"R Core Team (2022) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. https:\/\/www.R-project.org."},{"key":"1726_CR37","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Li T, Deeks JJ. Chapter 6: Choosing effect measures and computing estimates of effect. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5 (last updated August 2023). Cochrane, (2024)."},{"key":"1726_CR38","volume":"14","author":"X Wan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and\/or interquartile range. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:135.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"1726_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-051920-114020","volume":"43","author":"MB Mathur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mathur MB, VanderWeele TJ. Methods to address confounding and other biases in meta-analyses: review and recommendations. Annu Rev Public Health. 2022;43:19\u201335.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"1726_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","volume":"167","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2017","unstructured":"VanderWeele TJ, Ding P. Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E-value. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167:268\u201374.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1726_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000864","volume":"29","author":"MB Mathur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mathur MB, Ding P, Riddell CA, VanderWeele TJ. Web site and R package for computing E-values. Epidemiology 2018;29:e45\u2013e47.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"1726_CR42","unstructured":"Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG (editors). Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Cochrane, (2023)."},{"key":"1726_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827335","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.827335","volume":"13","author":"A Ataeinosrat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ataeinosrat A, Haghighi MM, Abednatanzi H, Soltani M, Ghanbari-Niaki A, Nouri-Habashi A, et al. Effects of three different modes of resistance training on appetite hormones in males with obesity. Front Physiol. 2022;13:827335.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1726_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.06.014","volume":"40","author":"R Barazzoni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barazzoni R, Gortan Cappellari G, Zanetti M, Klaus KA, Semolic A, Johnson ML, et al. Higher unacylated ghrelin and insulin sensitivity following dietary restriction and weight loss in obese humans. Clin Nutr. 2021;40:638\u201344.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30173","volume":"6","author":"R Biemann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Biemann R, Penner M, Borucki K, Westphal S, Luley C, R\u00f6nicke R, et al. Serum bile acids and GLP-1 decrease following telemetric induced weight loss: results of a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2016;6:30173.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"1726_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.08.002","volume":"62","author":"KJ Guelfi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guelfi KJ, Donges CE, Duffield R. Beneficial effects of 12 weeks of aerobic compared with resistance exercise training on perceived appetite in previously sedentary overweight and obese men. Metabolism 2013;62:235\u201343.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1726_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-021-00781-4","volume":"18","author":"N Rostamzadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rostamzadeh N, Sheikholeslami-Vatani D. Appetite regulating hormones and body composition responses to resistance training and detraining in men with obesity: a randomized clinical trial. Sport Sci Health. 2022;18:115\u201323.","journal-title":"Sport Sci Health"},{"key":"1726_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0862","volume":"158","author":"U Mager","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mager U, Kolehmainen M, de Mello VDF, Schwab U, Laaksonen DE, Rauramaa R, et al. Expression of ghrelin gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma ghrelin concentrations in patients with metabolic syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;158:499\u2013510.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1726_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12483","volume":"82","author":"C Mason","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mason C, Xiao L, Imayama I, Duggan CR, Campbell KL, Kong A, et al. The effects of separate and combined dietary weight loss and exercise on fasting ghrelin concentrations in overweight and obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015;82:369\u201376.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"1726_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00239.2018","volume":"126","author":"JS Quist","year":"2019","unstructured":"Quist JS, Blond MB, Gram AS, Steenholt CB, Janus C, Holst JJ, et al. Effects of active commuting and leisure-time exercise on appetite in individuals with overweight and obesity. J Appl Physiol. 2019;126:941\u201351.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1726_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00680.2013","volume":"115","author":"M Rosenkilde","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rosenkilde M, Reichkendler MH, Auerbach P, Tor\u00e4ng S, Gram AS, Ploug T, et al. Appetite regulation in overweight, sedentary men after different amounts of endurance exercise: A randomized controlled trial. J Appl Physiol. 2013;115:1599\u2013609.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1726_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2018-0197","volume":"44","author":"E Shakiba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shakiba E, Sheikholeslami-Vatani D, Rostamzadeh N, Karim H. The type of training program affects appetite-regulating hormones and body weight in overweight sedentary men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2019;44:282\u20137.","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827630","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.827630","volume":"9","author":"D Sheikholeslami-Vatani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sheikholeslami-Vatani D, Rostamzadeh N. Changes in appetite-dependent hormones and body composition after 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training and vitamin D supplementation in sedentary overweight men. Front Nutr. 2022;9:827630.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155600","volume":"17","author":"H Zouhal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zouhal H, Bagheri R, Triki R, Saeidi A, Wong A, Hackney AC, et al. Effects of ramadan intermittent fasting on gut hormones and body composition in males with obesity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1726_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.30.169","volume":"30","author":"SJJ Kang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kang SJJ, Kim JHH, Gang Z, Yook YSS, Yoon JRR, Ha GCC, et al. Effects of 12-week circuit exercise program on obesity index, appetite regulating hormones, and insulin resistance in middle-aged obese females. J Phys Ther Sci. 2018;30:169\u201373.","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"1726_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2009.00530.x","volume":"9","author":"LM Redman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Redman LM, Veldhuis JD, Rood J, Smith SR, Williamson D, Ravussin E, et al. The effect of caloric restriction interventions on growth hormone secretion in nonobese men and women. Aging Cell. 2010;9:32\u201339.","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"1726_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2081","volume":"90","author":"KE Foster-Schubert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Foster-Schubert KE, McTiernan A, Frayo RS, Schwartz RS, Rajan KB, Yasui Y, et al. Human plasma ghrelin levels increase during a one-year exercise program. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:820\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9060637","volume":"9","author":"S Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun S, Kong Z, Shi Q, Zhang H, Lei OK, Nie J. Carbohydrate restriction with or without exercise training improves blood pressure and insulin sensitivity in overweight women. Healthcare (Basel). 2021;9:637.","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"1726_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.32598\/SIJA.13.4.494","volume":"13","author":"SM Ahmadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmadi SM, Fathi M, RashidLamir A, Aminian F. Effects of 8 weeks aerobic training on plasma ghrelin level and ghrelin lymphocyte gene expression in elderly men. Salmand Iran J Ageing. 2019;13:494\u2013505.","journal-title":"Salmand Iran J Ageing"},{"key":"1726_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702221113862","volume":"247","author":"A Valinejad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Valinejad A, Khodaei K. Does exercise during a ketogenic diet effectively alter appetite sensation, appetite-regulating hormones, and body composition? Exp Biol Med. 2022;247:1898\u2013906.","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"1726_CR61","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"M Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu M, Shi Q, Sun S, Hong HI, Zhang H, Qi F, et al. Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet with or without exercise on anxiety and eating behavior and associated changes in cardiometabolic health in overweight young women. Front Nutr. 2022;9:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9539286","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9539286","volume":"2022","author":"M Mohammad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohammad M, Karim D, Mehdi M, Marziyeh S, Hadi S, Shila N. The combinatory effect of spirulina supplementation and resistance exercise on plasma contents of adipolin, apelin, ghrelin, and glucose in overweight and obese men. Mediators Inflamm. 2022;2022:9539286.","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"1726_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051614","volume":"95","author":"TC Adam","year":"2006","unstructured":"Adam TC, Lejeune MP, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Nutrient-stimulated glucagon-like peptide 1 release after body-weight loss and weight maintenance in human subjects. Br J Nutr. 2006;95:160\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2016.09.017","volume":"13","author":"J Berggren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berggren J, Lindqvist A, Hedenbro J, Groop L, Wierup N. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass versus calorie restriction: support for surgery per se as the direct contributor to altered responses of insulin and incretins to a mixed meal. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13:234\u201342.","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis"},{"key":"1726_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-00660-x","volume":"45","author":"MM Brzozowska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brzozowska MM, Tran T, Bliuc D, Jorgensen J, Talbot M, Fenton-Lee D, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and gastric sleeve surgery result in long term bone loss. Int J Obes. 2021;45:235\u201346.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1726_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509992984","volume":"103","author":"JD Cameron","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cameron JD, Cyr MJ, Doucet \u00c9. Increased meal frequency does not promote greater weight loss in subjects who were prescribed an 8-week equi-energetic energy-restricted diet. Br J Nutr. 2010;103:1098\u2013101.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.5.1238","volume":"87","author":"S Chearskul","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chearskul S, Delbridge E, Shulkes A, Proietto J, Kriketos A. Effect of weight loss and ketosis on postprandial cholecystokinin and free fatty acid concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:1238\u201346.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2013.45","volume":"36","author":"JN Cooper","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cooper JN, Fried L, Tepper P, et al. Changes in serum aldosterone are associated with changes in obesity-related factors in normotensive overweight and obese young adults. Hypertens Res. 2013;36:895\u2013901.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"1726_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.04.002","volume":"37","author":"SR Coutinho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coutinho SR, Halset EH, G\u00e5sbakk S, Rehfeld JF, Kulseng B, Truby H, et al. Compensatory mechanisms activated with intermittent energy restriction: A randomized control trial. Clin Nutr. 2018;37:815\u201323.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.04.008","volume":"37","author":"SR Coutinho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coutinho SR, With E, Rehfeld JF, Kulseng B, Truby H, Martins C. The impact of rate of weight loss on body composition and compensatory mechanisms during weight reduction: a randomized control trial. Clin Nutr. 2018;37:1154\u201362.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5037","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2566","volume":"95","author":"AB Crujeiras","year":"2010","unstructured":"Crujeiras AB, Goyenechea E, Abete I, Lage M, Carreira MC, Mart\u00ednez JA, et al. Weight regain after a diet-induced loss is predicted by higher baseline leptin and lower ghrelin plasma levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:5037\u201344.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012908","volume":"346","author":"DE Cummings","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS, Breen PA, Ma MK, Dellinger EP, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N. Engl J Med. 2002;346:1623\u201330.","journal-title":"N. Engl J Med"},{"key":"1726_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa202","volume":"105","author":"JN DeBenedictis","year":"2020","unstructured":"DeBenedictis JN, Nymo S, Ollestad KH, Boyesen GA, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, et al. Changes in the homeostatic appetite system after weight loss reflect a normalization toward a lower body weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105:2538\u201346.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2007.12.006","volume":"23","author":"DA de Luis","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Luis DA, Sagrado MG, Conde R, Aller R, Izaola O. The effects of two different hypocaloric diets on glucagon-like peptide 1 in obese adults, relation with insulin response after weight loss. J Diabetes Compl. 2009;23:239\u201343.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Compl"},{"key":"1726_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2007.11.001","volume":"24","author":"DA de Luis","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Luis DA, Sagrado MG, Conde R, Aller R, Izaola O. Changes of ghrelin and leptin in response to hypocaloric diet in obese patients. Nutrition 2008;24:162\u20136.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"1726_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803532","volume":"31","author":"K Diepvens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Diepvens K, Soenen S, Steijns J, Arnold M, Westerterp-Plantenga M. Long-term effects of consumption of a novel fat emulsion in relation to body-weight management. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007;31:942\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"1726_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2019.1658723","volume":"71","author":"M Dinu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dinu M, Colombini B, Pagliai G, Cesari F, Gori A, Giusti B, et al. Effects of a dietary intervention with Mediterranean and vegetarian diets on hormones that influence energy balance: results from the CARDIVEG study. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2020;71:362\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031459","volume":"89","author":"E Doucet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Doucet E, Pomerleau M, Harper ME. Fasting and postprandial total ghrelin remain unchanged after short-term energy restriction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1727\u201332.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obmed.2020.100213","volume":"18","author":"AE Elerian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elerian AE, Ali Abdeen HA, Elmakaky A, Mostafa MS. Efficacy of gender, anaerobic exercise and low calorie diet on leptin, ghrelin hormones and hunger perception: A comparative study. Obes Med. 2020;18:100213.","journal-title":"Obes Med"},{"key":"1726_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228637","volume":"15","author":"N Figueroa-Vega","year":"2020","unstructured":"Figueroa-Vega N, Mar\u00edn-Arag\u00f3n CI, L\u00f3pez-Aguilar I, Ibarra-Reynoso L, P\u00e9rez-Luque E, Manuel Malacara J. Analysis of the percentages of monocyte subsets and ILC2s, their relationships with metabolic variables and response to hypocaloric restriction in obesity. PLoS One. 2020;15:1\u201319.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1726_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510003119","volume":"105","author":"JAA Gilbert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gilbert JAA, Joanisse DR, Chaput JPP, Miegueu P, Cianflone K, Alm\u00e9ras N, et al. Milk supplementation facilitates appetite control in obese women during weight loss: A randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2011;105:133\u201343.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14048","volume":"7","author":"TM Halliday","year":"2019","unstructured":"Halliday TM, Polsky S, Schoen JA, Legget KT, Tregellas JR, Williamson KM, et al. Comparison of surgical versus diet-induced weight loss on appetite regulation and metabolic health outcomes. Physiol Rep. 2019;7:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Physiol Rep."},{"key":"1726_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0300-0664.2001.01456.x","volume":"56","author":"TK Hansen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hansen TK, Dall R, Hosoda H, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Christiansen JS, et al. Weight loss increases circulating levels of ghrelin in human obesity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;56:203\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"1726_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.8.1944","volume":"137","author":"MR Hayes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hayes MR, Miller CK, Ulbrecht JS, Mauger JL, Parker-Klees L, Gutschall MD, et al. A carbohydrate-restricted diet alters gut peptides and adiposity signals in men and women with metabolic syndrome. J Nutr. 2007;137:1944\u201350.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2008.12.008","volume":"19","author":"MV Heinonen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Heinonen MV, Laaksonen DE, Karhu T, Karhunen L, Laitinen T, Kainulainen S, et al. Effect of diet-induced weight loss on plasma apelin and cytokine levels in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;19:626\u201333.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"1726_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00655.2018","volume":"126","author":"EM Heiston","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heiston EM, Eichner NZM, Gilbertson NM, Gaitan JM, Kranz S, Weltman A, et al. Two weeks of exercise training intensity on appetite regulation in obese adults with prediabetes. J Appl Physiol 2019;126:746\u2013754.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1726_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.03.011","volume":"35","author":"KK Hoddy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoddy KK, Gibbons C, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Barnosky A, Bhutani S, et al. Changes in hunger and fullness in relation to gut peptides before and after 8 weeks of alternate day fasting. Clin Nutr. 2016;35:1380\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.654902","volume":"8","author":"KM Horner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Horner KM, Byrne NM, King NA. Effect of combined interval and continuous exercise training on gastric emptying, appetite, and adaptive responses in men with overweight and obesity. Front Nutr. 2021;8:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20460","volume":"21","author":"D Jakubowicz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jakubowicz D, Barnea M, Wainstein J, Froy O. High Caloric intake at breakfast vs. dinner differentially influences weight loss of overweight and obese women. Obesity 2013;21:2504\u201312.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"1726_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa124","volume":"150","author":"AM Johnstone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnstone AM, Kelly J, Ryan S, Romero-Gonzalez R, McKinnon H, Fyfe C, et al. Nondigestible carbohydrates affect metabolic health and gut microbiota in overweight adults after weight loss. J Nutr. 2020;150:1859\u201370.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.52","volume":"67","author":"KW Jones","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jones KW, Eller LK, Parnell JA, Doyle-Baker PK, Edwards AL, Reimer RA. Effect of a dairy- and calcium-rich diet on weight loss and appetite during energy restriction in overweight and obese adults: a randomized trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67:371\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00112.2009","volume":"296","author":"KR Kelly","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kelly KR, Brooks LM, Solomon TP, Kashyap SR, O\u2019Leary VB, Kirwan JP. The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucose-stimulated insulin response to exercise training and diet in obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009;296:1269\u201374.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa327","volume":"151","author":"S Krishnan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Krishnan S, Adams SH, Witbracht MG, Woodhouse LR, Piccolo BD, Thomas AP, et al. Weight loss, but not dairy composition of diet, moderately affects satiety and postprandial gut hormone patterns in adults. J Nutr. 2021;151:245\u201354.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/s11726-021-1280-6","volume":"19","author":"MZ Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu MZ, Liu YT, Yang LB. Effect of acupuncture on serum PYY and nesfatin-1 in obese patients with insulin resistance. J Acupunct Tuina Sci. 2021;19:432\u20137.","journal-title":"J Acupunct Tuina Sci"},{"key":"1726_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S53501","volume":"6","author":"AL Lopes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lopes AL, Fayh APT, de Souza Campos LG, Teixeira BC, Carteri RBK, Ribeiro JL, et al. The effects of diet- and diet plus exercise-induced weight loss on basal metabolic rate and acylated ghrelin in grade 1 obese subjects. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2013;6:469\u2013475.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"1726_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00680.2018","volume":"125","author":"SK Malin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Malin SK, Francois ME, Eichner NZM, Gilbertson NM, Heiston EM, Fabris C, et al. Impact of short-term exercise training intensity on \u03b2-cell function in older obese adults with prediabetes. J Appl Physiol. 2018;125:1979\u201386.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1726_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.112978","volume":"223","author":"SK Malin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Malin SK, Heiston EM, Gilbertson NM, Eichner NZM. Short-term interval exercise suppresses acylated ghrelin and hunger during caloric restriction in women with obesity. Physiol Behav. 2020;223:112978.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"1726_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001296","volume":"49","author":"C Martins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martins C, Aschehoug I, Ludviksen M, Holst J, Finlayson G, Wisloff U, et al. High-intensity interval training, appetite, and reward value of food in the obese. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49:1851\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1726_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.08.014","volume":"29","author":"L Maurer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maurer L, Mai K, Krude H, Haynes JD, Weygandt M, Spranger J. Interaction of circulating GLP-1 and the response of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to food-cues predicts body weight development. Mol Metab 2019;29:136\u2013144.","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31827d1618","volume":"45","author":"C Martins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martins C, Kulseng B, Rehfeld JF, King NA, Blundell JE. Effect of chronic exercise on appetite control in overweight and obese individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45:805\u201312.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1726_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803255","volume":"30","author":"EMH Mathus-Vliegen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mathus-Vliegen EMH, van Ierland-van Leeuwen ML, Bennink RJ. Influences of fat restriction and lipase inhibition on gastric emptying in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30:1203\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"1726_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3923\/tmr.2014.58.80","volume":"9","author":"MA Mohammed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohammed MA, Anwar R, Mansour AH, Elmasry E, Othman G. Effects of intragastric balloon versus conservative therapy on appetite regulatory hormones in obese subjects. Trends Med Res 2014;9:58\u201380.","journal-title":"Trends Med Res"},{"key":"1726_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.06.101","volume":"81","author":"C Montelius","year":"2014","unstructured":"Montelius C, Erlandsson D, Vitija E, Stenblom EL, Egecioglu E, Erlanson-Albertsson C, et al. Body weight loss, reduced urge for palatable food and increased release of GLP-1 through daily supplementation with green-plant membranes for three months in overweight women. Appetite 2014;81:645\u2013646.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1726_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.5.1603","volume":"86","author":"LJ Moran","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moran LJ, Noakes M, Clifton PM, Wittert GA, Le Roux CW, Ghatei MA, et al. Postprandial ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and appetite before and after weight loss in overweight women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:1603\u201310.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5205","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0701","volume":"90","author":"LJ Moran","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moran LJ, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Noakes M, Wittert GA, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. The satiating effect of dietary protein is unrelated to postprandial ghrelin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:5205\u201311.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040916","volume":"12","author":"JJ Hern\u00e1ndez Morante","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez Morante JJ, D\u00edaz Soler I, Mu\u00f1oz JSG, S\u00e1nchez HP, Barber\u00e1 Ortega MDC, Mart\u00ednez CM, et al. Moderate weight loss modifies leptin and ghrelin synthesis rhythms but not the subjective sensations of appetite in obesity patients. Nutrients 2020;12:916.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1726_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347353","volume":"26","author":"PS Morpurgo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Morpurgo PS, Resnik M, Agosti F, Cappiello V, Sartorio A, Spada A. Ghrelin secretion in severely obese subjects before and after a 3-week integrated body mass reduction program. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003;26:723\u20137.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1726_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02438-3","volume":"60","author":"M N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"2021","unstructured":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen M, Kolehmainen M, Laaksonen DE, Herzig KHH, Poutanen K, Karhunen L. Post-weight loss changes in fasting appetite- and energy balance-related hormone concentrations and the effect of the macronutrient content of a weight maintenance diet: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60:2603\u201316.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.077503","volume":"100","author":"M Neacsu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neacsu M, Fyfe C, Horgan G, Johnstone AM. Appetite control and biomarkers of satiety with vegetarian (soy) and meat-based high-protein diets for weight loss in obese men: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100:548\u201358.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.09.024","volume":"29","author":"S Neseliler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neseliler S, Hu W, Larcher K, Zacchia M, Dadar M, Scala SG, et al. Neurocognitive and Hormonal Correlates of Voluntary Weight Loss in Humans. Cell Metab. 2019;29:39\u201349.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29857","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v60.29857","volume":"60","author":"V Nobile","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nobile V, Duclos E, Michelotti A, Bizzaro G, Negro M, Soisson F. Supplementation with a fish protein hydrolysate (Micromesistius poutassou): effects on body weight, body composition, and CCK\/GLP-1 secretion. Food Nutr Res. 2016;60:29857.","journal-title":"Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"1726_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3109\/13813455.2014.1003567","volume":"121","author":"O Ozcan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ozcan O, Bostanci MO, Cicek G, Yamaner F. The effects of two different exercise programmes on adipose tissue hormones in sedentary middle-aged women. Arch Physiol Biochem 2015;121:50\u201355.","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"1726_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03180574","volume":"65","author":"Y Ozkan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ozkan Y, Aydin S, Donder E, Koca SS, Aydin S, Ozkan B, et al. Effect of orlistat on the total ghrelin and leptin levels in obese patients. J Physiol Biochem. 2009;65:215\u201323.","journal-title":"J Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"1726_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s43043-019-0006-x","volume":"24","author":"NM Rashad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rashad NM, Saraya YS, Afifi SA, Ali AE, Al-sayed RM. Impact of weight loss on plasma ghrelin level, clinical, and metabolic features of obese women with or without polycystic ovary syndrome. Middle East Fertil Soc J 2019;24:12.","journal-title":"Middle East Fertil Soc J"},{"key":"1726_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2009.03.007","volume":"29","author":"J Ratliff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ratliff J, Mutungi G, Puglisi MJ, Volek JS, Fernandez ML. Carbohydrate restriction (with or without additional dietary cholesterol provided by eggs) reduces insulin resistance and plasma leptin without modifying appetite hormones in adult men. Nutr Res. 2009;29:262\u20138.","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"1726_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1050","volume":"91","author":"M Romon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Romon M, Gomila S, Hincker P, Soudan B, Dallongeville J. Influence of weight loss on plasma ghrelin responses to high-fat and high-carbohydrate test meals in obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:1034\u201341.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067090","volume":"99","author":"RV Seimon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seimon RV, Taylor P, Little TJ, Noakes M, Standfield S, Clifton PM, et al. Effects of acute and longer-term dietary restriction on upper gut motility, hormone, appetite, and energy-intake responses to duodenal lipid in lean and obese men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99:24\u201334.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2012.04.008","volume":"23","author":"S Sofer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sofer S, Eliraz A, Kaplan S, Voet H, Fink G, Kima T, et al. Changes in daily leptin, ghrelin and adiponectin profiles following a diet with carbohydrates eaten at dinner in obese subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23:744\u201350.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"1726_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2019-0019","volume":"44","author":"A Tremblay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tremblay A, Dutheil F, Drapeau V, Metz L, Lesour B, Chapier R, et al. Long-term effects of high-intensity resistance and endurance exercise on plasma leptin and ghrelin in overweight individuals: the RESOLVE Study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2019;44:1172\u20139.","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2004.02.002","volume":"15","author":"B Zahorska-Markiewicz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Mizia-Stec K, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Janowska J. Effect of weight reduction on serum ghrelin and TNF\u03b1 concentrations in obese women. Eur J Intern Med. 2004;15:172\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"1726_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103743","volume":"70","author":"Z Hassanzadeh-Rostami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hassanzadeh-Rostami Z, Abbasi A, Faghih S. Effects of biscuit fortified with whey protein isolate and wheat bran on weight loss, energy intake, appetite score, and appetite regulating hormones among overweight or obese adults. J Funct Foods. 2020;70:103743.","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"1726_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.01.016","volume":"96","author":"WAM Blom","year":"2009","unstructured":"Blom WAM, de Graaf C, Lluch A, Stafleu A, Schaafsma G, Hendriks HFJ. Postprandial ghrelin responses are associated with the intermeal interval in time-blinded normal weight men, but not in obese men. Physiol Behav 2009;96:742\u2013748.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"1726_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21581","volume":"24","author":"VA Catenacci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Catenacci VA, Pan Z, Ostendorf D, Brannon S, Gozansky WS, Mattson MP, et al. A randomized pilot study comparing zero-calorie alternate-day fasting to daily caloric restriction in adults with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016;24:1874\u20131883.","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"1726_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0306-4","volume":"15","author":"V Kudiganti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kudiganti V, Kodur RR, Kodur SR, Halemane M, Deep DK. Efficacy and tolerability of Meratrim for weight management: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy overweight human subjects. Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15:136.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"1726_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.025312","volume":"96","author":"M Georg Jensen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Georg Jensen M, Kristensen M, Astrup A. Effect of alginate supplementation on weight loss in obese subjects completing a 12-wk energy-restricted diet: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96:5\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.09.009","volume":"49","author":"BR Hill","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hill BR, Rolls BJ, Roe LS, De Souza MJ, Williams NI. Ghrelin and peptide YY increase with weight loss during a 12-month intervention to reduce dietary energy density in obese women. Peptides 2013;49:138\u201344.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"1726_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20966","volume":"23","author":"AE Huerta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huerta AE, Navas-Carretero S, Prieto-Hontoria PL, Martinez JA, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in overweight and obese women during weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015;23:313\u2013321.","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"1726_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.177","volume":"39","author":"EW Iepsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iepsen EW, Lundgren J, Dirksen C, Jensen JE, Pedersen O, Hansen T, et al. Treatment with a GLP-1 receptor agonist diminishes the decrease in free plasma leptin during maintenance of weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015;39:834\u201341.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"1726_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(08)60009-6","volume":"28","author":"F Ippoliti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ippoliti F, Liguori A, Petti F, Canitano N, Rughini S. Leptin, ghrelin and TNF-alpha before and after hypo-caloric traditional Chinese diet and auricular acupuncture. J Tradit Chin Med. 2008;28:24\u201333.","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"1726_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2008.0035","volume":"13","author":"LF Lien","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lien LF, Haqq AM, Arlotto M, Slentz CA, Muehlbauer MJ, McMahon RL, et al. The STEDMAN project: biophysical, biochemical and metabolic effects of a behavioral weight loss intervention during weight loss, maintenance, and regain. OMICS. 2009;13:21\u201335.","journal-title":"OMICS."},{"key":"1726_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_928_17","volume":"23","author":"B Pamuk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pamuk B, Yilmaz H, Kebapcilar L, Kirbiyik H, Alacacioglu A, Bozkaya G, et al. The effect of orlistat and weight loss diet on plasma ghrelin and obestatin. J Res Med Sci. 2018;23:95.","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"1726_CR132","first-page":"135","volume":"21","author":"M Mohammadi-Sartang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammadi-Sartang M, Mazloomi SM, Fararouie M, Bedeltavana A, Famouri M, Mazloom Z. Daily fortified-synbiotic yogurt consumption facilitates appetite control in overweight and obese adults with metabolic syndrome during a weight-loss program: a 10-week randomized controlled trial. Prog Nutr. 2019;21:135\u201344.","journal-title":"Prog Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70200-1","volume":"2","author":"K Purcell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Purcell K, Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Bouniu CJ, Delbridge E, Proietto J. The effect of rate of weight loss on long-term weight management: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:954\u2013962.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"1726_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-008-0769-9","volume":"48","author":"A Ramel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramel A, Parra D, Martin\u00e9z JA, Kiely M, Thorsdottir I. Effects of seafood consumption and weight loss on fasting leptin and ghrelin concentrations in overweight and obese European young adults. Eur J Nutr. 2009;48:107\u201314.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4547","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.9.8003","volume":"86","author":"E Ravussin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ravussin E, Tsch\u04e7p M, Morales S, Bouchard C, Heiman ML. Plasma ghrelin concentration and energy balance: overfeeding and negative energy balance studies in twins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:4547.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-020-05202-y","volume":"31","author":"M Sadeghian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sadeghian M, Hosseini SA, Javid AZ, Angali KA, Mashkournia A, Kambiz, et al. Effect of fasting-mimicking diet or continuous energy restriction on weight loss, body composition, and appetite-regulating hormones among metabolically healthy women with obesity: a randomized controlled, parallel trial. Obes Surg. 2021;31:2030\u20139.","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"1726_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2007.10719608","volume":"26","author":"S Santosa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Santosa S, Demonty I, Lichtenstein AH, Cianflone K, Jones PJHH. An investigation of hormone and lipid associations after weight loss in women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007;26:250\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9863-0","volume":"44","author":"M Rondanelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rondanelli M, Opizzi A, Perna S, Faliva M, Solerte SB, Fioravanti M, et al. Improvement in insulin resistance and favourable changes in plasma inflammatory adipokines after weight loss associated with two months\u2019 consumption of a combination of bioactive food ingredients in overweight subjects. Endocrine 2013;44:391\u2013401.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"1726_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23127","volume":"29","author":"JC Siebert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siebert JC, Stanislawski MA, Zaman A, Ostendorf DM, Konigsberg IR, Jambal P, et al. Multiomic predictors of short-term weight loss and clinical outcomes during a behavioral-based weight loss intervention. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2021;29:859\u2013869.","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)."},{"key":"1726_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.09.031","volume":"41","author":"X Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang X, Sparks JR, Bowyer KP, Youngstedt SD. Influence of sleep restriction on weight loss outcomes associated with caloric restriction. Sleep. 2018;41:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"1726_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02860-5","volume":"75","author":"M Rondanelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rondanelli M, Perna S, Ilyas Z, Peroni G, Bazire P, Sajuox I, et al. Effect of very low-calorie ketogenic diet in combination with omega-3 on inflammation, satiety hormones, body composition, and metabolic markers. A pilot study in class I obese subjects. Endocrine. 2022;75:129\u201336.","journal-title":"Endocrine."},{"key":"1726_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00322.2017","volume":"315","author":"SR Coutinho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coutinho SR, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Kulseng B, Martins C. Impact of weight loss achieved through a multidisciplinary intervention on appetite in patients with severe obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2018;315:91\u201398.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00071.2018","volume":"315","author":"KD Flack","year":"2018","unstructured":"Flack KD, Ufholz K, Johnson L, Fitzgerald JS, Roemmich JN. Energy compensation in response to aerobic exercise training in overweight adults. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2018;315:619\u201326.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"1726_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.11.005","volume":"199","author":"A Myers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Myers A, Dalton M, Gibbons C, Finlayson G, Blundell J. Structured, aerobic exercise reduces fat mass and is partially compensated through energy intake but not energy expenditure in women. Physiol Behav. 2019;199:56\u201365.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"1726_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12594","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO00484K","volume":"12","author":"\u00c9D Grangeiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grangeiro \u00c9D, Trigueiro MS, Siais LO, et al. Hypocaloric diet with lower meal frequency did not affect weight loss, body composition and insulin responsiveness, but improved lipid profile: a randomized clinical trial. Food Funct. 2021;12:12594\u2013605.","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"1726_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030538","volume":"14","author":"JJ Lim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lim JJ, Liu Y, Lu LW, Barnett D, Sequeira IR, Poppitt SD. Does a higher protein diet promote satiety and weight loss independent of carbohydrate content? an 8-week low-energy diet (LED) intervention. Nutrients 2022;14:538.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1726_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2018.1455788","volume":"16","author":"S Rabiei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rabiei S, Hedayati M, Rashidkhani B, Saadat N, Shakerhossini R. The effects of synbiotic supplementation on body mass index, metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers, and appetite in patients with metabolic syndrome: a triple-blind randomized controlled trial. J Diet Suppl. 2019;16:294\u2013306.","journal-title":"J Diet Suppl"},{"key":"1726_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2017-00062","volume":"1","author":"M Ng Tang Fui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ng Tang Fui M, Hoermann R, Grossmann M. Effect of testosterone treatment on adipokines and gut hormones in obese men on a hypocaloric diet. J Endocr Soc. 2017;1:302\u201312.","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"1726_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509992856","volume":"103","author":"MJ Batterham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Batterham MJ, Beck EJ, Huang XF, Tapsell LC, Tosh SM, Batterham MJ, et al. Oat \u03b2-glucan supplementation does not enhance the effectiveness of an energy-restricted diet in overweight women. Br J Nutr. 2010;103:1212\u201322.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR150","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"MEC Buso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buso MEC, Seimon RV, McClintock S, Muirhead R, Atkinson FS, Brodie S, et al. Can a higher protein\/low glycemic index vs. a conventional diet attenuate changes in appetite and gut hormones following weight loss? a 3-year PREVIEW sub-study. Front Nutr. 2021;8:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.931486","volume":"57","author":"V Hainer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hainer V, Hlavat\u00e1 K, Gojov\u00e1 M, Kune\u0161ov\u00e1 M, Wagenknecht M, Kopsk\u00fd V, et al. Hormonal and psychobehavioral predictors of weight loss in response to a short-term weight reduction program in obese women. Physiol Res 2008;57:S17\u201327.","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"1726_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-017-0198-y","volume":"14","author":"BM Hron","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hron BM, Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Ludwig DS. Hepatic, adipocyte, enteric and pancreatic hormones: response to dietary macronutrient composition and relationship with metabolism. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2017;14:44.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"key":"1726_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz002","volume":"109","author":"A Lyngstad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lyngstad A, Nymo S, Coutinho SR, et al. Investigating the effect of sex and ketosis on weight-loss-induced changes in appetite. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109:1511\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12440","volume":"30","author":"A Bowes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bowes A, Begley J, Kerr D. Lifestyle change reduces cardiometabolic risk factors and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels in obese first-degree relatives of people with diabetes. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2017;30:490\u20138.","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet"},{"key":"1726_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2210","volume":"100","author":"J McNeil","year":"2015","unstructured":"McNeil J, Schwartz A, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Lavoie JM, Brochu M, Doucet \u00c9. Changes in leptin and peptide YY do not explain the greater-than-predicted decreases in resting energy expenditure after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:443\u201352.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23655","volume":"31","author":"MI Aukan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aukan MI, Sk\u00e5rvold S, Brandsaeter I\u00d8, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Nymo S, et al. Gastrointestinal hormones and appetite ratings after weight loss induced by diet or bariatric surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2023;31:399\u2013411.","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"1726_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-2803.202302022-96","volume":"60","author":"AT Triffoni-Melo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Triffoni-Melo AT, Castro M, Jord\u00e3o AA, Leandro-Merhi VA, Dick-DE-Paula I, Diez-Garcia RW. High-fiber diet promotes metabolic,hormonal, and satiety effects inobese women on a short-term caloric restriction. Arq Gastroenterol. 2023;60:163\u201371.","journal-title":"Arq Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1726_CR158","first-page":"e000211","volume":"7","author":"SA Purcell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Purcell SA, Legget KT, Halliday TM, Pan Z, Creasy SA, Blankenship JM, et al. Appetitive and metabolic responses to an exercise versus dietary intervention in adults with obesity. Transl J Am Coll Sports Med. 2022;7:e000211.","journal-title":"Transl J Am Coll Sports Med"},{"key":"1726_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5033","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15245033","volume":"15","author":"M Chiurazzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chiurazzi M, De Conno B, Di Lauro M, et al. The effects of a cinchona supplementation on satiety, weight loss and body composition in a population of overweight\/obese adults: a controlled randomized study. Nutrients 2023;15:5033.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1726_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvac111","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvac111","volume":"6","author":"T \u00c5kerstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00c5kerstr\u00f6m T, Stolpe MN, Widmer R, Dejgaard TF, H\u00f8jberg JM, M\u00f8ller K, et al. Endurance training improves GLP-1 sensitivity and glucose tolerance in overweight women. J Endocr Soc 2022;6:bvac111.","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"1726_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2022.11.003","volume":"109","author":"D Mayumi Usuda Prado Rocha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mayumi Usuda Prado Rocha D, Paula Silva Caldas A, Sim\u00f5es E Silva AC, Bressan J, Hermana Miranda Hermsdorff H. Nut-enriched energy restricted diet has potential to decrease hunger in women at cardiometabolic risk: a randomized controlled trial (Brazilian Nuts Study). Nutr Res. 2023;109:35\u201346.","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"1726_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvad114.084","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvad114.084","volume":"7","author":"J Tong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tong J, Heianza Y, Schur EA, Sacks F, Qi L, Boyko EJ. Rise in fasting ghrelin level in response to weight loss predicts future weight regain in the POUNDS LOST Trial. J Endocr Soc 2023;7:bvad114.084.","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"1726_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2816","volume":"10","author":"S Hajipoor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hajipoor S, Hekmatdoost A, Pasdar Y, Mohammadi R, Alipour M, Rezaie M, et al. Consumption of probiotic yogurt and vitamin D-fortified yogurt increases fasting level of GLP-1 in obese adults undergoing low-calorie diet: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Food Sci Nutr. 2022;10:3259\u201371.","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23404","volume":"30","author":"KAL Edwards","year":"2022","unstructured":"Edwards KAL, Prendergast LA, Kalfas S, Sumithran P, Proietto J. Impact of starting BMI and degree of weight loss on changes in appetite-regulating hormones during diet-induced weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2022;30:911\u20139.","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"1726_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2022.12.030","volume":"153","author":"CH Sommersten","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sommersten CH, Gjerde ES, Laupsa-Borge J, Andersen AI, Lawrence-Archer L, McCann A, et al. Relationship between ketones, ghrelin, and appetite on isocaloric diets with varying carbohydrate quality and amount: results from a randomized controlled trial in people with obesity (CARBFUNC). J Nutr. 2023;153:459\u201369.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2022.04.005","volume":"54","author":"M Ajami","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ajami M, Kagawa M, Roshanmehr F, McKian SS, Radfar M, Vazirijavid R, et al. Narrative-focused group counseling improves intervention outcomes in women with obesity. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2022;54:894\u2013901.","journal-title":"J Nutr Educ Behav"},{"key":"1726_CR167","first-page":"422","volume":"47","author":"G Arjmand","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arjmand G, Abbas-Zadeh M, Fardaei M, Eftekhari MH. The effect of Short-term Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diet on Hunger Hormones, Anthropometric Parameters, and Brain Structures in Middle-aged Overweight and Obese Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Iran J Med Sci. 2022;47:422\u201332.","journal-title":"Iran J Med Sci"},{"key":"1726_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030655","volume":"15","author":"TJ Ragland","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ragland TJ, Malin SK. Plasma LEAP-2 following a low-calorie diet with or without interval exercise in women with obesity. Nutrients 2023;15:655.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1726_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0082","volume":"180","author":"J Otten","year":"2019","unstructured":"Otten J, Ryberg M, Mellberg C, Andersson T, Chorell E, Lindahl B, et al. Postprandial levels of GLP-1, GIP and glucagon after 2 years of weight loss with a Paleolithic diet: a randomised controlled trial in healthy obese women. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019;180:417\u201327.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1726_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1997","volume":"15","author":"H Kirchner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kirchner H, Gutierrez JA, Solenberg PJ, Pfluger PT, Czyzyk TA, Willency JA, et al. GOAT links dietary lipids with the endocrine control of energy balance. Nat Med. 2009;15:741\u20135.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1726_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00759.2006","volume":"102","author":"DR Broom","year":"2007","unstructured":"Broom DR, Stensel DJ, Bishop NC, Burns SF, Miyashita M. Exercise-induced suppression of acylated ghrelin in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2007;102:2165\u201371.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1726_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1357","volume":"147","author":"K Toshinai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Toshinai K, Yamaguchi H, Sun Y, Smith RG, Yamanaka A, Sakurai T, et al. Des-Acyl ghrelin induces food intake by a mechanism independent of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Endocrinology 2006;147:2306\u201314.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"1726_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00218.2017","volume":"123","author":"H Islam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Islam H, Townsend LK, McKie GL, Medeiros PJ, Gurd BJ, Hazell TJ. Potential involvement of lactate and interleukin-6 in the appetite-regulatory hormonal response to an acute exercise bout. J Appl Physiol. 2017;123:614\u201323.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1726_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.4.544","volume":"79","author":"BJ Nicklas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nicklas BJ, Ambrosius W, Messier SP, Miller GD, Penninx BWJH, Loeser RF, et al. Diet-induced weight loss, exercise, and chronic inflammation in older, obese adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:544\u201351.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-3092","volume":"72","author":"I Imayama","year":"2012","unstructured":"Imayama I, Ulrich CM, Alfano CM, Wang C, Xiao L, Wener MH, et al. Effects of a caloric restriction weight loss diet and exercise on inflammatory biomarkers in overweight\/obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Res. 2012;72:2314\u201326.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"1726_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00576.2005","volume":"290","author":"JJ Meier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meier JJ, Gethmann A, Nauck MA, G\u04e7tze O, Schmitz F, Deacon CF, et al. The glucagon-like peptide-1 metabolite GLP-1-(9\u201336) amide reduces postprandial glycemia independently of gastric emptying and insulin secretion in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;290:1118\u201323.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1726_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40200-015-0154-1","volume":"14","author":"JE Clark","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clark JE. Diet, exercise or diet with exercise: comparing the effectiveness of treatment options for weight-loss and changes in fitness for adults (18\u201365 years old) who are overfat, or obese; systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2015;14:31.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"1726_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346662","volume":"33","author":"AE Rigamonti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rigamonti AE, Agosti F, De Col A, Marazzi N, Lafortuna CL, Cella SG, et al. Changes in plasma levels of ghrelin, leptin, and other hormonal and metabolic parameters following standardized breakfast, lunch, and physical exercise before and after a multidisciplinary weight-reduction intervention in obese adolescents. J Endocrinol Invest. 2010;33:633\u20139.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1726_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.03.026","volume":"153","author":"C Martins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martins C, Nymo S, Coutinho SR, Rehfeld JF, Hunter GR, Gower BA. Association between fat-free mass loss, changes in appetite, and weight regain in individuals with obesity. J Nutr. 2023;153:1330\u20137.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803483","volume":"31","author":"TB Chaston","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chaston TB, Dixon JB, O\u2019Brien PE. Changes in fat-free mass during significant weight loss: a systematic review. Int J Obes. 2007;31:743\u201350.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1726_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06482.x","volume":"904","author":"GB Forbes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Forbes GB. Body fat content influences the body composition response to nutrition and exercise. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2000;904:359\u201365.","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"1726_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507691946","volume":"97","author":"KD Hall","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hall KD. Body fat and fat-free mass inter-relationships: Forbes\u2019s theory revisited. Br J Nutr 2007;97:1059\u201363.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1726_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-022-00470-4","volume":"11","author":"A Fogarasi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fogarasi A, Gonzalez K, Dalamaga M, Magkos F. The impact of the rate of weight loss on body composition and metabolism. Curr Obes Rep. 2022;11:33\u201344.","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Obesity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41366-025-01726-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41366-025-01726-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41366-025-01726-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T06:10:41Z","timestamp":1747807841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41366-025-01726-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"references-count":183,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["1726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41366-025-01726-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0307-0565","1476-5497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0307-0565","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}