{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T19:40:07Z","timestamp":1772134807090,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Obes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We have developed a novel Bayesian Linear Structural Equations Model (BLSEM) with variable selection priors (available as an R package) to build directed acyclic graphs to delineate complex variable associations and pathways to BMI development. Conditional on standard assumptions used in causal inference, the model provides interpretable estimates with uncertainty for natural direct, indirect (mediated) and total effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We showcase our method using data on 4119 offspring followed from the pre-pregnancy period to age 46 years (y) in a Finnish population-based birth cohort. The BLSEM enabled efficiently to analyse all available data over the long-time span, identifying factors to distil potential causal pathways contributing to adult BMI development. All of the associations between early childhood and adolescence variables with adult BMI at 46\u2009y (BMI46) were indirect via multiple paths. For example, maternal prepregnancy BMI, smoking and socioeconomic position are associated with BMI46 through 35, 31 and 26 paths. Another notable feature was that the contribution of very early life factors, particularly prenatal, was captured by growth patterns along childhood, which were the strongest early predictors of middle age BMI46 (the age at adiposity rebound (AgeAR), early growth parameters between the AgeAR to 11\u2009y). BMI and blood pressure measured 15\u2009y earlier also predicted BMI46, all other factors held constant. Genetic predisposition by the polygenic risk score for BMI showed an indirect effect that became apparent at AgeAR and thereafter.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Bayesian approach we present and the BLSEM software developed advances methodologies for the analysis of complex, multifaceted life-course data prior to the estimation of potential causal pathways. Our results, although exploratory in nature, suggest that the effective interventions to tackle adverse BMI development could be designed throughout childhood, though the period by AgeAR may be paramount. We feature the importance of integrated life-course analyses that help to understand the contribution of life-stage factors of development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-025-01857-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T20:11:31Z","timestamp":1755720691000},"page":"2070-2080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Bayesian life-course linear structural equations model (BLSEM) to explore the development of body mass index (BMI) from the prenatal stage until middle age"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Tzala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Banterle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6064-1588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ville","family":"Karhunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom A.","family":"Bond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0889-8164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mimmi","family":"Tolvanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9228-0462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marika","family":"Kaakinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6681-6983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvain","family":"Sebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0081-7582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Lewin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2149-0630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjo-Riitta","family":"Jarvelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1857_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein CM, Morris NJ, Nock NL. Structural equation modeling. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;850:495\u2013512.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-555-8_27"},{"key":"1857_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj003","volume":"163","author":"BL De Stavola","year":"2006","unstructured":"De Stavola BL, Nitsch D, Dos Santos Silva I, McCormack V, Hardy R, Mann V, et al. Statistical issues in life course epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163:84\u201396.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1857_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00615-6","volume":"35","author":"M Herle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herle M, Micali N, Abdulkadir M, Loos R, Bryant-Waugh R, H\u00fcbel C, et al. Identifying typical trajectories in longitudinal data: modelling strategies and interpretations. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35:205\u201322.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1857_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1214\/09-SS057","volume":"3","author":"J Pearl","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pearl J. Causal inference in statistics: an overview. Stat Surv. 2009;3:96\u2013146.","journal-title":"Stat Surv"},{"key":"1857_CR5","unstructured":"Obesity and overweight. [cited 2023 Oct 28]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"1857_CR6","unstructured":"Obesity Update\u2014Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). [cited 2023 Oct 28]. Available from: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/health\/obesity-update."},{"key":"1857_CR7","unstructured":"About Obesity | World Obesity Federation. [cited 2023 Oct 28]. Available from: https:\/\/www.worldobesity.org\/about\/about-obesity."},{"key":"1857_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12551","volume":"18","author":"GA Bray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bray GA, Kim KK, Wilding JPH. Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation. Obes Rev. 2017;18:715\u201323.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"1857_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e017583","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017583","volume":"7","author":"KM Pantalone","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pantalone KM, Hobbs TM, Chagin KM, Kong SX, Wells BJ, Kattan MW, et al. Prevalence and recognition of obesity and its associated comorbidities: cross-sectional analysis of electronic health record data from a large US integrated health system. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e017583.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1857_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12904","volume":"20","author":"V Sharma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma V, Coleman S, Nixon J, Sharples L, Hamilton-Shield J, Rutter H, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis estimating the population prevalence of comorbidities in children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years. Obes Rev. 2019;20:1341\u20139.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"1857_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.020","volume":"14","author":"A Tamara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tamara A, Tahapary DL. Obesity as a predictor for a poor prognosis of COVID-19: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2020;14:655\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev"},{"key":"1857_CR12","unstructured":"Obesity and 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1)\u2014its role and implications as an important risk factor for the development of severe influenza disease. [cited 2023 Oct 28]; Available from https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/news-events\/obesity-and-2009-pandemic-influenza-ah1n1-its-role-and-implications-important-risk."},{"key":"1857_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12334","volume":"17","author":"M Simmonds","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simmonds M, Llewellyn A, Owen CG, Woolacott N. Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2016;17:95\u2013107.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"1857_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38586.411273.E0","volume":"331","author":"J Baird","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baird J, Fisher D, Lucas P, Kleijnen J, Roberts H, Law C. Being big or growing fast: systematic review of size and growth in infancy and later obesity. BMJ. 2005;331:929.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1857_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2008.00944.x","volume":"22","author":"M Eriksson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eriksson M, Tynelius P, Rasmussen F. Associations of birthweight and infant growth with body composition at age 15 \u2013 the COMPASS study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2008;22:379\u201388.","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"1857_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab109","volume":"50","author":"T Nordstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nordstr\u00f6m T, Miettunen J, Auvinen J, Ala-Mursula L, Kein\u00e4nen-Kiukaanniemi S, Veijola J, et al. Cohort Profile: 46 years of follow-up of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966). Int J Epidemiol. 2022;50:1786\u20131787j.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1857_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couto Alves A, De Silva NMG, Karhunen V, Sovio U, Das S, Taal HR, et al. GWAS on longitudinal growth traits reveals different genetic factors influencing infant, child, and adult BMI. Sci Adv. 2019;5:eaaw3095.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw3095"},{"key":"1857_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.119","volume":"41","author":"KV Giudici","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giudici KV, Rolland-Cachera MF, Gusto G, Goxe D, Lantieri O, Hercberg S, et al. Body mass index growth trajectories associated with the different parameters of the metabolic syndrome at adulthood. Int J Obes. 2017;41:1518\u201325.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1857_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.165","volume":"38","author":"U Sovio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sovio U, Kaakinen M, Tzoulaki I, Das S, Ruokonen A, Pouta A, et al. How do changes in body mass index in infancy and childhood associate with cardiometabolic profile in adulthood? Findings from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study. Int J Obes. 2014;38:53\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1857_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auvinen J, Tapio J, Karhunen V, Kettunen J, Serpi R, Dimova EY, et al. Systematic evaluation of the association between hemoglobin levels and metabolic profile implicates beneficial effects of hypoxia. Sci Adv. 2021;7:eabi4822.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abi4822"},{"key":"1857_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq027","volume":"171","author":"I Tzoulaki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tzoulaki I, Sovio U, Pillas D, Hartikainen AL, Pouta A, Laitinen J, et al. Relation of immediate postnatal growth with obesity and related metabolic risk factors in adulthood: the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171:989\u201398.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1857_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1713231","volume":"378","author":"LG Bjerregaard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bjerregaard LG, Jensen BW, \u00c4ngquist L, Osler M, S\u00f8rensen TIA, Baker JL. Change in overweight from childhood to early adulthood and risk of type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1302\u201312.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1857_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00965.x","volume":"13","author":"TD Brisbois","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brisbois TD, Farmer AP, McCargar LJ. Early markers of adult obesity: a review. Obes Rev. 2012;13:347\u201367.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"1857_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.108","volume":"33","author":"RJ Silverwood","year":"2009","unstructured":"Silverwood RJ, De Stavola BL, Cole TJ, Leon DA. BMI peak in infancy as a predictor for later BMI in the Uppsala Family Study. Int J Obes. 2009;33:929\u201337.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1857_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0175-1","volume":"43","author":"E Lowry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lowry E, Rautio N, Karhunen V, Miettunen J, Ala-Mursula L, Auvinen J, et al. Understanding the complexity of glycaemic health: systematic bio-psychosocial modelling of fasting glucose in middle-age adults; a DynaHEALTH study. Int J Obes. 2019;43:1181\u201392.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1857_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0144-6","volume":"50","author":"PR Loh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Loh PR, Kichaev G, Gazal S, Schoech AP, Price AL. Mixed-model association for biobank-scale datasets. Nat Genet. 2018;50:906\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"1857_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","volume":"12","author":"C Sudlow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sudlow C, Gallacher J, Allen N, Beral V, Burton P, Danesh J, et al. UK Biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS Med. 2015;12:e1001779.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1857_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z","volume":"562","author":"C Bycroft","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bycroft C, Freeman C, Petkova D, Band G, Elliott LT, Sharp K, et al. The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data. Nature. 2018;562:203\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1857_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08763-w","volume":"20","author":"E Lowry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lowry E, Rautio N, Wasenius N, Bond TA, Lahti J, Tzoulaki I, et al. Early exposure to social disadvantages and later life body mass index beyond genetic predisposition in three generations of Finnish birth cohorts. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:708.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1857_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948010290020501","volume":"29","author":"I Isohanni","year":"2001","unstructured":"Isohanni I, J\u00e4rvelin MR, Rantakallio P, Jokelainen J, Jones PB, Nieminen P, et al. Juvenile and early adulthood smoking and adult educational achievements\u2014a 31-year follow-up of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. Scand J Public Health. 2001;29:87\u201395.","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"1857_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/140349488301100104","volume":"11","author":"P Rantakallio","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rantakallio P. Family background to and personal characteristics underlying teenage smoking: background to teenage smoking. Scand J Soc Med. 1983;11:17\u201322.","journal-title":"Scand J Soc Med"},{"key":"1857_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802622","volume":"28","author":"T Tammelin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tammelin T, Laitinen J, N\u00e4yh\u00e4 S. Change in the level of physical activity from adolescence into adulthood and obesity at the age of 31 years. Int J Obes. 2004;28:775\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1857_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvelin MR, Sovio U, King V, Lauren L, Xu B, McCarthy MI, et al. Early life factors and blood pressure at age 31 years in the 1966 northern Finland birth cohort. Hypertension. 2004;44:838\u201346.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000148304.33869.ee"},{"key":"1857_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.59","volume":"69","author":"A J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","year":"2015","unstructured":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen A, Kaila-Kangas L, Leino-Arjas P, Lindbohm ML, Nevanper\u00e4 N, Remes J, et al. Association between occupational psychosocial factors and waist circumference is modified by diet among men. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69:1053\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1857_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.202000196","volume":"63","author":"JR Carpenter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carpenter JR, Smuk M. Missing data: a statistical framework for practice. Biom J. 2021;63:915\u201347.","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"key":"1857_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2020-000074","volume":"3","author":"B Shah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shah B, Tombeau Cost K, Fuller A, Birken CS, Anderson LN. Sex and gender differences in childhood obesity: contributing to the research agenda. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 2020;3:387\u201390.","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr Prev Health"},{"key":"1857_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0498-z","volume":"15","author":"SP Mourtakos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mourtakos SP, Tambalis KD, Panagiotakos DB, Antonogeorgos G, Arnaoutis G, Karteroliotis K, et al. Maternal lifestyle characteristics during pregnancy, and the risk of obesity in the offspring: a study of 5,125 children. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15:66.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"1857_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00625-4","volume":"35","author":"S Santos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Santos S, Maitre L, Warembourg C, Agier L, Richiardi L, Basaga\u00f1a X, et al. Applying the exposome concept in birth cohort research: a review of statistical approaches. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35:193\u2013204.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1857_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e024279","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024279","volume":"9","author":"GA Zoet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zoet GA, Paauw ND, Groenhof K, Franx A, Gansevoort RT, Groen H, et al. Association between parity and persistent weight gain at age 40\u201360 years: a longitudinal prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e024279.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1857_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009155","volume":"5","author":"MLA De Kroon","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Kroon MLA, Renders CM, Van Wouwe JP, Van Buuren S, Hirasing RA. The Terneuzen Birth Cohort: BMI changes between 2 and 6 years correlate strongest with adult overweight. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e9155.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1857_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-203661","volume":"68","author":"M Kaakinen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaakinen M, Sovio U, Hartikainen AL, Pouta A, Savolainen MJ, Herzig KH, et al. Life course structural equation model of the effects of prenatal and postnatal growth on adult blood pressure. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68:1161\u20137.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"1857_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hui LL, Schooling CM, Leung SSL, Mak KH, Ho LM, Lam TH, et al. Birth weight, infant growth, and childhood body mass index: Hong Kong's children of 1997 birth cohort. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162:212\u20138.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2007.62"},{"key":"1857_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-160","volume":"14","author":"K Glavin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Glavin K, Roelants M, Strand BH, J\u00fal\u00edusson PB, Lie KK, Helseth S, et al. Important periods of weight development in childhood: a population-based longitudinal study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:160.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1857_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e162","DOI":"10.3109\/17477166.2010.518241","volume":"6","author":"S P\u00e9neau","year":"2011","unstructured":"P\u00e9neau S, Rouchaud A, Rolland-Cachera MF, Arnault N, Hercberg S, Castetbon K. Body size and growth from birth to 2 years and risk of overweight at 7\u20139 years. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;6:e162\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"1857_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001307","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001307","volume":"7","author":"U Sovio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sovio U, Mook-Kanamori DO, Warrington NM, Lawrence R, Briollais L, Palmer CNA, et al. Association between common variation at the FTO locus and changes in body mass index from infancy to late childhood: the complex nature of genetic association through growth and development. PLoS Genet. 2011;7:e1001307.","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"1857_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00847-w","volume":"45","author":"AH Ciss\u00e9","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ciss\u00e9 AH, Lioret S, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Forhan A, Ong KK, Charles MA, et al. Association between perinatal factors, genetic susceptibility to obesity and age at adiposity rebound in children of the EDEN mother\u2013child cohort. Int J Obes. 2021;45:1802\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1857_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000409","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000409","volume":"5","author":"U Sovio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sovio U, Bennett AJ, Millwood IY, Molitor J, O\u2019Reilly PF, Timpson NJ, et al. Genetic determinants of height growth assessed longitudinally from infancy to adulthood in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. PLoS Genet. 2009;5:e1000409.","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"1857_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa081","volume":"189","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2020","unstructured":"VanderWeele TJ. Invited Commentary: Frontiers of power assessment in mediation analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2020;189:1568\u201370.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1857_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws213","volume":"176","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2012","unstructured":"VanderWeele TJ. Invited Commentary: structural equation models and epidemiologic analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176:608\u201312.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Obesity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41366-025-01857-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41366-025-01857-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41366-025-01857-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T09:14:29Z","timestamp":1760606069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41366-025-01857-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41366-025-01857-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4921574\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0307-0565","1476-5497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0307-0565","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the University of Oulu Ethics Committee and the Ethics Committee of the Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District. All participants gave written informed consent for medical research. All activities were performed in compliance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and the\n                      \n                      (GDPR).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}]}}