{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:56:13Z","timestamp":1793141773329,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Obes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Appetite control is a topic which attracts widespread interest given its importance to energy balance and obesity. In this research area, the mixed-meal tolerance test (MM-TT) has emerged as an \u2018\n                    <jats:italic>appetite regulation assay\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n                    , facilitating the dynamic assessment of appetite parameters (e.g. subjective appetite perceptions, appetite-related hormones, food reward) in response to an individual meal. The MM-TT is commonly employed in observational and experimental studies to examine population differences and intervention effects. Problematically, no practice standard exists for the MM-TT and protocols vary widely. This presents a challenge for researchers designing new MM-TTs and hampers the comparability of findings. Therefore, within this narrative review we sought to identify and discuss key methodological considerations inherent within a MM-TT. The scope of our review extends to evaluating participant familiarisation and methodological standardisation practices, test meal characteristics, appetite perception assessment, blood sampling techniques, measurement of appetite-related hormones and data handling\/analysis. A checklist has been devised to summarise relevant methodological issues identified within this review. This checklist can be used as a tool by researchers to facilitate MM-TT design and promote greater standardisation\/comparability between studies. This review highlights the need for broader standardisation of MM-TT procedures to support consistency across future research. Additional research is needed to strengthen the evidence base on which various recommendations are made, particularly relating to participant familiarisation and methodological standardisation practices. Additional scrutiny of less common outcomes employed in MM-TTs (not addressed here), such as diet-induced thermogenesis, gastric emptying and\n                    <jats:italic>ad libitum<\/jats:italic>\n                    energy intake, is also needed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-025-01866-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:09:51Z","timestamp":1753888191000},"page":"2168-2183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The mixed-meal tolerance test as an appetite assay: methodological and practical considerations"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8174-9173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James A.","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7800-3207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice E.","family":"Thackray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4560-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catia","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0305-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David R.","family":"Broom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9119-8590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Stensel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5044-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Papamargaritis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3885-0548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Arsenyadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5620-2256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham","family":"Finlayson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gr\u00e1inne","family":"Whelehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier T.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7085-9596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Blundell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8926-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristine","family":"Beaulieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lore","family":"Metz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7655-0215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7656-641X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masashi","family":"Miyashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8624-1427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott A.","family":"Willis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicky","family":"Drapeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4687-3555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Thivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1866_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2019.06.007","volume":"12","author":"N Casanova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Casanova N, Finlayson G, Blundell JE, Hopkins M. Biopsychology of human appetite\u2014understanding the excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms of homeostatic control. Curr Opin Physiol. 2019;12:33\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Physiol"},{"key":"1866_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-020-09724-z","volume":"40","author":"K Beaulieu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beaulieu K, Blundell J. The psychobiology of hunger\u2014a scientific perspective. Topoi. 2021;40:565\u201374.","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"1866_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00714.x","volume":"11","author":"J Blundell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blundell J, De Graaf C, Hulshof T, Jebb S, Livingstone B, Lluch A, et al. Appetite control: methodological aspects of the evaluation of foods. Obes Rev. 2010;11:251\u201370.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"1866_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-019-00340-6","volume":"8","author":"C Gibbons","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gibbons C, Hopkins M, Beaulieu K, Oustric P, Blundell JE. Issues in measuring and interpreting human appetite (satiety\/satiation) and its contribution to obesity. Curr Obes Rep. 2019;8:77\u201387.","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"1866_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oustric P, Thivel D, Dalton M, Beaulieu K, Gibbons C, Hopkins M, et al. Measuring food preference and reward: application and cross-cultural adaptation of the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire in human experimental research. Food Qual Prefer. 2020;80:2019.103824.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2019.103824"},{"key":"1866_CR6","unstructured":"Blundell J, Rogers P, Hill A. Evaluating the satiating power of foods: implications for acceptance and consumption. In: Colms J, Booth DA, Pangborn RM, Raunhardt O. (eds) Food acceptance and nutrition. London: Academic Press; 1987. pp. 205\u201319."},{"key":"1866_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.499","volume":"18","author":"SD Mittelman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mittelman SD, Klier K, Braun S, Azen C, Geffner ME, Buchanan TA. Obese adolescents show impaired meal responses of the appetite-regulating hormones ghrelin and PYY. Obesity. 2010;18:918\u201325.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"1866_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515003402","volume":"114","author":"L Clamp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clamp L, Hehir APJ, Lambert EV, Beglinger C, Goedecke JH. Lean and obese dietary phenotypes: differences in energy and substrate metabolism and appetite. Br J Nutr. 2015;114:1724\u201333.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0518-9","volume":"46","author":"K Beaulieu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beaulieu K, Hopkins M, Blundell J, Finlayson G. Does habitual physical activity increase the sensitivity of the appetite control system? A systematic review. Sports Med. 2016;46:1897\u2013919.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"1866_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6610","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2606","volume":"9","author":"AE Yanni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yanni AE, Konstantopoulos P, Kartsioti K, Binou P, Karathanos V, Chatzigeorgiou A, et al. Effects of 12-week, non-energy-restricted dietary intervention with conventional yogurt \u03bfn appetite hormone responses of type 2 diabetic patients. Food Sci Nutr. 2021;9:6610\u20136.","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2082","volume":"95","author":"C Martins","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martins C, Kulseng B, King NA, Holst JJ, Blundell JE. The effects of exercise-induced weight loss on appetite-related peptides and motivation to eat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:1609\u201316.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1866_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2018.05.010","volume":"14","author":"M van den Broek","year":"2018","unstructured":"van den Broek M, de Heide LJM, Emous M, Wijma RB, Veeger NJGM, Wolthuis A, et al. Satiety and gastrointestinal hormones during a Mixed Meal Tolerance Test after gastric bypass surgery: association with plasma amino acid concentrations. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2018;14:1106\u201317.","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis"},{"key":"1866_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14721","volume":"24","author":"JA Sargeant","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sargeant JA, King JA, Yates T, Redman EL, Bodicoat DH, Chatterjee S, et al. The effects of empagliflozin, dietary energy restriction, or both on appetite-regulatory gut peptides in individuals with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity: the SEESAW randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diab Obes Metab. 2022;24:1509\u201321.","journal-title":"Diab Obes Metab"},{"key":"1866_CR14","first-page":"S239","volume":"39","author":"C Martin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Martin C, Ravussin E, Sanchez-Delgado G, Nishiyama H, Li J, Urva S, et al. The effect of tirzepatide during weight loss on food intake, appetite, food preference and food craving in people with obesity. Can J Cardiol. 2024;39:S239\u2013S239.","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"1866_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12932","volume":"19","author":"J Blundell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blundell J, Finlayson G, Axelsen M, Flint A, Gibbons C, Kvist T, et al. Effects of once-weekly semaglutide on appetite, energy intake, control of eating, food preference and body weight in subjects with obesity. Diab Obes Metab. 2017;19:1242\u201351.","journal-title":"Diab Obes Metab"},{"key":"1866_CR16","first-page":"0191114","volume":"13","author":"ADM Koopman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koopman ADM, Rutters F, Rauh SP, Nijpels G, Holst JJ, Beulens JW, et al. Incretin responses to oral glucose and mixed meal tests and changes in fasting glucose levels during 7 years of follow-up: the Hoorn Meal Study. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:0191114.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1866_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204369","volume":"15","author":"V Skantze","year":"2023","unstructured":"Skantze V, Hjorth T, Wallman M, Brunius C, Dicksved J, Pelve EA, et al. Differential responders to a mixed meal tolerance test associated with type 2 diabetes risk factors and gut microbiota\u2014data from the MEDGI-Carb randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2023;15:4369.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1866_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.047","volume":"136","author":"K Chandarana","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chandarana K, Drew ME, Emmanuel J, Karra E, Gelegen C, Chan P, et al. Subject standardization, acclimatization, and sample processing affect gut hormone levels and appetite in humans. Gastroenterology. 2009;136:2115\u201326.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1866_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.04.011","volume":"91","author":"TC Adam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Adam TC, Epel ES. Stress, eating and the reward system. Physiol Behav. 2007;91:449\u201358.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"1866_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20351","volume":"21","author":"FAJL Scheer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scheer FAJL, Morris CJ, Shea SA. The internal circadian clock increases hunger and appetite in the evening independent of food intake and other behaviors. Obesity. 2013;21:421.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"1866_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518002246","volume":"120","author":"LJ James","year":"2018","unstructured":"James LJ, Maher T, Biddle J, Broom DR. Eating with a smaller spoon decreases bite size, eating rate and ad libitum food intake in healthy young males. Br J Nutr. 2018;120:830\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2013-0008","volume":"38","author":"LK Wasse","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wasse LK, King JA, Stensel DJ, Sunderland C. Effect of ambient temperature during acute aerobic exercise on short-term appetite, energy intake, and plasma acylated ghrelin in recreationally active males. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013;38:905\u20139.","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"1866_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801083","volume":"24","author":"A Flint","year":"2000","unstructured":"Flint A, Raben A, Blundell JE, Astrup A. Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies. Int J Obes. 2000;24:38\u201348.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1866_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.962578","volume":"33","author":"RA Corney","year":"2015","unstructured":"Corney RA, Sunderland C, James LJ. The effect of hydration status on appetite and energy intake. J Sports Sci. 2015;33:761\u20138.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"1866_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0903-4","volume":"55","author":"RA Corney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Corney RA, Sunderland C, James LJ. Immediate pre-meal water ingestion decreases voluntary food intake in lean young males. Eur J Nutr. 2016;55:815\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.09.005","volume":"55","author":"MR Yeomans","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yeomans MR. Short term effects of alcohol on appetite in humans. Effects of context and restrained eating. Appetite. 2010;55:565\u201373.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1866_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665100000744","volume":"59","author":"Y Schutz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schutz Y. Role of substrate utilization and thermogenesis on body-weight control with particular reference to alcohol. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000;59:511\u20137.","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"1866_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1140","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091140","volume":"10","author":"J Dorling","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dorling J, Broom DR, Burns SF, Clayton DJ, Deighton K, James LJ, et al. Acute and chronic effects of exercise on appetite, energy intake, and appetite-related hormones: the modulating effect of adiposity, sex, and habitual physical activity. Nutrients. 2018;10:E1140.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1866_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab038","volume":"43","author":"B Stocks","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stocks B, Zierath JR. Post-translational modifications: the signals at the intersection of exercise, glucose uptake, and insulin sensitivity. Endocr Rev. 2022;43:654\u201377.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"1866_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2008.00662.x","volume":"17","author":"SM Schmid","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmid SM, Hallschmid M, Jauch-Chara K, Born J, Schultes B. A single night of sleep deprivation increases ghrelin levels and feelings of hunger in normal-weight healthy men. J Sleep Res. 2008;17:331\u20134.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"1866_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8425.2009.00396.x","volume":"7","author":"CA Magee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Magee CA, Huang X-F, Iverson DC, Caputi P. Acute sleep restriction alters neuroendocrine hormones and appetite in healthy male adults. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2009;7:125\u20137.","journal-title":"Sleep Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"1866_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00008","volume":"141","author":"K Spiegel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Cauter EV. Brief Communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:846.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1866_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.11.020","volume":"109","author":"J McNeil","year":"2017","unstructured":"McNeil J, Forest G, Hintze LJ, Brunet J-F, Finlayson G, Blundell JE, et al. The effects of partial sleep restriction and altered sleep timing on appetite and food reward. Appetite. 2017;109:48\u201356.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1866_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-019-00253-3","volume":"6","author":"AM Chao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chao AM, Wadden TA, Ashare RL, Loughead J, Schmidt HD. Tobacco smoking, eating behaviors, and body weight: a review. Curr Addict Rep. 2019;6:191\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"1866_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.106075","volume":"175","author":"A Kechter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kechter A, Ceasar RC, Simpson KA, Schiff SJ, Dunton GF, Bluthenthal RN, et al. A chocolate cake or a chocolate vape? Young adults describe their relationship with food and weight in the context of nicotine vaping. Appetite. 2022;175:106075.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1866_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2015.12.049","volume":"146","author":"N El.Golli","year":"2016","unstructured":"El.Golli N, Dkhili H, Dallagi Y, Rahali D, Lasram M, Bini-Dhouib I, et al. Comparison between electronic cigarette refill liquid and nicotine on metabolic parameters in rats. Life Sci. 2016;146:131\u20138.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"1866_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037.6","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.31.1_supplement.1037.6","volume":"31","author":"M Breit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Breit M, Hoskinson H, Pitzer C, Wu Z, Bryner R, Olfert IM. Effects of electronic cigarette vapor on body mass, food intake, and body composition. FASEB J. 2017;31:1037.6.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"1866_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6663(88)80017-5","volume":"11","author":"RW Foltin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Foltin RW, Fischman MW, Byrne MF. Effects of smoked marijuana on food intake and body weight of humans living in a residential laboratory. Appetite. 1988;11:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1866_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.2.3.244","volume":"2","author":"JC Anthony","year":"1994","unstructured":"Anthony JC, Warner LA, Kessler RC. Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: basic findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;2:244\u201368.","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1866_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200342040-00003","volume":"42","author":"F Grotenhermen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grotenhermen F. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42:327\u201360.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"1866_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2018.0319","volume":"25","author":"M Sexton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sexton M, Cuttler C, Mischley LK. A survey of cannabis acute effects and withdrawal symptoms: differential responses across user types and age. J Altern Complement Med. 2019;25:326\u201335.","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"key":"1866_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2016-0090","volume":"28","author":"E Harpaz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harpaz E, Tamir S, Weinstein A, Weinstein Y. The effect of caffeine on energy balance. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharm. 2017;28:1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Physiol Pharm"},{"key":"1866_CR43","first-page":"603","volume":"95","author":"R Patwardhan","year":"1980","unstructured":"Patwardhan R, Demond P, Johnson R, Schenker S. Impaired elimination of caffeine by oral contraceptive steroids. J Lab Clin Med. 1980;95:603\u20138.","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"1866_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e866","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae093","volume":"83","author":"JAL Tucker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tucker JAL, McCarthy SF, Bornath DPD, Khoja JS, Hazell TJ. The effect of the menstrual cycle on energy intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2025;83:e866\u2013e876.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"1866_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac094","volume":"81","author":"MM Rogan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rogan MM, Black KE. Dietary energy intake across the menstrual cycle: a narrative review. Nutr Rev. 2023;81:869\u201386.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"1866_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2024.107840","volume":"207","author":"N Geary","year":"2025","unstructured":"Geary N, Asarian L, Leeners B. Best practices for including sex as a variable in appetite research. Appetite. 2025;207:107840.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1866_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104895","volume":"123","author":"KM Schmalenberger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schmalenberger KM, Tauseef HA, Barone JC, Owens SA, Lieberman L, Jarczok MN, et al. How to study the menstrual cycle: practical tools and recommendations. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021;123:104895.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"1866_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154919","volume":"126","author":"L Metz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Metz L, Isacco L, Redman LM. Effect of oral contraceptives on energy balance in women: a review of current knowledge and potential cellular mechanisms. Metabolism. 2022;126:154919.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1866_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22969","volume":"28","author":"H Gill","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gill H, Gill B, El-Halabi S, Chen-Li D, Lipsitz O, Rosenblat JD, et al. Antidepressant medications and weight change: a narrative review. Obesity. 2020;28:2064\u201372.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"1866_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40837","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040837","volume":"7","author":"DL Johannsen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Johannsen DL, Galgani JE, Johannsen NM, Zhang Z, Covington JD, Ravussin E. Effect of short-term thyroxine administration on energy metabolism and mitochondrial efficiency in humans. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e40837.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1866_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohseni M, van der Valk ES, Van der Hurk MJB, Savas M, Boon MR, van Rossum EFC. Corticosteroid use and long-term changes in weight and waist circumference: the Lifelines Cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2025. dgaf166.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf166"},{"key":"1866_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-024-01473-y","volume":"49","author":"E Melson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Melson E, Ashraf U, Papamargaritis D, Davies MJ. What is the pipeline for future medications for obesity?. Int J Obes. 2024;49:433\u201351.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1866_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-018-0824-8","volume":"36","author":"CM Apovian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Apovian CM, Okemah J, O\u2019Neil PM. Body weight considerations in the management of type 2 diabetes. Adv Ther. 2019;36:44\u201358.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"1866_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.106384","volume":"181","author":"JM Fenton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fenton JM, King JA, McLeod CJ, Hoekstra SP, Finlayson G, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. A comparison of meal-related appetite, food reward and eating behaviour traits in people with and without spinal cord injury. Appetite. 2023;181:106384.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1866_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13488","volume":"29","author":"AG Siddall","year":"2019","unstructured":"Siddall AG, Powell SD, Needham-Beck SC, Edwards VC, Thompson JES, Kefyalew SS, et al. Validity of energy expenditure estimation methods during 10 days of military training. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019;29:1313\u201321.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"1866_CR56","volume":"67","author":"M de Lima Macena","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Lima Macena M, da Costa Paula DT, da Silva AE, Praxedes DRS, Pfrimer K, Ferriolli E, et al. Use of the activPAL\u00ae triaxial accelerometer to estimate total energy expenditure in low-income women: differences between body mass index classifications. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2023;67:e000616.","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1866_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00090","volume":"4","author":"KR Westerterp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Westerterp KR. Physical activity and physical activity induced energy expenditure in humans: measurement, determinants, and effects. Front Physiol. 2013;4:90.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1866_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.03.010","volume":"134","author":"F Bellisle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bellisle F. Meals and snacking, diet quality and energy balance. Physiol Behav. 2014;134:38\u201343.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"1866_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2017.09.004","volume":"13","author":"S Stano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stano S, Alam F, Wu L, Dutia R, Ng S-N, Sala M, et al. Effect of meal size and texture on gastric pouch emptying and glucagon-like peptide 1 after gastric bypass surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13:1975\u201383.","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis"},{"key":"1866_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2009.01434.x","volume":"22","author":"HP Parkman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parkman HP, Camilleri M, Farrugia G, Mccallum RW, Bharucha AE, Mayer EA, et al. Gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia: excerpts from the AGA\/ANMS meeting. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010;22:113\u201333.","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"1866_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E494","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00199.2014","volume":"307","author":"L Hinshaw","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hinshaw L, Schiavon M, Mallad A, Man CD, Basu R, Bharucha AE, et al. Effects of delayed gastric emptying on postprandial glucose kinetics, insulin sensitivity, and \u03b2-cell function. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2014;307:E494\u2013502.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1866_CR62","volume":"22","author":"JR Speakman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Speakman JR. The roles of different macronutrients in regulation of appetite, energy intake and adiposity. Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res. 2022;22:100297.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res"},{"key":"1866_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-121415-112624","volume":"36","author":"AL Carreiro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carreiro AL, Dhillon J, Gordon S, Higgins KA, Jacobs AG, McArthur BM, et al. The macronutrients, appetite, and energy intake. Annu Rev Nutr. 2016;36:73\u2013103.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.84","volume":"68","author":"S Pal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pal S, Radavelli-Bagatini S, Hagger M, Ellis V. Comparative effects of whey and casein proteins on satiety in overweight and obese individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68:980\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802284","volume":"27","author":"WJ Pasman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pasman WJ, Blokdijk VM, Bertina FM, Hopman WPM, Hendriks HFJ. Effect of two breakfasts, different in carbohydrate composition, on hunger and satiety and mood in healthy men. Int J Obes. 2003;27:663\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1866_CR66","first-page":"405.7","volume":"30","author":"JA Cooper","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cooper JA, Stevenson JL, Paton CM. Hunger and satiety responses to saturated fat-rich meals before and after a high PUFA diet. FASEB J. 2016;30:405.7.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"1866_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.217","volume":"18","author":"HJ Leidy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leidy HJ, Apolzan JW, Mattes RD, Campbell WW. Food form and portion size affect postprandial appetite sensations and hormonal responses in healthy, nonobese, older adults. Obesity. 2010;18:293\u20139.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"1866_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.07.017","volume":"151","author":"S Miquel-Kergoat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miquel-Kergoat S, Azais-Braesco V, Burton-Freeman B, Hetherington MM. Effects of chewing on appetite, food intake and gut hormones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiol Behav. 2015;151:88\u201396.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"1866_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90023-1","volume":"17","author":"AJ Hill","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hill AJ, Blundell JE. Nutrients and behaviour: research strategies for the investigation of taste characteristics, food preferences, hunger sensations and eating patterns in man. J Psychiatr Res. 1982;17:203\u201312.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1866_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.01.016","volume":"54","author":"J-P Chaput","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chaput J-P, Gilbert J-A, Gregersen NT, Pedersen SD, Sj\u00f6din AM. Comparison of 150-mm versus 100-mm visual analogue scales in free living adult subjects. Appetite. 2010;54:583\u20136.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1866_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.1.91","volume":"77","author":"A Raben","year":"2003","unstructured":"Raben A, Agerholm-Larsen L, Flint A, Holst JJ, Astrup A. Meals with similar energy densities but rich in protein, fat, carbohydrate, or alcohol have different effects on energy expenditure and substrate metabolism but not on appetite and energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:91\u2013100.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-57","volume":"8","author":"C Gibbons","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gibbons C, Caudwell P, Finlayson G, King N, Blundell J. Validation of a new hand-held electronic data capture method for continuous monitoring of subjective appetite sensations. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:57.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"1866_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020304","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Blundell JE, Holschuh NM, McLean R, Menon RS. Validation of a mobile app-based visual analog scale for appetite measurement in the real world: a randomized digital clinical trial. Nutrients. 2023;15:304.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1866_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.08.016","volume":"83","author":"BC Sadoul","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sadoul BC, Schuring EAH, Mela DJ, Peters HPF. The relationship between appetite scores and subsequent energy intake: an analysis based on 23 randomized controlled studies. Appetite. 2014;83:153\u20139.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1866_CR75","first-page":"151","volume":"22","author":"C Reid","year":"1998","unstructured":"Reid C, Harbron C, Blundell J, Stubbs J. What are psychometric assessments of appetite asking: a preliminary multivariate analysis. Int J Obes. 1998;22:151.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1866_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(85)90010-8","volume":"29","author":"AJ Stunkard","year":"1985","unstructured":"Stunkard AJ, Messick S. The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. J Psychosom Res. 1985;29:71\u201383.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"1866_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(198602)5:2<295::AID-EAT2260050209>3.0.CO;2-T","volume":"5","author":"T Van Strien","year":"1986","unstructured":"Van Strien T, Frijters J, Bergers G, Defares P. The Dutch eating behavior questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional and external eating behavior. Int J Eat Disord. 1986;5:295\u2013315.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1866_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.03.011","volume":"78","author":"C Bennett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bennett C, Blissett J. Measuring hunger and satiety in primary school children. Validation of a new picture rating scale. Appetite. 2014;78:40\u201348.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1866_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2021.02.001","volume":"89","author":"L Triador","year":"2021","unstructured":"Triador L, Colin-Ramirez E, Mackenzie ML, Tomaszewski E, Shah K, Gulayets H, et al. A two-component pictured-based appetite assessment tool is capable of detecting appetite sensations in younger children: a pilot study. Nutr Res. 2021;89:45\u201355.","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"1866_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.22.6.442","volume":"22","author":"RA Jackson","year":"1973","unstructured":"Jackson RA, Peters N, Advani U, Perry G, Rogers J, Brough WH, et al. Forearm glucose uptake during the oral glucose tolerance test in normal subjects. Diabetes. 1973;22:442\u201358.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1866_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1113\/EP087118","volume":"103","author":"Y Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen Y, Edinburgh RM, Hengist A, Smith HA, Walhin J, Betts JA, et al. Venous blood provides lower glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations than arterialized blood in the postprandial but not the fasted state: consequences of sampling methods. Exp Physiol. 2018;103:1200\u20135.","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"1866_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517001362","volume":"117","author":"RM Edinburgh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Edinburgh RM, Hengist A, Smith HA, Betts JA, Thompson D, Walhin J-P, et al. Prior exercise alters the difference between arterialised and venous glycaemia: implications for blood sampling procedures. Br J Nutr. 2017;117:1414\u201321.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1972.32.1.134","volume":"32","author":"HV Forster","year":"1972","unstructured":"Forster HV, Dempsey JA, Thomson J, Vidruk E, DoPico GA. Estimation of arterial PO2, PCO2, pH, and lactate from arterialized venous blood. J Appl Physiol. 1972;32:134\u20137.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1866_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(91)90152-M","volume":"40","author":"MD Jensen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jensen MD, Heiling VJ. Heated hand vein blood is satisfactory for measurements during free fatty acid kinetic studies. Metabolism. 1991;40:406\u20139.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1866_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400932","volume":"35","author":"D Liu","year":"1992","unstructured":"Liu D, Moberg E, Kollind M, Lins P-E, Adamson U, Macdonald IA. Arterial, arterialized venous, venous and capillary blood glucose measurements in normal man during hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemia and hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia. 1992;35:287\u201390.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1866_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.1992.tb00357.x","volume":"12","author":"MA Nauck","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nauck MA, Lie\u00df H, Siegel EG, Niedmann PD, Creutzfeldt W. Critical evaluation of the \u2018heated-hand-technique\u2019 for obtaining \u2018arterialized\u2019 venous blood: incomplete arterialization and alterations in glucagon responses. Clin Physiol. 1992;12:537\u201352.","journal-title":"Clin Physiol"},{"key":"1866_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa105","volume":"150","author":"J Watkins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Watkins J, Simpson A, Betts JA, Thompson D, Holliday A, Deighton K, et al. Galactose ingested with a high-fat beverage increases postprandial lipemia compared with glucose but not fructose ingestion in healthy men. J Nutr. 2020;150:1765\u201372.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR88","first-page":"921","volume":"62","author":"A Hengist","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hengist A, Davies RG, Rogers PJ, Brunstrom JM, van Loon LJC, Walhin J-P, et al. Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24 h despite changes in substrate use: a randomised crossover study in healthy men and women. Eur J Nutr. 2022;62:921\u201340.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002903","volume":"54","author":"YC Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen YC, Walhin JP, Hengist A, Gonzalez JT, Betts JA, Thompson D. Interrupting prolonged sitting with intermittent walking increases postprandial gut hormone responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2022;54:1183\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1866_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0561","volume":"232","author":"DR Broom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Broom DR, Miyashita M, Wasse LK, Pulsford R, King JA, Thackray AE, et al. Acute effect of exercise intensity and duration on acylated ghrelin and hunger in men. J Endocrinol. 2017;232:411\u201322.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1866_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512005582","volume":"110","author":"JT Gonzalez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gonzalez JT, Veasey RC, Rumbold PLS, Stevenson EJ. Breakfast and exercise contingently affect postprandial metabolism and energy balance in physically active males. Br J Nutr. 2013;110:721\u201332.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1978.45.3.414","volume":"45","author":"RD Hagan","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hagan RD, Diaz FJ, Horvath SM. Plasma volume changes with movement to supine and standing positions. J Appl Physiol. 1978;45:414\u20137.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1866_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5416","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215416","volume":"20","author":"JJ Holst","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holst JJ, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ. Methods and guidelines for measurement of glucagon in plasma. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:5416.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1866_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2020.01.003","volume":"76","author":"JF Rehfeld","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rehfeld JF. On measurement of cholecystokinin in plasma with reference to obesity studies. Nutr Res. 2020;76:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"1866_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone releasing acylated peptide. Nature. 1999;402:656\u201360.","DOI":"10.1038\/45230"},{"key":"1866_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20180436","volume":"47","author":"JL Hougland","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hougland JL. Ghrelin octanoylation by ghrelin O-acyltransferase: unique protein biochemistry underlying metabolic signaling. Biochem Soc Trans. 2019;47:169\u201378.","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"1866_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00887","volume":"418","author":"RL Batterham","year":"2002","unstructured":"Batterham RL, Cowley MA, Small CJ, Herzog H, Cohen MA, Dakin CL, et al. Gut hormone PYY3-36 physiologically inhibits food intake. Nature. 2002;418:650\u20134.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1866_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12489","volume":"82","author":"PJD Delhanty","year":"2015","unstructured":"Delhanty PJD, Huisman M, Julien M, Mouchain K, Brune P, Themmen APN, et al. The acylated (AG) to unacylated (UAG) ghrelin ratio in esterase inhibitor-treated blood is higher than previously described. Clin Endocrinol. 2015;82:142\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"1866_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosoda H, Kangawa K. Standard sample collections for blood ghrelin measurements. In: Masayasu Kojima, Kenji Kangawa (eds) Methods in enzymology. San Diego, CA, Academic Press Inc.; 2012. pp. 113\u201326.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381272-8.00008-8"},{"key":"1866_CR100","first-page":"1585","volume":"24","author":"SL Deschaine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deschaine SL, Leggio L. Understanding plasma treatment effect on human acyl-ghrelin concentrations. Eur Rev Med Pharm Sci. 2020;24:1585\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharm Sci"},{"key":"1866_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2010.03916.x","volume":"74","author":"M Blatnik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Blatnik M, Soderstrom CI. A practical guide for the stabilization of acylghrelin in human blood collections. Clin Endocrinol. 2011;74:325\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"1866_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00260","volume":"10","author":"JJ Holst","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holst JJ. From the incretin concept and the discovery of GLP-1 to today\u2019s diabetes therapy. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:260.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1866_CR103","first-page":"3575","volume":"85","author":"CF Deacon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deacon CF, Nauck MA, Meier J, H\u00fccking K, Holst JJ. Degradation of endogenous and exogenous gastric inhibitory polypeptide in healthy and in type 2 diabetic subjects as revealed using a new assay for the intact peptide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:3575\u201381.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1866_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2014.12.006","volume":"29","author":"RE Kuhre","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuhre RE, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Hartmann B, Deacon CF, Holst JJ. Measurement of the incretin hormones: glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide. J Diab Complications. 2015;29:445\u201350.","journal-title":"J Diab Complications"},{"key":"1866_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(03)00111-3","volume":"114","author":"T Vilsb\u00f8ll","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vilsb\u00f8ll T, Krarup T, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Both GLP-1 and GIP are insulinotropic at basal and postprandial glucose levels and contribute nearly equally to the incretin effect of a meal in healthy subjects. Regul Pept. 2003;114:115\u201321.","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"1866_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E458","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1996.271.3.E458","volume":"271","author":"CF Deacon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Deacon CF, Pridal L, Klarskov L, Olesen M, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide 1 undergoes differential tissue-specific metabolism in the anesthetized pig. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 1996;271:E458\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1866_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0941","volume":"170","author":"MJ Bak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bak MJ, Albrechtsen NW, Pedersen J, Hartmann B, Christensen M, Vilsb\u00f8ll T, et al. Specificity and sensitivity of commercially available assays for glucagon and oxyntomodulin measurement in humans. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170:529\u201338.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1866_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.10.001","volume":"28","author":"G Muscogiuri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muscogiuri G, DeFronzo RA, Gastaldelli A, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and the central\/peripheral nervous system: crosstalk in diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2017;28:88\u2013103.","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1866_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E284","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00005.2017","volume":"313","author":"NJ Wewer Albrechtsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Asmar A, Jensen F, T\u00f6rang S, Simonsen L, Kuhre RE, et al. A sandwich ELISA for measurement of the primary glucagon-like peptide-1 metabolite. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2017;313:E284\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1866_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.43.4.535","volume":"43","author":"C \u00d8rskov","year":"1994","unstructured":"\u00d8rskov C, Rabenh\u00f8j L, Wettergren A, Kofod H, Holst JJ. Tissue and plasma concentrations of amidated and glycine-extended glucagon-like peptide I in humans. Diabetes. 1994;43:535\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1866_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.3.609","volume":"50","author":"T Vilsb\u00f8ll","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vilsb\u00f8ll T, Krarup T, Deacon CF, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Reduced postprandial concentrations of intact biologically active glucagon-like peptide 1 in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2001;50:609\u201313.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1866_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.12.009","volume":"6","author":"T Yanagimachi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yanagimachi T, Fujita Y, Takeda Y, Honjo J, Sakagami H, Kitsunai H, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor treatment induces a greater increase in plasma levels of bioactive GIP than GLP-1 in non-diabetic subjects. Mol Metab. 2017;6:226\u201331.","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"1866_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2040-1124.2011.00141.x","volume":"3","author":"D Yabe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yabe D, Watanabe K, Sugawara K, Kuwata H, Kitamoto Y, Sugizaki K, et al. Comparison of incretin immunoassays with or without plasma extraction: Incretin secretion in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diab Investig. 2012;3:70\u201379.","journal-title":"J Diab Investig"},{"key":"1866_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/00365513.2023.2294470","volume":"83","author":"C Rasmussen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rasmussen C, Richter MM, Jensen NJ, Heinz N, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, et al. Preanalytical impact on the accuracy of measurements of glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP in clinical trials. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2023;83:591\u20138.","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"1866_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12352","volume":"16","author":"MJ Bak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bak MJ, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Pedersen J, Knop FK, Vilsb\u00f8ll T, J\u00f8rgensen NB, et al. Specificity and sensitivity of commercially available assays for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP -1): implications for GLP -1 measurements in clinical studies. Diab Obes Metab. 2014;16:1155\u201364.","journal-title":"Diab Obes Metab"},{"key":"1866_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(89)90116-2","volume":"10","author":"GA Eberlein","year":"1989","unstructured":"Eberlein GA, Eysselein VE, Schaeffer H, Layer P, Grandt D, Goebell H. A new molecular form of PYY: structural characterization of human PYY(3-36) and PYY(1-36). Peptides. 1989;10:797\u2013803.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"1866_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.5.7908871","volume":"134","author":"M Dos","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dos M, Medeiros S, Turner AJ. Processing and metabolism of peptide-YY: pivotal roles of dipeptidylpeptidase-IV, aminopeptidase-P, and endopeptidase-24.11. Endocrinology. 1994;134:2088\u201394.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"1866_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12455","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12455","volume":"3","author":"S Tor\u00e4ng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tor\u00e4ng S, Veedfald S, Rosenkilde MM, Hartmann B, Holst JJ. The anorexic hormone peptide yy3-36 is rapidly metabolized to inactive peptide YY3-34 in vivo. Physiol Rep. 2015;3:e12455.","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"1866_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14846","volume":"99","author":"AM Kowalka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kowalka AM, Alexiadou K, Cuenco J, Clarke RE, Minnion J, Williams EL, et al. The postprandial secretion of peptide YY1-36 and 3-36 in obesity is differentially increased after gastric bypass versus sleeve gastrectomy. Clin Endocrinol. 2023;99:272\u201384.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"1866_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI44403","volume":"123","author":"E Karra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karra E, O\u2019Daly OG, Choudhury AI, Yousseif A, Millership S, Neary MT, et al. A link between FTO, ghrelin, and impaired brain food-cue responsivity. J Clin Investig. 2013;123:3539\u201351.","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"1866_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037777","volume":"140","author":"TL Weissgerber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weissgerber TL, Winham SJ, Heinzen EP, Milin-Lazovic JS, Garcia-Valencia O, Bukumiric Z, et al. Reveal, don\u2019t conceal. Circulation. 2019;140:1506\u201318.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1866_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002128","volume":"13","author":"TL Weissgerber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weissgerber TL, Milic NM, Winham SJ, Garovic VD. Beyond bar and line graphs: time for a new data presentation paradigm. PLoS Biol. 2015;13:e1002128.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"1866_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7321.1123","volume":"323","author":"AJ Vickers","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vickers AJ, Altman DG. Statistics notes: analysing controlled trials with baseline and follow up measurements. BMJ. 2001;323:1123\u20134.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1866_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.119768","volume":"102","author":"JM Bland","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bland JM, Altman DG. Best (but oft forgotten) practices: testing for treatment effects in randomized trials by separate analyses of changes from baseline in each group is a misleading approach. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102:991\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6719.230","volume":"300","author":"JN Matthews","year":"1990","unstructured":"Matthews JN, Altman DG, Campbell MJ, Royston P. Analysis of serial measurements in medical research. BMJ. 1990;300:230\u20135.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1866_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/43.1.167","volume":"43","author":"T Wolever","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wolever T, Jenkins D. The use of the glycemie Index in predicting the blood glucose response to mixed meals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986;43:167\u201372.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20031054","volume":"91","author":"TMS Wolever","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wolever TMS. Effect of blood sampling schedule and method of calculating the area under the curve on validity and precision of glycaemic index values. Br J Nutr. 2004;91:295\u2013300.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2020-0150","volume":"30","author":"BJ Narang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Narang BJ, Atkinson G, Gonzalez JT, Betts JA. A tool to explore discrete-time data: the time series response analyser. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2020;30:374\u201381.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"1866_CR129","volume":"19","author":"JA Cook","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cook JA, Julious SA, Sones W, Hampson LV, Hewitt C, Berlin JA, et al. DELTA2 guidance on choosing the target difference and undertaking and reporting the sample size calculation for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19:606.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"1866_CR130","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1989."},{"key":"1866_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","volume":"41","author":"WG Hopkins","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:3\u201312.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1866_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy271","volume":"109","author":"P Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li P, Stuart EA. Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: missing data methods in randomized controlled nutrition trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109:504\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-789X.2003.00109.x","volume":"4","author":"GL Gadbury","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gadbury GL, Coffey CS, Allison DB. Modern statistical methods for handling missing repeated measurements in obesity trial data: beyond LOCF. Obes Rev. 2003;4:175\u201384.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"1866_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6624","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006624","volume":"4","author":"MA Elobeid","year":"2009","unstructured":"Elobeid MA, Padilla MA, McVie T, Thomas O, Brock DW, Musser B, et al. Missing data in randomized clinical trials for weight loss: scope of the problem, state of the field, and performance of statistical methods. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e6624.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1866_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.04.024","volume":"120","author":"GJ LaPorte","year":"2024","unstructured":"LaPorte GJ, Chauff S, Cammack J, Burton-Freeman B, Krakoff J, Stinson EJ, et al. An algorithm to simulate missing data for mixed meal tolerance test response curves. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024;120:145\u201352.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2013.03.013","volume":"49","author":"C Leys","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leys C, Ley C, Klein O, Bernard P, Licata L. Detecting outliers: do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2013;49:764\u20136.","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"key":"1866_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.121848","volume":"103","author":"RJ de Souza","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Souza RJ, Eisen RB, Perera S, Bantoto B, Bawor M, Dennis BB, et al. Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: sensitivity analyses in randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103:5\u201317.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz062","volume":"149","author":"FR Goltz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goltz FR, Thackray AE, Atkinson G, Lolli L, King JA, Dorling JL, et al. True interindividual variability exists in postprandial appetite responses in healthy men but is not moderated by the FTO genotype. J Nutr. 2019;149:1159\u201369.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1113\/EP085070","volume":"100","author":"G Atkinson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Atkinson G, Batterham AM. True and false interindividual differences in the physiological response to an intervention. Exp Physiol. 2015;100:577\u201388.","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"1866_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280210379174","volume":"20","author":"S Senn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Senn S, Rolfe K, Julious SA. Investigating variability in patient response to treatment\u2014a case study from a replicate cross-over study. Stat Methods Med Res. 2011;20:657\u201366.","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"1866_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E847","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3835","volume":"98","author":"C Gibbons","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gibbons C, Caudwell P, Finlayson G, Webb D-L, Hellstr\u00f6m PM, N\u00e4slund E, et al. Comparison of postprandial profiles of ghrelin, active GLP-1, and total PYY to meals varying in fat and carbohydrate and their association with hunger and the phases of satiety. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:E847\u201355.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1866_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeomans M, Bertenshaw E. Appetite and food intake: a human experimental perspective. In: Harris R, Mattes R, editors. Appetite and food intake: behavioural and physiological considerations. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida; 2008. pp. 61\u201380.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420047844.ch4"},{"key":"1866_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801229","volume":"24","author":"D DiMeglio","year":"2000","unstructured":"DiMeglio D, Mattes R. Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. Int J Obes. 2000;24:794\u2013800.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1866_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(99)00078-0","volume":"24","author":"M Yeomans","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yeomans M. Rating changes over the course of meals: what do they tell us about motivation to eat?. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2000;24:249\u201359.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1866_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2015.09.010","volume":"77","author":"C Gibbons","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gibbons C, Finlayson G, Caudwell P, Webb D-L, Hellstr\u00f6m PM, N\u00e4slund E, et al. Postprandial profiles of CCK after high fat and high carbohydrate meals and the relationship to satiety in humans. Peptides. 2016;77:3\u20138.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"1866_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR2005100","volume":"18","author":"F Brouns","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brouns F, Bjorck I, Frayn KN, Gibbs AL, Lang V, Slama G, et al. Glycaemic index methodology. Nutr Res Rev. 2005;18:145\u201371.","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"1866_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.5.1023","volume":"76","author":"GH Anderson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Anderson GH, Catherine NLA, Woodend DM, Wolever TM. Inverse association between the effect of carbohydrates on blood glucose and subsequent short-term food intake in young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:1023\u201330.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105005","volume":"102","author":"C Gibbons","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gibbons C, Beaulieu K, Almiron-Roig E, Navas-Carretero S, Mart\u00ednez JA, O\u2019Hara B, et al. Acute and two-week effects of neotame, stevia rebaudioside M and sucrose-sweetened biscuits on postprandial appetite and endocrine response in adults with overweight\/obesity\u2014a randomised crossover trial from the SWEET consortium. EBioMedicine. 2024;102:105005.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"1866_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14255","volume":"23","author":"C Gibbons","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gibbons C, Blundell J, Tetens Hoff S, Dahl K, Bauer R, B\u00e6kdal T. Effects of oral semaglutide on energy intake, food preference, appetite, control of eating and body weight in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diab Obes Metab. 2021;23:581\u20138.","journal-title":"Diab Obes Metab"},{"key":"1866_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1006\/appe.1997.0096","volume":"29","author":"S Green","year":"1997","unstructured":"Green S, Delargy H, Joanes D, Blundell J. A satiety quotient: a formulation to assess the satiating effect of food. Appetite. 1997;29:291\u2013304.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1866_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2006.08.002","volume":"48","author":"V Drapeau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Drapeau V, King N, Hetherington M, Doucet E, Blundell J, Tremblay A. Appetite sensations and satiety quotient: predictors of energy intake and weight loss. Appetite. 2007;48:159\u201366.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1866_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517002549","volume":"118","author":"H Arguin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arguin H, Tremblay A, Blundell JE, Despr\u00e9s J-P, Richard D, Lamarche B, et al. Impact of a non-restrictive satiating diet on anthropometrics, satiety responsiveness and eating behaviour traits in obese men displaying a high or a low satiety phenotype. Br J Nutr. 2017;118:750\u201360.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020245","volume":"11","author":"V Drapeau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Drapeau V, Jacob R, Panahi S, Tremblay A. Effect of energy restriction on eating behavior traits and psychobehavioral factors in the low satiety phenotype. Nutrients. 2019;11:245.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1866_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118379","volume":"97","author":"R Taylor","year":"1996","unstructured":"Taylor R, Magnusson I, Rothman DL, Cline GW, Caumo A, Cobelli C, et al. Direct assessment of liver glycogen storage by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and regulation of glucose homeostasis after a mixed meal in normal subjects. J Clin Investig. 1996;97:126\u201332.","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"1866_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.10.046","volume":"155","author":"S \u00c5berg","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u00c5berg S, Webb D-L, Nordin E, Hellstr\u00f6m PM, Landberg R. Postprandial effects of four test meals containing wholegrain rye or refined wheat foods on circulating incretins, ghrelin, glucose, and inflammatory markers. J Nutr. 2025;155:185\u201396.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1866_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518000521","volume":"119","author":"A Samkani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Samkani A, Skytte MJ, Kandel D, Kjaer S, Astrup A, Deacon CF, et al. A carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet acutely decreases postprandial and diurnal glucose excursions in type 2 diabetes patients. Br J Nutr. 2018;119:910\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Obesity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41366-025-01866-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41366-025-01866-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41366-025-01866-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T10:16:57Z","timestamp":1762165017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41366-025-01866-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41366-025-01866-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0307-0565","1476-5497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0307-0565","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}