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This study aims to validate and extend these findings in a large sample from the German National Cohort (NAKO).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The NAKO is a population-based cohort study including 204,744 adults. For the present analyses, 151,143 individuals (74,596 female) were included. CM was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS). From the CTS, an overall severity score (CTS sum score), a cumulative CM score (number of CM subtypes with at least moderate severity), and five CTS subtypes were considered as exposures. Obesity-related traits included anthropometric (height, weight, body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC]) and body fat markers (relative fat mass [rFM], subcutaneous [SAT], visceral adipose tissue [VAT]). Sex-stratified linear and logistic regression models were adjusted for age, education, and examination center to associate CTS-based scores with obesity-related traits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Associations of the CTS sum score with weight, BMI, WC, rFM, and SAT were stronger in females compared to males, while similar associations were observed for VAT. In both sexes, most obesity-related traits exhibited dose-response relationships with increasing numbers of CM subtypes. Compared to unexposed females, females with exposure to \u22653 CM subtypes had a higher risk for obesity (i.e., BMI\u2009\u2265\u200930\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; OR\u2009=\u20091.56; 95% CI: 1.43, 1.71) and high WC (i.e., WC\u2009\u2265\u200988\u2009cm; OR\u2009=\u20091.39; 95% CI: 1.29, 1.50). In males, exposure to \u22653 CM subtypes was also associated with increased obesity risk (OR\u2009=\u20091.51; 95% CI: 1.32, 1.72) and high WC (i.e., WC\u2009\u2265\u2009102\u2009cm; OR\u2009=\u20091.31; 95% CI: 1.18, 1.44). Physical and emotional abuse exhibited the strongest average associations and were associated with the most outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Associations of CM exposure with adult anthropometric and body fat markers are stronger in females compared to males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-025-01914-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T15:15:58Z","timestamp":1770390958000},"page":"329-337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sex-dependent associations of childhood maltreatment with obesity-related traits: results from the German National Cohort (NAKO)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0041-6538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"T\u00f6pfer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Klinger-K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Siewert-Markus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Schipf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja M.","family":"Sedlmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7354-5958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antje","family":"Hebestreit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3777-570X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Ahrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6129-1572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hermann","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana-Kristin","family":"Heise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Jaskulski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Karch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9108-3360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Keil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Klett-Tammen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael F.","family":"Leitzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6645-0985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00f6rge","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0830-5277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias B.","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan N.","family":"Willich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"D\u00f6rr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"V\u00f6lzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6234-4955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello R. 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