{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:02:20Z","timestamp":1789646540200,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Obes"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Information is lacking about how trimester-specific gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with childhood body mass index (BMI) across maternal BMI categories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects\/Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We examined the association between GWG and child BMI in patients receiving care from a national network of community health care organizations. We stratified by pre-pregnancy BMI (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095721 normal weight; 5667 overweight; 3213 obesity class I; 1344 class II; 692 class III). Child BMI\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score and overweight and obesity status at age 5 were modeled as a function of total GWG and GWG rate in each trimester, controlling for GWG rate in previous trimester(s) and maternal characteristics, using linear or modified Poisson regression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Higher total GWG during pregnancy was positively associated with child BMI at 5 years of age in a linear, dose-dependent manner. When stratified by BMI, each 1\u2009kg\/week greater weight gain in the first trimester was associated with a 0.25\u20130.45 increase in child BMI\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score, depending on BMI class. Each 1\u2009kg\/week weight gain in the 2\n                      <jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup>\n                      trimester was associated with a 0.28 to 0.52 increase in child BMI\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score, although the associations were not significant in class III obesity. Associations between GWG in the third trimester and child BMI\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score were weak (\u22120.07 to 0.21 increase in BMI\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score per kg\/week increase in maternal weight) and generally not significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among a diverse and systemically underserved pregnant population, GWG in the 1\n                      <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 2\n                      <jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup>\n                      trimesters are most strongly associated with child BMI at age 5. Early pregnancy and mid-pregnancy may be key times to intervene to prevent overweight and obesity in offspring.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-026-02210-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:10:08Z","timestamp":1789643408000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of trimester-specific gestational weight gain with child BMI by maternal BMI categories in community-based healthcare organizations"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4067-3432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin S.","family":"LeBlanc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Booman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie A.","family":"Rosenquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly K.","family":"Vesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byron A.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0368-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janne","family":"Boone-Heinonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2210_CR1","unstructured":"Stierman B, Afful J, Carroll MD, Chen TC, Davy O, Fink S, et al. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-March 2020 Prepandemic Data Files-Development of files and prevalence estimates for selected health outcomes. Natl Health Stat Report. 2021;158:1\u20139."},{"key":"2210_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1703860","volume":"377","author":"ZJ Ward","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ward ZJ, Long MW, Resch SC, Giles CM, Cradock AL, Gortmaker SL. Simulation of growth trajectories of childhood obesity into adulthood. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:2145\u201353.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2210_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803527","volume":"379","author":"M Geserick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Geserick M, Vogel M, Gausche R, Lipek T, Spielau U, Keller E, et al. Acceleration of BMI in early childhood and risk of sustained obesity. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:1303\u201312.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2210_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.6803","volume":"317","author":"DC Grossman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grossman DC, Bibbins-Domingo K, Curry SJ, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, et al. Screening for obesity in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2017;317:2417\u201326.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2210_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.6190","volume":"315","author":"JW Zylke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zylke JW, Bauchner H. The Unrelenting Challenge of Obesity. JAMA. 2016;315:2277\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2210_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Global BMIMC, Di Angelantonio E, Bhupathiraju ShN, Wormser D, Gao P, Kaptoge S, et al. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet. 2016;388:776\u201386.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30175-1"},{"key":"2210_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.7777","volume":"320","author":"ES LeBlanc","year":"2018","unstructured":"LeBlanc ES, Patnode CD, Webber EM, Redmond N, Rushkin M, O\u2019Connor EA. Behavioral and pharmacotherapy weight loss interventions to prevent obesity-related morbidity and mortality in adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2018;320:1172\u201391.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2210_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.9432","volume":"320","author":"IM Paul","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paul IM, Savage JS, Anzman-Frasca S, Marini ME, Beiler JS, Hess LB, et al. Effect of a responsive parenting educational intervention on childhood weight outcomes at 3 years of age: the INSIGHT randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;320:461\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2210_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.69","volume":"11","author":"E Oken","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oken E, Gillman MW. Fetal origins of obesity. Obes Res. 2003;11:496\u2013506.","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"2210_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3505","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031046","volume":"88","author":"PM Catalano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Catalano PM. Obesity and pregnancy\u2014the propagation of a viscous cycle? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:3505\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2210_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2013-101564","volume":"19","author":"AA Mamun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mamun AA. Maternal obesity during pregnancy is associated with adult offspring cardiovascular morbidity and mortality but may represent confounding by other factors. Evid Based Med. 2014;19:111.","journal-title":"Evid Based Med"},{"key":"2210_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12817","volume":"20","author":"MD Menting","year":"2019","unstructured":"Menting MD, Mintjens S, van de Beek C, Frick CJ, Ozanne SE, Limpens J, et al. Maternal obesity in pregnancy impacts offspring cardiometabolic health: systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Obes Rev. 2019;20:675\u201385.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2210_CR13","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine; National Research Council Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines. The National Academies Collection: reports funded by National Institutes of Health. In: Rasmussen KM, Yaktine AL, editors. Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009."},{"key":"2210_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13797","volume":"123","author":"MA Faucher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Faucher MA, Hastings-Tolsma M, Song JJ, Willoughby DS, Bader SG. Gestational weight gain and preterm birth in obese women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2016;123:199\u2013206.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"2210_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.3635","volume":"317","author":"RF Goldstein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goldstein RF, Abell SK, Ranasinha S, Misso M, Boyle JA, Black MH, et al. Association of gestational weight gain with maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2017;317:2207\u201325.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2210_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132650","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132650","volume":"10","author":"MZ Kapadia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kapadia MZ, Park CK, Beyene J, Giglia L, Maxwell C, McDonald SD. Weight loss instead of weight gain within the guidelines in obese women during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analyses of maternal and infant outcomes. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0132650.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2210_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12238","volume":"16","author":"MZ Kapadia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kapadia MZ, Park CK, Beyene J, Giglia L, Maxwell C, McDonald SD. Can we safely recommend gestational weight gain below the 2009 guidelines in obese women? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2015;16:189\u2013206.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2210_CR18","unstructured":"Office of Minority Health. Obesity and Black\/African Americans. 2025. https:\/\/minorityhealth.hhs.gov\/obesity-and-blackafrican-americans?."},{"key":"2210_CR19","unstructured":"Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017-2018. NCHS Data Brief. 2020;360:1\u20138."},{"key":"2210_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21511","volume":"24","author":"MF Hivert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hivert MF, Rifas-Shiman SL, Gillman MW, Oken E. Greater early and mid-pregnancy gestational weight gains are associated with excess adiposity in mid-childhood. Obesity. 2016;24:1546\u201353.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"2210_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-01035-2","volume":"21","author":"KD Hesketh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hesketh KD, Zheng M, Campbell KJ. Early life factors that affect obesity and the need for complex solutions. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2025;21:31\u201344.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2210_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18257-8","volume":"24","author":"J Boone-Heinonen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boone-Heinonen J, Lyon-Scott K, Springer R, Schmidt T, Vesco KK, Booman A, et al. Pregnancy health in a multi-state U.S. population of systemically underserved patients and their children: PROMISE cohort design and baseline characteristics. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:886.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2210_CR23","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO. Mplus user\u2019s guide. 8th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n; 1998\u20132017."},{"key":"2210_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24071","volume":"32","author":"J Boone-Heinonen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boone-Heinonen J, Dinh D, Springer R, Liu S, O\u2019Malley J, Rosenquist NA, et al. Trimester-specific rate of gestational weight loss or gain and birth size: differences by prepregnancy BMI. Obesity. 2024;32:1757\u201368.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"2210_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2013.03.013","volume":"49","author":"C Leys","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leys C, Ley C, Klein O, Bernard P, Licata L. Detecting outliers: do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2013;49:764\u20136.","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2210_CR26","unstructured":"Daymont C, Grundmeier R, Miller J, Campos D, Chudnov D, De los Santos H, et al. growthcleanr: data cleaner for anthropometric measurements. 2024. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/growthcleanr\/index.html."},{"key":"2210_CR27","unstructured":"Freedman D. cdcanthro: CDC ANTHROpometry values. 2023. https:\/\/github.com\/CDC-DNPAO\/CDCAnthro."},{"key":"2210_CR28","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Child and teen BMI categories. BMI. 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/bmi\/child-teen-calculator\/bmi-categories.html."},{"key":"2210_CR29","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2 to 20 years: girls stature weight-for-age percentiles. 2000. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/growthcharts\/data\/set1clinical\/cj41c022.pdf."},{"key":"2210_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.14265","volume":"59","author":"A Booman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Booman A, Stratton K, Vesco KK, O\u2019Malley J, Schmidt T, Boone-Heinonen J, et al. Insurance coverage and discontinuity during pregnancy: frequency and associations documented in the PROMISE cohort. Health Serv Res. 2024;59:e14265.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2210_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boyd RW, Lindo EG, Weeks LD, McLemore MR. On racism: r new standard for publishing on racial healthInequities. Health Aff airs Forefront. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/forefront.20200630.939347.","DOI":"10.1377\/forefront.20200630.939347"},{"key":"2210_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.13304","volume":"326","author":"A Flanagin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Flanagin A, Frey T, Christiansen SL. Updated guidance on the reporting of race and ethnicity in medical and science journals. JAMA. 2021;326:621\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2210_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Montvignier Monnet A, Savoy D, Pr\u00e9aubert L, Hoffmann P, B\u00e9try C. In underweight women, insufficient gestational weight gain is associated with adverse obstetric outcomes. Nutrients. 2022;15:57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15010057.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010057"},{"key":"2210_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04433-4","volume":"22","author":"X Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei X, Shen S, Huang P, Xiao X, Lin S, Zhang L, et al. Gestational weight gain rates in the first and second trimesters are associated with small for gestational age among underweight women: a prospective birth cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22:106.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2210_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00386-X","volume":"87","author":"GR Alexander","year":"1996","unstructured":"Alexander GR, Himes JH, Kaufman RB, Mor J, Kogan M. A United States national reference for fetal growth. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;87:163\u20138.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2210_CR36","unstructured":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 17. College Station, TX: StatCorp LLC; 2021."},{"key":"2210_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.01.019","volume":"69","author":"SL Rifas-Shiman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rifas-Shiman SL, Fleisch A, Hivert MF, Mantzoros C, Gillman MW, Oken E. First and second trimester gestational weight gains are most strongly associated with cord blood levels of hormones at delivery important for glycemic control and somatic growth. Metabolism. 2017;69:112\u20139.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2210_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.906081","volume":"121","author":"A Fraser","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fraser A, Tilling K, Macdonald-Wallis C, Sattar N, Brion MJ, Benfield L, et al. Association of maternal weight gain in pregnancy with offspring obesity and metabolic and vascular traits in childhood. Circulation. 2010;121:2557\u201364.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2210_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-205108","volume":"70","author":"SN Hinkle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hinkle SN, Albert PS, Sjaarda LA, Grewal J, Grantz KL. Trajectories of maternal gestational weight gain and child cognition assessed at 5 years of age in a prospective cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016;70:696\u2013703.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2210_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.4016","volume":"172","author":"R Retnakaran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Retnakaran R, Wen SW, Tan H, Zhou S, Ye C, Shen M, et al. Association of timing of weight gain in pregnancy with infant birth weight. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172:136\u201342.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2210_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.3.227","volume":"60","author":"R McNamee","year":"2003","unstructured":"McNamee R. Confounding and confounders. Occup Environ Med. 2003;60:227\u201334.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2210_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.051706","volume":"97","author":"JA Hutcheon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hutcheon JA, Platt RW, Abrams B, Himes KP, Simhan HN, Bodnar LM. A weight-gain-for-gestational-age z score chart for the assessment of maternal weight gain in pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97:1062\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2210_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21011","volume":"23","author":"JA Hutcheon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hutcheon JA, Platt RW, Abrams B, Himes KP, Simhan HN, Bodnar LM. Pregnancy weight gain charts for obese and overweight women. Obesity. 2015;23:532\u20135.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"2210_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002744","volume":"16","author":"E Voerman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Voerman E, Santos S, Patro Golab B, Amiano P, Ballester F, Barros H, et al. Maternal body mass index, gestational weight gain, and the risk of overweight and obesity across childhood: an individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2019;16:e1002744.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2210_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v13.i7.482","volume":"13","author":"SN Seneviratne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seneviratne SN, Rajindrajith S. Fetal Programming of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. World J Diabetes. 2022;13:482\u201397.","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"2210_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20088","volume":"21","author":"R Gaillard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gaillard R, Durmu\u015f B, Hofman A, Mackenbach JP, Steegers EA, Jaddoe VW. Risk factors and outcomes of maternal obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy. Obesity. 2013;21:1046\u201355.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"2210_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-011-0846-1","volume":"16","author":"CE Margerison-Zilko","year":"2012","unstructured":"Margerison-Zilko CE, Shrimali BP, Eskenazi B, Lahiff M, Lindquist AR, Abrams BF. Trimester of maternal gestational weight gain and offspring body weight at birth and age five. Matern Child Health J. 2012;16:1215\u201323.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"2210_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502.e501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.12.038","volume":"212","author":"M Karachaliou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karachaliou M, Georgiou V, Roumeliotaki T, Chalkiadaki G, Daraki V, Koinaki S, et al. Association of trimester-specific gestational weight gain with fetal growth, offspring obesity, and cardiometabolic traits in early childhood. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212:502.e501\u2013514.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2210_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01202-x","volume":"90","author":"DM Meyer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meyer DM, Stecher L, Brei C, Hauner H. Mid-pregnancy weight gain is associated with offspring adiposity outcomes in early childhood. Pediatr Res. 2021;90:390\u20136.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2210_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.262","volume":"10","author":"JC Diesel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diesel JC, Eckhardt CL, Day NL, Brooks MM, Arslanian SA, Bodnar LM. Is gestational weight gain associated with offspring obesity at 36 months? Pediatr Obes. 2015;10:305\u201310.","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"2210_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.21106\/ijma.337","volume":"9","author":"ZI Yusuf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yusuf ZI, Dongarwar D, Yusuf RA, Bell M, Harris T, Salihu HM. Social determinants of overweight and obesity among children in the United States. Int J MCH AIDS. 2020;9:22\u201333.","journal-title":"Int J MCH AIDS"},{"key":"2210_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-010-0712-6","volume":"16","author":"EM Davis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Davis EM, Stange KC, Horwitz RI. Childbearing, stress and obesity disparities in women: a public health perspective. Matern Child Health J. 2012;16:109\u201318.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"2210_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12589","volume":"15","author":"AL Deierlein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deierlein AL, Messito MJ, Katzow M, Berube LT, Dolin CD, Gross RS. Total and trimester-specific gestational weight gain and infant anthropometric outcomes at birth and 6 months in low-income Hispanic families. Pediatr Obes. 2020;15:e12589.","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"2210_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.03.039","volume":"188","author":"DS Freedman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Freedman DS, Butte NF, Taveras EM, Goodman AB, Ogden CL, Blanck HM. The limitations of transforming very high body mass indexes into z-scores among 8.7 million 2- to 4-year-old children. J Pediatr. 2017;188:50\u20136.e51.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Obesity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41366-026-02210-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41366-026-02210-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41366-026-02210-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:10:13Z","timestamp":1789643413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41366-026-02210-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["2210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41366-026-02210-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0307-0565","1476-5497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0307-0565","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"KKV has received research funding from Pfizer Independent Grants for Learning and Change to develop a menopause education curriculum for residents, which is unrelated to the current work. The other authors have no disclosures.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The PROMISE study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Oregon Health & Science University (Study 00020810), the lead site for the study. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}