{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:57:34Z","timestamp":1791467854575,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Obes"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although eating quickly may promote excess energy intake and is associated with unhealthy weight in children, little research has investigated eating speed in infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe relationships between eating speed and energy intake, weight status and feeding practices in infants aged 7\u201310 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eating speed was assessed in 625 infants (First Foods New Zealand observational study) using three methods: (i) two 24-h diet recalls; (ii) the Children\u2019s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire \u2018slowness in eating\u2019 subscale; and (iii) one filmed eating occasion (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009205). The recalls also measured daily energy intake from complementary food. Infant length and weight were measured, and body mass index (BMI) z-scores calculated (WHO Child Growth Standards). Data on baby food pouch use, baby-led weaning (BLW) and breastfeeding were collected by questionnaire. Infants were defined as \u2018frequent pouch users\u2019 if they consumed food from a pouch 5+ times\/week during the past month. \u2018Full\u2019 BLW was defined as the infant \u2018mostly\u2019 or \u2018always\u2019 feeding themselves.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Slower eating was associated with lower energy intake from complementary food (mean difference: \u2212125 kJ\/day, 95% CI [\u2212178, \u221271] for each 1 unit increase in \u2018slowness in eating\u2019 score). Compared to spoon-fed infants, \u2018full\u2019 BLW infants were slower eaters (diet recall, adjusted mean difference, \u22123\u2009kJ\/min [\u22126, \u22121]; video, \u221214\u2009kJ\/min [\u221223, \u22125]; \u2018slowness in eating\u2019, standardised mean difference, 0.6\u2009SD [0.5, 0.8], indicating a moderate effect). Breastfed infants ate more slowly than formula-fed infants (diet recall, adjusted mean difference, \u22123\u2009kJ\/min [\u22126, \u22121]; video, \u22129\u2009kJ\/min [\u221217, \u22121]; \u2018slowness in eating\u2019, standardised mean difference, 0.3\u2009SD [0.1, 0.5]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Slower eating in infancy is associated with breastfeeding and lower daily energy intake from complementary food, but not weight status or frequent pouch use. Infants who usually feed themselves are slower eaters than those who are usually spoon-fed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (registration number: ACTRN12620000459921; website:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.anzctr.org.au\/Trial\/Registration\/TrialReview.aspx?id=379436\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">http:\/\/www.anzctr.org.au\/Trial\/Registration\/TrialReview.aspx?id=379436<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-026-02234-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:11:57Z","timestamp":1791465117000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eating speed in complementary fed infants: associations with energy intake, weight status, breastfeeding, baby food pouch use and baby-led weaning"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"given":"Alice M.","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2856-0782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Louise M.","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jillian J.","family":"Haszard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3642-1619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathryn A.","family":"Conlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn L.","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela R.","family":"von Hurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Te Morenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0370-9424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Katiforis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberley J.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Rowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Casale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neve H.","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bailey R.","family":"Bruckner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario M.","family":"Jupiterwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9516-2253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael W.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2234_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12355","volume":"43","author":"K McCrickerd","year":"2018","unstructured":"McCrickerd K. 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