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Recent in vitro studies suggest that arginine also affects the production of biofilm matrix components that contribute to virulence, but this mechanism has not been investigated clinically. This randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blind, split-mouth in situ trial assessed arginine\u2019s impact on the microbial composition, matrix architecture, and microscale pH of biofilms from caries-active patients (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910). We also examined whether individual differences in the pH response to arginine were related to biofilm composition and matrix structure. Biofilms were grown for four days on carriers attached to intraoral splints. Three times daily, the biofilms were treated extraorally with sucrose (5\u2009min), followed by arginine or placebo (30\u2009min), in a split-mouth design. After growth, the microscale biofilm pH response to sucrose was monitored by pH ratiometry. Microbial biofilm composition and carbohydrate matrix architecture were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and fluorescence lectin-binding analysis, respectively. Arginine treatment significantly mitigated sucrose-induced pH drops, reduced total carbohydrate matrix production, and altered the spatial distribution of fucose- and galactose-containing carbohydrates. Both arginine- and placebo-treated biofilms were dominated by streptococci and\n                    <jats:italic>Veillonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. Paired analyses showed a significant reduction in mitis\/oralis group streptococci and a non-significant increase in several arginine metabolizers in arginine-treated biofilms. Individual pH responses were not significantly associated with the abundance of specific bacterial taxa or carbohydrate matrix components. In conclusion, arginine reduced the virulence of biofilms from caries-active patients through multiple mechanisms, including suppressing matrix carbohydrate production.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-025-00404-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T02:54:33Z","timestamp":1763607273000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Arginine modulates the pH, microbial composition, and matrix architecture of biofilms from caries-active patients"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yumi C.","family":"Del Rey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pernille D.","family":"Rikvold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie B.","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eero J.","family":"Raittio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7614-9616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Schramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rikke L.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Schlafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"404_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.09.008","volume":"26","author":"WH Bowen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bowen, W. 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