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We measured personal PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure, stove use, and participant location during a 48-h monitoring period for 157 rural and peri-urban households in coastal and Andean Ecuador. While nearly all households owned a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove and used it as their primary cooking fuel, one-quarter of households utilized firewood as a secondary fuel and 10% used induction stoves secondary to LPG. Stove use monitoring demonstrated clear within- and across-meal fuel stacking patterns. Firewood-owning participants had higher distributions of 48-h and 10-min PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure as compared with primary LPG and induction stove users, and this effect became more pronounced with firewood use during monitoring.Accounting for within-subject clustering, contemporaneous firewood stove use was associated with 101\u2009\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> higher 10-min PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure (95% CI: 94\u2013108\u2009\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>). LPG and induction cooking events were largely not associated with contemporaneous PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure. Our results suggest that firewood use is associated with average and short-term personal air pollution exposure above the WHO interim-I guideline, even when LPG is the primary cooking fuel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-020-0231-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T18:06:55Z","timestamp":1589566015000},"page":"707-720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Long-standing LPG subsidies, cooking fuel stacking, and personal exposure to air pollution in rural and peri-urban Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7736-3905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos F.","family":"Gould","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel B.","family":"Schlesinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Lorena Bejarano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Valarezo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darby W.","family":"Jack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"231_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6","volume":"392","author":"JD Stanaway","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stanaway JD, Afshin A, Gakidou E, Lim SS, Abate D, Abate KH, et al. 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