{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T14:44:31Z","timestamp":1782139471725,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Previous research has revealed links between air pollution exposure and metabolic syndrome in adults; however, these associations are less explored in children.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study aims to investigate the association between traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) and biomarkers of metabolic dysregulation, oxidative stress, and lung epithelial damage in children.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conducted cross-sectional analyses in a sample of predominantly Latinx, low-income children (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009218) to examine associations between air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), nitrogen oxides (NO<jats:sub><jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>), elemental carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), fine particulates (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>)) and biomarkers of metabolic function (high-density lipoprotein (HDL), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), oxidative stress (8-isoprostane), and lung epithelial damage (club cell protein 16 (CC16)).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>HDL cholesterol showed an inverse association with NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and NO<jats:sub><jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>, with the strongest relationship between HDL and 3-month exposure to NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (\u201315.4\u2009mg\/dL per IQR increase in 3-month NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u201327.4, \u20133.4). 8-isoprostane showed a consistent pattern of increasing values with 1-day and 1-week exposure across all pollutants. Non-significant increases in % HbA1c were found during 1-month time frames and decreasing CC16 in 3-month exposure time frames.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results suggest that TRAP is significantly associated with decreased HDL cholesterol in longer-term time frames and elevated 8-isoprostane in shorter-term time frames. TRAP could have the potential to influence lifelong metabolic patterns, through metabolic effects in childhood.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-021-00378-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T14:04:18Z","timestamp":1629468258000},"page":"530-537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Traffic-related air pollution, biomarkers of metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and CC16 in children"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7541-2403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy L.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Balmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liza","family":"Lutzker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer K.","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helene G.","family":"Margolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Tyner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Noth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Lurmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Katharine","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"378_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e301","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30140-2","volume":"2","author":"B Bowe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bowe B, Xie Y, Li T, Yan Y, Xian H, Al-Aly Z. The 2016 global and national burden of diabetes mellitus attributable to PM2\u00b75 air pollution. Lancet Planet Health. 2018;2:e301\u201312.","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"378_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/1753944717711379","volume":"11","author":"Y Rochlani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rochlani Y, Pothineni NV, Kovelamudi S, Mehta JL. Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, management, and modulation by natural compounds. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;11:215\u201325.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"378_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901778","volume":"118","author":"SK Park","year":"2010","unstructured":"Park SK, Auchincloss AH, O\u2019Neill MS, Prineas R, Correa JC, Keeler J, et al. Particulate air pollution, metabolic syndrome, and heart rate variability: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118:1406\u201311.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"378_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP212","volume":"124","author":"P Haberzettl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haberzettl P, O\u2019Toole TE, Bhatnagar A, Conklin DJ. Exposure to fine particulate air pollution causes vascular insulin resistance by inducing pulmonary oxidative stress. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124:1830\u20139.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"378_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.799015","volume":"119","author":"Q Sun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sun Q, Yue P, Deiuliis JA, Lumeng CN, Kampfrath T, Mikolaj MB, et al. Ambient air pollution exaggerates adipose inflammation and insulin resistance in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Circulation. 2009;119:538\u201346.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"378_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-1416","volume":"66","author":"TL Alderete","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alderete TL, Habre R, Toledo-Corral CM, Berhane K, Chen Z, Lurmann FW, et al. Longitudinal associations between ambient air pollution with insulin sensitivity, \u03b2-cell function, and adiposity in Los Angeles Latino Children. Diabetes. 2017;66:1789\u201396.","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"378_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105637","volume":"138","author":"S Mao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mao S, Li S, Wang C, Liu Y, Li N, Liu F, et al. Is long-term PM1 exposure associated with blood lipids and dyslipidemias in a Chinese rural population? Environ Int. 2020;138:105637.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"378_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain T, Tan B, Yin Y, Blachier F, Tossou MCB, Rahu N. Oxidative stress and inflammation: what polyphenols can do for us? Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:7432797. https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/omcl\/2016\/7432797\/.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7432797"},{"key":"378_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200611-1627OC","volume":"176","author":"K-J Chuang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chuang K-J, Chan C-C, Su T-C, Lee C-T, Tang C-S. The effect of urban air pollution on inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation, and autonomic dysfunction in young adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176:370\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"378_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108890","volume":"180","author":"DW Riggs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riggs DW, Zafar N, Krishnasamy S, Yeager R, Rai SN, Bhatnagar A, et al. Exposure to airborne fine particulate matter is associated with impaired endothelial function and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Environ Res. 2020;180:108890.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"378_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4825-1","volume":"62","author":"XQ Lao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lao XQ, Guo C, Chang L-Y, Bo Y, Zhang Z, Chuang YC, et al. Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and incident type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal cohort study. Diabetologia. 2019;62:759\u201369.","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"key":"378_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2217\/fca.12.43","volume":"8","author":"MR Miller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miller MR, Shaw CA, Langrish JP. From particles to patients: oxidative stress and the cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Future Cardiol. 2012;8:577\u2013602.","journal-title":"Future Cardiol"},{"key":"378_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.07.004","volume":"11","author":"JD Kaufman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaufman JD, Spalt EW, Curl CL, Hajat A, Jones MR, Kim S-Y, et al. Advances in understanding air pollution and cardiovascular diseases: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution (MESA Air). Glob Heart. 2016;11:343\u201352.","journal-title":"Glob Heart."},{"key":"378_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","volume":"121","author":"RD Brook","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, et al. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2010;121:2331\u201378.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"378_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1106-5","volume":"8","author":"CJ Matz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matz CJ, Egyed M, Hocking R, Seenundun S, Charman N, Edmonds N. Human health effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP): a scoping review protocol. Syst Rev. 2019;8:223.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"378_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao G, Nachman RM, Sun Q, Zhang X, Koehler K, Chen Z, et al. Individual and joint effects of early-life ambient PM2.5 exposure and maternal prepregnancy obesity on childhood overweight or obesity. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125:067005.","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP261"},{"key":"378_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi17-0012","volume":"66","author":"SK Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park SK. Ambient air pollution and type 2 diabetes: do the metabolic effects of air pollution start early in life? Diabetes. 2017;66:1755\u20137.","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"378_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12188","volume":"13","author":"C Toledo-Corral","year":"2018","unstructured":"Toledo-Corral C, Alderete T, Habre R, Berhane K, Lurmann F, Weigensberg M, et al. Effects of air pollution exposure on glucose metabolism in Los Angeles minority children. Pediatr Obes. 2018;13:54\u201362.","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"378_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106383","volume":"148","author":"J-S Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang J-S, Gui Z-H, Zou Z-Y, Yang B-Y, Ma J, Jing J, et al. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: a national cross-sectional study in China. Environ Int. 2021;148:106383.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"378_CR20","unstructured":"Most polluted cities | State of the air. 2021. https:\/\/www.lung.org\/research\/sota\/city-rankings\/most-polluted-cities. Accessed 6 Jul 2021."},{"key":"378_CR21","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Fresno City, California. 2019. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/fact\/table\/fresnocitycalifornia,fresnocountycalifornia\/PST045219. Accessed 28 Mar 2021."},{"key":"378_CR22","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC health disparities and inequalities report\u2014United States, 2013. MMWR Suppl. 2013;62:3\u20135."},{"key":"378_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110870","volume":"195","author":"JK Mann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mann JK, Lutzker L, Holm SM, Margolis HG, Neophytou AM, Eisen EA, et al. Traffic-related air pollution is associated with glucose dysregulation, blood pressure, and oxidative stress in children. Environ Res. 2021;195:110870.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"378_CR24","unstructured":"SAS Program (ages 0 to <20 years) | Resources | Growth chart training | Nutrition | DNPAO | CDC. 2019. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nccdphp\/dnpao\/growthcharts\/resources\/sas.htm. Accessed 20 Mar 2021."},{"key":"378_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-1078-5","volume":"24","author":"A Mart\u00edn-Granado","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Granado A, V\u00e1zquez-Monchol\u00ed C, Luis-Yanes MI, L\u00f3pez-M\u00e9ndez M, Garc\u00eda-Nieto V. Determination of Clara cell protein urinary elimination as a marker of tubular dysfunction. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:747\u201352.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"378_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174416000763","volume":"8","author":"V Tran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tran V, Tindula G, Huen K, Bradman A, Harley K, Kogut K, et al. Prenatal phthalate exposure and 8-isoprostane among Mexican-American children with high prevalence of obesity. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2017;8:196\u2013205.","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"key":"378_CR27","unstructured":"FirstCarbon Solutions. Section 5.3. City of Fresno general plan and development code update air quality master environmental impact report. 2014. https:\/\/www.fresno.gov\/darm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2016\/11\/Sec-05-03-Air-Quality-MEIR.pdf. Accessed 29 Mar 2021."},{"key":"378_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.02.014","volume":"45","author":"EM Noth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Noth EM, Hammond SK, Biging GS, Tager IB. A spatial-temporal regression model to predict daily outdoor residential PAH concentrations in an epidemiologic study in Fresno, CA. Atmos Environ. 2011;45:2394\u2013403.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"378_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117818","volume":"242","author":"EM Noth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Noth EM, Lurmann F, Perrino C, Vaughn D, Minor HA, Hammond SK. Decrease in ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in California\u2019s San Joaquin Valley 2000\u20132019. Atmos Environ. 2020;242:117818.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"378_CR30","unstructured":"San Joaquin Valley APCD Home Page. 2012. https:\/\/www.valleyair.org\/Home.htm. Accessed 28 Mar 2021."},{"key":"378_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.124","volume":"13","author":"RS Rosenson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rosenson RS, Brewer HB, Ansell BJ, Barter P, Chapman MJ, Heinecke JW, et al. Dysfunctional HDL and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2016;13:48\u201360.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"378_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311749","volume":"39","author":"J Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li J, Zhou C, Xu H, Brook RD, Liu S, Yi T, et al. Ambient air pollution is associated with HDL (high-density lipoprotein) dysfunction in healthy adults. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39:513\u201322.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"378_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.164970","volume":"102","author":"JA Araujo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Araujo JA, Barajas B, Kleinman M, Wang X, Bennett BJ, Gong KW, et al. Ambient particulate pollutants in the ultrafine range promote early atherosclerosis and systemic oxidative stress. Circ Res. 2008;102:589\u201396.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"378_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.11.010","volume":"111","author":"W Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li W, Dorans KS, Wilker EH, Rice MB, Kloog I, Schwartz JD, et al. Ambient air pollution, adipokines, and glucose homeostasis: the Framingham Heart Study. Environ Int. 2018;111:14\u201322.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"378_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.022","volume":"203","author":"R Kelishadi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kelishadi R, Mirghaffari N, Poursafa P, Gidding SS. Lifestyle and environmental factors associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in children. Atherosclerosis. 2009;203:311\u20139.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"378_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.10.003","volume":"160","author":"S Fioravanti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fioravanti S, Cesaroni G, Badaloni C, Michelozzi P, Forastiere F, Porta D. Traffic-related air pollution and childhood obesity in an Italian birth cohort. Environ Res. 2018;160:479\u201386.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"378_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000336","volume":"26","author":"G-H Dong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dong G-H, Wang J, Zeng X-W, Chen L, Qin X-D, Zhou Y, et al. Interactions between air pollution and obesity on blood pressure and hypertension in Chinese children. Epidemiol Camb Mass. 2015;26:740\u20137.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Camb Mass"},{"key":"378_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308193","volume":"37","author":"G Bell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bell G, Mora S, Greenland P, Tsai M, Gill E, Kaufman JD. Association of air pollution exposures with high density lipoprotein cholesterol and particle number: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017;37:976\u201382.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"378_CR39","first-page":"4070","volume":"40","author":"AE Aust","year":"1980","unstructured":"Aust AE, Falahee KJ, Maher VM, McCormick JJ. Human cell-mediated benzo(a)pyrene cytotoxicity and mutagenicity in human diploid fibroblasts. Cancer Res. 1980;40:4070\u20135.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"378_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/17482970701411642","volume":"51","author":"S Basu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Basu S. The enigma of in vivo oxidative stress assessment: isoprostanes as an emerging target. Scand J Food Nutr. 2007;51:48\u201361.","journal-title":"Scand J Food Nutr"},{"key":"378_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li W, Wilker EH, Dorans KS, Rice MB, Schwartz J, Coull BA. et al. Short\u2010term exposure to air pollution and biomarkers of oxidative stress: the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e002742.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002742"},{"key":"378_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.06.017","volume":"73","author":"S De Prins","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Prins S, Dons E, Van Poppel M, Int Panis L, Van de Mieroop E, Nelen V, et al. Airway oxidative stress and inflammation markers in exhaled breath from children are linked with exposure to black carbon. Environ Int. 2014;73:440\u20136.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"378_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.003","volume":"135","author":"MJ Rosa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rosa MJ, Yan B, Chillrud SN, Acosta LM, Divjan A, Jacobson JS, et al. Domestic airborne black carbon levels and 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate among children in New York City. Environ Res. 2014;135:105\u201310.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"378_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4137\/BMI.S38440","volume":"11","author":"SI Sherwani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sherwani SI, Khan HA, Ekhzaimy A, Masood A, Sakharkar MK. Significance of HbA1c test in diagnosis and prognosis of diabetic patients. Biomark Insights. 2016;11:95\u2013104.","journal-title":"Biomark Insights"},{"key":"378_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0130337","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130337","volume":"10","author":"IC Eze","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eze IC, Schaffner E, Foraster M, Imboden M, von Eckardstein A, Gerbase MW, et al. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and metabolic syndrome in adults. PloS One. 2015;10:e0130337.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"378_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0698","volume":"33","author":"JF Pearson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pearson JF, Bachireddy C, Shyamprasad S, Goldfine AB, Brownstein JS. Association between fine particulate matter and diabetes prevalence in the U.S. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2196\u2013201.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"378_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1917643","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.17643","volume":"2","author":"EC Moody","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moody EC, Cantoral A, Tamayo-Ortiz M, Pizano-Z\u00e1rate ML, Schnaas L, Kloog I, et al. Association of prenatal and perinatal exposures to particulate matter with changes in hemoglobin A1c levels in children aged 4 to 6 years. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2:e1917643.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"378_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2014.892446","volume":"77","author":"J Brocato","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brocato J, Sun H, Shamy M, Kluz T, Alghamdi MA, Khoder MI, et al. Particulate matter from Saudi Arabia induces genes involved in inflammation, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2014;77:751\u201366.","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"378_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00760.x","volume":"30","author":"F Broeckaert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Broeckaert F, Bernard A. Clara cell secretory protein (CC16): characteristics and perspectives as lung peripheral biomarker. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30:469\u201375.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"378_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-018-0607-7","volume":"18","author":"DC-L Lam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lam DC-L, Kwok H-H, Yu W-C, Ko FW-S, Tam C-Y, Lau AC-W, et al. CC16 levels correlate with cigarette smoke exposure in bronchial epithelial cells and with lung function decline in smokers. BMC Pulm Med. 2018;18:47.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"378_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.017","volume":"108","author":"C Madsen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Madsen C, Durand KL, Nafstad P, Schwarze PE, R\u00f8nningen KS, H\u00e5heim LL. Associations between environmental exposures and serum concentrations of Clara cell protein among elderly men in Oslo, Norway. Environ Res. 2008;108:354\u201360.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"378_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.05.015","volume":"59","author":"AL Marsland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marsland AL, McCaffery JM, Muldoon MF, Manuck SB. Systemic inflammation and the metabolic syndrome among middle-aged community volunteers. Metabolism. 2010;59:1801\u20138.","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"key":"378_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12106","volume":"12","author":"AF Fleisch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fleisch AF, Luttmann-Gibson H, Perng W, Rifas-Shiman SL, Coull BA, Kloog I, et al. Prenatal and early life exposure to traffic pollution and cardiometabolic health in childhood. Pediatr Obes. 2017;12:48\u201357.","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"}],"container-title":["Journal of Exposure Science &amp; Environmental Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-021-00378-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-021-00378-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-021-00378-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T22:06:32Z","timestamp":1667426792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-021-00378-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41370-021-00378-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0631","1559-064X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0631","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-064X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}