{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T17:10:05Z","timestamp":1794244205904,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-025-00770-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T11:40:51Z","timestamp":1744198851000},"page":"661-671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Associations between indoor air exposures and cognitive test scores among university students in classrooms with increased ventilation rates for COVID-19 risk management"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9277-1577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Dedesko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Pendleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna S.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent A.","family":"Coull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Spengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph G.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"770_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12706","volume":"30","author":"B Du","year":"2020","unstructured":"Du B, Tandoc MC, Mack ML, Siegel JA. Indoor CO 2 concentrations and cognitive function: a critical review. Indoor Air. 2020;30:1067\u201382.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"770_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"094047","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac1bd8","volume":"16","author":"JG Cede\u00f1o Laurent","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cede\u00f1o Laurent JG, MacNaughton P, Jones E, Young AS, Bliss M, Flanigan S, et al. Associations between acute exposures to PM 2.5 and carbon dioxide indoors and cognitive function in office workers: a multicountry longitudinal prospective observational study. Environ Res Lett. 2021;16:094047.","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"770_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0668.2000.010004222.x","volume":"10","author":"P Wargocki","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wargocki P, Wyon DP, Sundell J, Clausen G, Fanger PO. The effects of outdoor air supply rate in an office on perceived air quality, sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms and productivity. Indoor Air. 2000;10:222\u201336.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"770_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dedesko S, Pendleton J, Petrov J, Coull BA, Spengler JD, Allen JG Associations between indoor environmental conditions and divergent creative thinking scores in the cogfx global buildings study. Build Environ. 2025;270:112531.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2025.112531"},{"key":"770_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1510037","volume":"124","author":"JG Allen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Allen JG, MacNaughton P, Satish U, Santanam S, Vallarino J, Spengler JD. Associations of cognitive function scores with carbon dioxide, ventilation, and volatile organic compound exposures in office workers: a controlled exposure study of green and conventional office environments. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124:805\u201312.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"770_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12149","volume":"25","author":"R Maddalena","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maddalena R, Mendell MJ, Eliseeva K, Chan WR, Sullivan DP, Russell M, et al. Effects of ventilation rate per person and per floor area on perceived air quality, sick building syndrome symptoms, and decision-making. Indoor Air. 2015;25:362\u201370.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"770_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2004.00280.x","volume":"14","author":"KW Tham","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tham KW. Effects of temperature and outdoor air supply rate on the performance of call center operators in the tropics. Indoor Air. 2004;14:119\u201325.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"770_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2004.00304.x","volume":"14","author":"P Wargocki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wargocki P, Wyon DP, Fanger PO. The performance and subjective responses of call-center operators with new and used supply air filters at two outdoor air supply rates. Indoor Air. 2004;14:7\u201316.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"770_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2024.111551","volume":"257","author":"A Young","year":"2024","unstructured":"Young A, Parikh S, Dedesko S, Bliss M, Xu J, Zanobetti A, et al. Home indoor air quality and cognitive function over one year for people working remotely during COVID-19. Build Environ. 2024;257:111551.","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"770_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.07.378","volume":"122","author":"A Riham Jaber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Riham Jaber A, Dejan M, Marcella U. The effect of indoor temperature and CO2 levels on cognitive performance of adult females in a university building in Saudi Arabia. Energy Procedia. 2017;122:451\u20136.","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"770_CR11","unstructured":"Joanne S. The link between buildings and cognitive performance."},{"key":"770_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0136165","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136165","volume":"10","author":"U Haverinen-Shaughnessy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haverinen-Shaughnessy U, Shaughnessy RJ. Effects of classroom ventilation rate and temperature on students\u2019 test scores. Shaman J, editor. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0136165.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"770_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/10789669.2007.10390951","volume":"13","author":"P Wargocki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wargocki P, Wyon DP. The effects of moderately raised classroom temperatures and classroom ventilation rate on the performance of schoolwork by children (RP-1257). HVACR Res. 2007;13:193\u2013220.","journal-title":"HVACR Res"},{"key":"770_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wargocki P, Wyon DP. The effects of outdoor air supply rate and supply air filter condition in classrooms on the performance of schoolwork by children (RP-1257). HVAC&R Res. 2007;13.","DOI":"10.1080\/10789669.2007.10390950"},{"key":"770_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.56261\/jars.v14i1.104443","volume":"14","author":"D Jareemit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jareemit D, Julpanwattana P, Choruengwiwat J. Impact of outdoor air exchange rates on sleep quality and the next-day performance with application of energy recovery ventilator. JARS. 2017;14:21\u201332.","journal-title":"JARS"},{"key":"770_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12254","volume":"26","author":"P Str\u00f8m-Tejsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Str\u00f8m-Tejsen P, Zukowska D, Wargocki P, Wyon DP. The effects of bedroom air quality on sleep and next-day performance. Indoor Air. 2016;26:679\u201386.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"770_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fcnn S, Palacios J, Pestel N. Indoor air quality and strategic decision making. Manag Sci. 2023;mnsc.2022.4643.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2022.4643"},{"key":"770_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00060-4","volume":"1","author":"X Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao X, Coull B, Lin X, Vokonas P, Spiro A, Hou L, et al. Short-term air pollution, cognitive performance and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in the veterans affairs normative aging study. Nat Aging. 2021;1:430\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"770_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2016.02.014","volume":"100","author":"X Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wargocki P, Lian Z. Human responses to carbon dioxide, a follow-up study at recommended exposure limits in non-industrial environments. Build Environ. 2016;100:162\u201371.","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"770_CR20","volume-title":"Quit Blaming ASHRAE Standard 62.1 for 1000 ppm CO2","author":"A Persily","year":"2020","unstructured":"Persily A Quit Blaming ASHRAE Standard 62.1 for 1000 ppm CO2. Seoul, KR: The 16th Conference of the International Society of Indoor Air Quality & Climate (Indoor Air 2020); 2020. https:\/\/tsapps.nist.gov\/publication\/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=929997."},{"key":"770_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"63","author":"A Persily","year":"2021","unstructured":"Persily A. Please don\u2019t blame standard 62.1 for 1000 ppm CO2. ASHRAE J. 2021;63:1\u20132.","journal-title":"ASHRAE J"},{"key":"770_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12403","volume":"27","author":"WJ Fisk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fisk WJ. The ventilation problem in schools: literature review. Indoor Air. 2017;27:1039\u201351.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"770_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ina.12697","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12697","volume":"30","author":"JG Allen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Allen JG, Marr LC. Recognizing and controlling airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments. Indoor Air. 2020;30:ina.12697.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"770_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107336","volume":"186","author":"AK Melikov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Melikov AK. COVID-19: Reduction of airborne transmission needs paradigm shift in ventilation. Build Environ. 2020;186:107336.","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"770_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105832","volume":"142","author":"L Morawska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morawska L, Tang JW, Bahnfleth W, Bluyssen PM, Boerstra A, Buonanno G, et al. How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised. Environ Int. 2020;142:105832.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"770_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31927-9","volume":"396","author":"JD Sachs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sachs JD, Abdool Karim S, Aknin L, Allen J, Brosb\u00f8l K, Cuevas Barron G, et al. Lancet COVID-19 Commission Statement on the occasion of the 75th session of the UN General Assembly. Lancet. 2020;396:1102\u201324.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"770_CR27","unstructured":"ASHRAE. ANSI\/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2022, Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. 2022."},{"key":"770_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.5053","volume":"325","author":"JG Allen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Allen JG, Ibrahim AM. Indoor air changes and potential implications for SARS-CoV-2 transmission. JAMA. 2021;325:2112.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"770_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg2025","volume":"372","author":"L Morawska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morawska L, Allen J, Bahnfleth W, Bluyssen PM, Boerstra A, Buonanno G, et al. A paradigm shift to combat indoor respiratory infection. Science. 2021;372:689\u201391.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"770_CR30","unstructured":"The Lancet COVID-19 Commission, Task Force on Safe Work, Safe School, and Safe Travel. Proposed Non-infectious Air Delivery Rates (NADR) for Reducing Exposure to Airborne Respiratory Infectious Diseases [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/5ef3652ab722df11fcb2ba5d\/t\/637740d40f35a9699a7fb05f\/1668759764821\/Lancet+Covid+Commission+TF+Report+Nov+2022.pdf."},{"key":"770_CR31","unstructured":"ASHRAE. ASHRAE Standard 241, Control of Infectious Aerosols. 2023."},{"key":"770_CR32","unstructured":"CDC. Improving Ventilation In Buildings [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Jan 23]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/prevent-getting-sick\/improving-ventilation-in-buildings.html."},{"key":"770_CR33","unstructured":"CDC. Ventilation in Buildings [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/community\/ventilation.html#print."},{"key":"770_CR34","unstructured":"Fox J Equivalent Clean Airflow Rates from ASHRAE 241 Control of Infectious Aerosols (Part 2) [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Jan 23]. Available from: https:\/\/itsairborne.com\/ashrae-241-control-of-infectious-aerosols-part-2-equivalent-clean-airflow-rates-76a511769d4d."},{"key":"770_CR35","volume-title":"Summer School As a Learning Loss Recovery Strategy After COVID-19: Evidence from Summer 2022","author":"I Callen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Callen I, Carbonari MV, DeArmond M, Dewey D, Dizon-Ross E, Goldhaber D et al. Summer School As a Learning Loss Recovery Strategy After COVID-19: Evidence from Summer 2022. Cambridge, MA: Center for Education Policy Research, Harvard University; 2023. Report No.: CALDER Working Paper No. 2901-0823."},{"key":"770_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2021.100032","volume":"2","author":"M Levinson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Levinson M, Geller AC, Allen JG. Health equity, schooling hesitancy, and the social determinants of learning. Lancet Regional Health - Am. 2021;2:100032.","journal-title":"Lancet Regional Health - Am"},{"key":"770_CR37","unstructured":"Lumpkin L, Jayaraman S. Schools got $122 billion to reopen last year. Most has not been used. The Washington Post [Internet]. 2022; Available from: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/education\/2022\/10\/24\/covid-spending-schools-students-achievement\/."},{"key":"770_CR38","unstructured":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. Massachusetts 2021 Air Quality Report. 37 Shattuck Street Lawrence, Massachusetts 01843: Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Air and Waste Division of Air and Climate Programs Air Assessment Branch; 2022."},{"key":"770_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors8010008","volume":"8","author":"V Goletto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goletto V, Mialon G, Faivre T, Wang Y, Lesieur I, Petigny N, et al. Formaldehyde and total VOC (TVOC) commercial low-cost monitoring devices: from an evaluation in controlled conditions to a use case application in a real building. Chemosensors. 2020;8:8.","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"key":"770_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.1997.00002.x","volume":"7","author":"L Molhave","year":"1997","unstructured":"Molhave L, Clausen G, Berglund B, Ceaurriz J, Kettrup A, Lindvall T, et al. Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) in indoor air quality investigations*. Indoor Air. 1997;7:225\u201340.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"770_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112179","volume":"376","author":"C Barner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barner C, Schmid SR, Diekelmann S. Time-of-day effects on prospective memory. Behav Brain Res. 2019;376:112179.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"770_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2012.08.008","volume":"91","author":"BP Hasler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hasler BP, Dahl RE, Holm SM, Jakubcak JL, Ryan ND, Silk JS, et al. Weekend-weekday advances in sleep timing are associated with altered reward-related brain function in healthy adolescents. Biol Psychol. 2012;91:334\u201341.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"770_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00557","volume":"8","author":"F Scarpina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scarpina F, Tagini S. The stroop color and word test. Front Psychol. 2017;8:557.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"770_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.07.014","volume":"95","author":"ND Saenen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saenen ND, Provost EB, Viaene MK, Vanpoucke C, Lefebvre W, Vrijens K, et al. Recent versus chronic exposure to particulate matter air pollution in association with neurobehavioral performance in a panel study of primary schoolchildren. Environ Int. 2016;95:112\u20139.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"770_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacLeod CM Stroop effect in language. In: Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics [Internet]. Elsevier; 2006 [cited 2023 Dec 4]. p. 161\u20135. Available from: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B0080448542008713.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-044854-2\/00871-3"},{"key":"770_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.121.1.15","volume":"121","author":"JR Stroop","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stroop JR. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J Exp Psychol Gen. 1992;121:15\u201323.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"770_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMorris T History of Research into the Acute Exercise\u2013Cognition Interaction. In: Exercise-Cognition Interaction [Internet]. Elsevier; 2016 [cited 2023 Dec 4]. p. 1\u201328. Available from: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9780128007785000013.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800778-5.00001-3"},{"key":"770_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0188693","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188693","volume":"12","author":"L Cragg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cragg L, Richardson S, Hubber PJ, Keeble S, Gilmore C. When is working memory important for arithmetic? The impact of strategy and age. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0188693.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"770_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13010022","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Tolmie A, Gordon R. The relationship between working memory and arithmetic in primary school children: a meta-analysis. Brain Sci. 2022;13:22.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"770_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-013-9246-y","volume":"26","author":"N Cowan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cowan N. Working memory underpins cognitive development, learning, and education. Educ Psychol Rev. 2014;26:197\u2013223.","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"770_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1076-x","volume":"51","author":"HR Liesefeld","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liesefeld HR, Janczyk M. Combining speed and accuracy to control for speed-accuracy trade-offs(?). Behav Res. 2019;51:40\u201360.","journal-title":"Behav Res"},{"key":"770_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell MR, Potenza MN. Stroop, Cocaine Dependence, and Intrinsic Connectivity. In: The Neuroscience of Cocaine [Internet]. Elsevier; 2017 [cited 2023 Dec 4]. p. 331\u20139. Available from: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9780128037508000348.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803750-8.00034-8"},{"key":"770_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acaa034","volume":"36","author":"JA Peri\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peri\u00e1\u00f1ez JA, Lubrini G, Garc\u00eda-Guti\u00e9rrez A, R\u00edos-Lago M. Construct validity of the stroop color-word test: influence of speed of visual search, verbal fluency, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and conflict monitoring. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2021;36:99\u2013111.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"770_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002605","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002605","volume":"15","author":"JG Cede\u00f1o Laurent","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cede\u00f1o Laurent JG, Williams A, Oulhote Y, Zanobetti A, Allen JG, Spengler JD. Reduced cognitive function during a heat wave among residents of non-air-conditioned buildings: An observational study of young adults in the summer of 2016. Patz JA, editor. PLoS Med. 2018;15:e1002605.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"770_CR55","first-page":"e12916","volume":"32","author":"L Lan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lan L, Tang J, Wargocki P, Wyon DP, Lian Z. Cognitive performance was reduced by higher air temperature even when thermal comfort was maintained over the 24\u201328\u2009\u00b0C range. Indoor Air [Internet]. 2022;32:e12916 https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ina.12916[cited 2022 Nov 13]Available from.","journal-title":"Indoor Air [Internet]"},{"key":"770_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12501","volume":"28","author":"JA Porras-Salazar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Porras-Salazar JA, Wyon DP, Piderit-Moreno B, Contreras-Espinoza S, Wargocki P. Reducing classroom temperature in a tropical climate improved the thermal comfort and the performance of elementary school pupils. Indoor Air. 2018;28:892\u2013904.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"770_CR57","unstructured":"Sepp\u00e4nen O, Fisk WJ, Lei Q Effect of temperature on task performance in office environment. pdf. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Lab; 2006. Available from: https:\/\/eta-publications.lbl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/lbnl-60946.pdf."},{"key":"770_CR58","volume-title":"Proceedings, Indoor Air 2022","author":"S Dedesko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dedesko S, Jones ER, Allen JG Thermal conditions and associations with divergent creative thinking scores in office environments. In: Proceedings, Indoor Air 2022. Kuopio, Finland. Kuopio, Finland: ISIAQ; 2022."},{"key":"770_CR59","first-page":"103","volume":"1","author":"TE Goldberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goldberg TE, Harvey PD, Wesnes KA, Snyder PJ, Schneider LS. Practice effects due to serial cognitive assessment: implications for preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease randomized controlled trials. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement: Diagnosis, Assess Dis Monit. 2015;1:103\u201311.","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement: Diagnosis, Assess Dis Monit"},{"key":"770_CR60","unstructured":"ASHRAE. Standard 55-2023\u2014Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy (ANSI Approved). 2023."},{"key":"770_CR61","unstructured":"Arens E, Heinzerling D, Liu S, Paliaga G, Pande A, Zhai Y, et al. Advances to ASHRAE Standard 55 to encourage more effective building practice. 2020;19."},{"key":"770_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2023.113717","volume":"301","author":"T Pistochini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pistochini T, Ellis M, Meyers F, Frasier A, Cappa C, Bennett D. Method of test for CO2-based demand control ventilation systems: Benchmarking the state-of-the-art and the undervalued potential of proportional-integral control. Energy Build. 2023;301:113717.","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"770_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00343.2017","volume":"123","author":"SR Thom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thom SR, Bhopale VM, Hu J, Yang M. Inflammatory responses to acute elevations of carbon dioxide in mice. J Appl Physiol. 2017;123:297\u2013302.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"770_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.03.005","volume":"106","author":"SR Thom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thom SR, Bhopale VM, Hu J, Yang M. Increased carbon dioxide levels stimulate neutrophils to produce microparticles and activate the nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor 3 inflammasome. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017;106:406\u201316.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"770_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.5010.2018","volume":"89","author":"CD Rodeheffer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rodeheffer CD, Chabal S, Clarke JM, Fothergill DM. Acute exposure to low-to-moderate carbon dioxide levels and submariner decision making. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018;89:520\u20135.","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"770_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.04.010","volume":"156","author":"S Snow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Snow S, Boyson AS, Paas KHW, Gough H, King MF, Barlow J, et al. Exploring the physiological, neurophysiological and cognitive performance effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations indoors. Build Environ. 2019;156:243\u201352.","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"770_CR67","unstructured":"Cronyn PD. Chronic exposure to moderately elevated CO2 during long-duration space flight. 2012."},{"key":"770_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0323-1","volume":"2","author":"TA Jacobson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacobson TA, Kler JS, Hernke MT, Braun RK, Meyer KC, Funk WE. Direct human health risks of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nat Sustain. 2019;2:691\u2013701.","journal-title":"Nat Sustain"},{"key":"770_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12387","volume":"27","author":"H Maula","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maula H, Hongisto V, Naatula V, Haapakangas A, Koskela H. The effect of low ventilation rate with elevated bioeffluent concentration on work performance, perceived indoor air quality, and health symptoms. Indoor Air. 2017;27:1141\u201353.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"770_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12047","volume":"24","author":"JF Meadow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meadow JF, Altrichter AE, Kembel SW, Kline J, Mhuireach G, Moriyama M, et al. Indoor airborne bacterial communities are influenced by ventilation, occupancy, and outdoor air source. Indoor Air. 2014;24:41\u20138.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"770_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12686","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04415","volume":"50","author":"X Tang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tang X, Misztal PK, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Volatile organic compound emissions from humans indoors. Environ Sci Technol. 2016;50:12686\u201394.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"770_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.10.415","volume":"205","author":"X Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wargocki P, Lian Z, Xie J, Liu J. Responses to human bioeffluents at levels recommended by ventilation standards. Procedia Eng. 2017;205:609\u201314.","journal-title":"Procedia Eng"},{"key":"770_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12284","volume":"27","author":"X Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wargocki P, Lian Z, Thyregod C. Effects of exposure to carbon dioxide and bioeffluents on perceived air quality, self-assessed acute health symptoms, and cognitive performance. Indoor Air. 2017;27:47\u201364.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"770_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12405","volume":"28","author":"C St\u00f6nner","year":"2018","unstructured":"St\u00f6nner C, Edtbauer A, Williams J. Real-world volatile organic compound emission rates from seated adults and children for use in indoor air studies. Indoor Air. 2018;28:164\u201372.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"770_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114770","volume":"216","author":"B Herbig","year":"2023","unstructured":"Herbig B, Norrefeldt V, Mayer F, Reichherzer A, Lei F, Wargocki P. Effects of increased recirculation air rate and aircraft cabin occupancy on passengers\u2019 health and well-being\u2014results from a randomized controlled trial. Environ Res. 2023;216:114770.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"770_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12263","volume":"26","author":"B Herbig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herbig B, Schneider A, Nowak D. Does office space occupation matter? The role of the number of persons per enclosed office space, psychosocial work characteristics, and environmental satisfaction in the physical and mental health of employees. Indoor Air. 2016;26:755\u201367.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"770_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42355-z","volume":"13","author":"S Arikrishnan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arikrishnan S, Roberts AC, Lau WS, Wan MP, Ng BF. Experimental study on the impact of indoor air quality on creativity by serious brick play method. Sci Rep. 2023;13:15488.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"770_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng E, editor. Designing high-density cities for social and environmental sustainability. London Sterling, Va: Earthscan; 2010. 1 p.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781849774444"},{"key":"770_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.38.3.471","volume":"38","author":"A Baum","year":"1980","unstructured":"Baum A, Davis GE. Reducing the stress of high-density living: an architectural intervention. J Personal Soc Psychol. 1980;38:471\u201381.","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"key":"770_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110695","volume":"233","author":"T Abuimara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abuimara T, O\u2019Brien W, Gunay B. Quantifying the impact of occupants\u2019 spatial distributions on office buildings energy and comfort performance. Energy Build. 2021;233:110695.","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"770_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7123e2","volume":"71","author":"S Pampati","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pampati S, Rasberry CN, McConnell L, Timpe Z, Lee S, Spencer P, et al. Ventilation improvement strategies among K\u201312 public schools\u2014the National School COVID-19 prevention study, United States, February 14\u2013March 27, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71:770\u20135.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"770_CR82","unstructured":"ASHRAE. ASHRAE Position Document on Indoor Carbon Dioxide. ASHRAE; 2025."},{"key":"770_CR83","unstructured":"ASHRAE. ASHRAE Position Document on Indoor Carbon Dioxide. ASHRAE; 2022."},{"key":"770_CR84","unstructured":"Oke O, Persily A Sensitivity Analysis of CO2 Concentrations as Ventilation Metrics."},{"key":"770_CR85","unstructured":"Molina C, Jones B, and Persily A. Investigating Uncertainty in the Relationship between Indoor Steady-State CO2 Concentrations and Ventilation Rates. In ASHRAE Topical Conference Proceedings; Atlanta, 2021."},{"key":"770_CR86","unstructured":"Dedesko S, Mahdavi A, Schweiker M, Vakalis D. The Need for Causal Inference Methods in Indoor Environmental Quality Research. In Kuopio, Finland; 2022."},{"key":"770_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dibe.2023.100296","volume":"17","author":"X Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen X, Sun R, Saluz U, Schiavon S, Geyer P. Using causal inference to avoid fallouts in data-driven parametric analysis: A case study in the architecture, engineering, and construction industry. Dev Built Environ. 2024;17:100296.","journal-title":"Dev Built Environ"}],"container-title":["Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-025-00770-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-025-00770-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-025-00770-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T05:03:29Z","timestamp":1751864609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-025-00770-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41370-025-00770-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0631","1559-064X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0631","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-064X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Study ethics approval was obtained from Harvard University\u2019s Human Research Protection Program (IRB protocol IRB21-1243). Signed informed consent was obtained from all participants who enrolled in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}