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Urinary phthalates and bisphenols were measured during pregnancy and early childhood. We estimated daily intakes from urinary concentrations, except for mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP). Outcomes, including asthma, wheeze, eczema, and rhinitis, were assessed up to five years of age through questionnaires and clinical assessments. We used generalised estimating equations for single compounds and quantile G-computation for the chemical mixtures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>5306 children were included. A two-fold increase in prenatal dibutyl phthalates (DBP; risk ratio [RR] = 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00\u20131.16) and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP; RR\u2009=\u20091.06; 95%CI: 1.00\u20131.12) increased the risk of asthma in children under five. Prenatal MCPP levels were associated with rhinitis (RR\u2009=\u20091.05; 95%CI: 1.01\u20131.09). Postnatal BBzP levels increased the risk of wheezing (RR\u2009=\u20091.05; 95%CI 1.01\u20131.09), as well as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP; RR\u2009=\u20091.06; 95%CI: 1.01\u20131.11) and MCPP (RR\u2009=\u20091.09; 95%CI: 1.04\u20131.14). These were also inversely associated with eczema. A one-quartile increase in the postnatal chemical mixture increased the risk of wheezing (RR\u2009=\u20091.14; 95%CI: 1.02\u20131.26). There was limited evidence of effect modification by sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Phthalates and bisphenols are widespread and may contribute to allergic conditions in children. We pooled data from 5000 children across multiple birth cohorts, suggesting that early-life exposure to these chemicals is associated with increased risks of asthma, wheezing, and rhinitis by age five. We further investigated the timing of exposure, non-linear dose-response relationships, and effect measure modification by sex. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of early-life exposure to phthalates and bisphenols and strengthens the evidence for their role in the development of childhood allergic outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-025-00790-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T13:00:30Z","timestamp":1751547630000},"page":"965-980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Phthalates and bisphenols early-life exposure, and childhood allergic conditions: a pooled analysis of cohort studies"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7327-3961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Boissiere-O\u2019Neill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Lazarevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D.","family":"Sly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Louise","family":"Ponsonby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan B.","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Brook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Burgner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce P.","family":"Lanphear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo J.","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Saffery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padmaja","family":"Subbarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart E.","family":"Turvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Yolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"CHILD investigator group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elinor","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piushkumar J.","family":"Mandhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"BIS investigator group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Vuillermin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mimi L. 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All other authors declare they have no conflicts of interest related to this work to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All participants in the included cohorts provided written informed consent before enrolment. Ethical approval for each study was obtained from the relevant institutional review boards: the Barwon Infant Study was approved by the Barwon Health Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC 10\/24); the HOME Study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Centre, cooperating delivery hospitals, and the U.S. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); local Research Ethics Boards approved the CHILD Cohort Study at participating institutions; and the Western Institutional Review Board approved the ECHO-wide Cohort Protocol (version 1.2). 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