{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T19:02:33Z","timestamp":1794337353328,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urban wildfires in Los Angeles have highlighted the increased risk of soil lead exposure, especially for children. Current post-wildfire soil remediation protocols may not sufficiently protect public health, especially in communities returning after fire events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the adequacy of existing soil remediation practices after urban wildfires in Los Angeles and present policy recommendations to reduce lead exposure risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed current wildfire debris removal protocols, soil testing practices, and health risk benchmarks for lead exposure in California. We assessed recent data from post-fire soil testing and analyzed the scientific rationale underlying California\u2019s existing Preliminary Remediation Goal (PRG) for lead in residential soil.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recommend two critical reforms: requiring post-clearance confirmatory soil testing after wildfire cleanup, as has been done for every major wildfire in California since 2007, and lowering California\u2019s residential Preliminary Remediation Goal (PRG) for lead in soil from 80 to 55\u2009mg\/kg to reflect updated science and health-protective standards. The basis for these recommendations is that repeated testing after purported soil remediation is showing that greater than 20% of properties still have lead levels that exceed existing thresholds, and the 80\u2009mg\/kg PRG (1) does not adhere to the health-based toxicity criterion benchmark set by California, (2) is susceptible to high uncertainty based on the values for several exposure factors used, and (3) does not accurately reflect our current understanding of risks to children from lead.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This article identifies critical gaps in current post-wildfire remediation protocols that leave Los Angeles residents, especially children, at risk of lead exposure from contaminated soil. By recommending policy reforms including mandatory post-remediation soil testing and a more protective soil lead standard, our work provides an actionable roadmap to strengthen environmental health protections for communities recovering from wildfires. Adoption of these measures will help ensure a safer, healthier future in the face of escalating urban wildfire threats.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-025-00796-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T11:00:52Z","timestamp":1754650852000},"page":"883-887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Post-fire soil hazards: recommendations for updated soil testing protocols and clearance thresholds"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Joseph G.","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9432-7711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parham","family":"Azimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Feguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Burghardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari","family":"Nadeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"796_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e388","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000388","volume":"9","author":"T Benmarhnia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Benmarhnia T, Errett NA, Casey JA. Beneath the smoke: Understanding the public health impacts of the Los Angeles urban wildfires. Environ Epidemiol. 2025;9:e388.","journal-title":"Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"796_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baliaka HD. Notes from the Field: Elevated Atmospheric Lead Levels During the Los Angeles Urban Fires \u2014 California, January 2025. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2025; 74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7405a4.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7405a4"},{"key":"796_CR3","unstructured":"Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. Public Health Releases Preliminary Soil Testing Results With Unanticipated Elevated Lead Levels in Parcels Downwind from Eaton Fire. 2025 http:\/\/publichealth.lacounty.gov\/phcommon\/public\/media\/mediapubhpdetail.cfm?prid=5006 (accessed 2 Jun2025)."},{"key":"796_CR4","unstructured":"State of California. Wildfire Debris Removal and Recovery Operation. CalRecycle Home Page. https:\/\/calrecycle.ca.gov\/disaster\/wildfires\/ (accessed 2 Jun2025)."},{"key":"796_CR5","unstructured":"Representative Laura Friedman. PRESS RELEASE: Friedman Leads 7 California Members of Congress Calling on FEMA to Reverse Refusal to Conduct Soil Testing After Wildfires. 2025. http:\/\/friedman.house.gov\/media\/press-releases\/release-friedman-leads-7-california-members-congress-calling-fema-reverse (accessed 2 Jun2025)."},{"key":"796_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e3282f4f97b","volume":"20","author":"DC Bellinger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bellinger DC. Very low lead exposures and children\u2019s neurodevelopment. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008;20:172.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"796_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1493","volume":"138","author":"BP Lanphear","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lanphear BP, Lowry JA, Ahdoot S, Baum CR, Bernstein AS, Bole A, et al. Prevention of Childhood Lead Toxicity. Pediatrics. 2016;138:e20161493.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"796_CR8","unstructured":"Andrew J. Whelton, Sanjay Mohanty, Josh West, Sam Silva, Seth John, Jennifer Cotton, et al. Letter to Governor Gavin Newsom: Urgent Community Concern Over Parcel Soil Testing After Wildfire. 2025. https:\/\/engineering.purdue.edu\/PlumbingSafety\/opinions\/Opinion-Soil-Testing-Post-Fire-2025-05-14.pdf."},{"key":"796_CR9","unstructured":"https:\/\/engineering.purdue.edu\/PlumbingSafety\/resources\/Soil-Sampling-From-Past-Fires-05102025.pdf Andrew Whelton, Sanjay Mohanty. Post-wildfire residential soil sampling practices already exist in California. 2025"},{"key":"796_CR10","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/environment\/story\/2025-05-04\/the-government-wont-test-soil-on-properties-burned-in-the-la-fires-so-we-did-it-ourselves Los Angeles Times. When FEMA failed to test soil for toxic substances after the L.A. fires, The Times had it done. The results were alarming. Los Angeles Times. 2025(accessed 5 Jun2025)"},{"key":"796_CR11","unstructured":"Post-Fire Air, Soil, Water Assessment Plan Virtual Town Hall. 2025 https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HJPIRGk7M7M (accessed 5 Jun2025)."},{"key":"796_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108065","volume":"178","author":"C S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda C, Sant\u00edn C, Neris J, Sigmund G, Otero XL, Manley J, et al. Chemical characteristics of wildfire ash across the globe and their environmental and socio-economic implications. Environ Int. 2023;178:108065.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"796_CR13","unstructured":"Jim Carlisle, Kathryn Dowling. Development of Health Criteria for School Site Risk Assessment Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 901(G): Child-Specific Benchmark Change in Blood Lead Concentration for School Site Risk Assessment. 2007. https:\/\/oehha.ca.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/downloads\/crnr\/pbhgv041307.pdf."},{"key":"796_CR14","unstructured":"State of California, Department of Toxic Substances Control. DTSC LeadSpread-9 Tool. https:\/\/dtsc.ca.gov\/leadspread-9\/ (accessed 2 Jun2025)."},{"key":"796_CR15","first-page":"886","volume":"137","author":"JE Ryu","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ryu JE, Ziegler EE, Nelson SE, Fomon SJ. Dietary intake of lead and blood lead concentration in early infancy. Am J Dis Child. 1983;137:886\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"796_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-72","volume":"12","author":"AJ Spanier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spanier AJ, Wilson S, Ho M, Hornung R, Lanphear BP. 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