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Among paired samples and children with diagnosis of asthma and\/or low lung function, non-targeted screening using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry was applied to 4-year samples (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009612) and 24-year samples (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009846) and metabolites were annotated based on standard matching to in-house compound libraries (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009260 metabolites). Time-weighted average exposure to air pollutants (\n                      <jats:italic>i.e<\/jats:italic>\n                      ., particulate matter with diameter \u226410\u03bcm (PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), \u22642.5 \u03bcm (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and nitrogen oxides (NO\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                      )) during the first year of life and the year prior to urine collection was estimated using validated dispersion models. The association between AP exposure and urine metabolites was estimated cross-sectionally using exponential regression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      AP exposure was overall positively associated with metabolite abundance (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.002). However, metabolite-specific associations exhibited variability. At the 4-year follow-up, the first-year-of-life and prior-year AP exposures were positively associated with 8 purine\/pyrimidine derivative metabolites (\n                      <jats:italic>e.g<\/jats:italic>\n                      ., an increase of 2.8\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      (interquartile range) in PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      during the first year of life was associated with a 1.21-fold increase in 1,7-dimethylxanthine,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093.87E\u221205). We also observed interactions between AP exposures and metabolism-related genetic variants on metabolite levels. At the 24-year follow-up, prior year AP was negatively associated with levels of six long-chain fatty acids.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Long-term exposure to air pollution alters urinary metabolites in children and young adults, revealing environmental impacts on systemic metabolism even at low levels of air pollution.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-025-00810-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T16:03:17Z","timestamp":1759507397000},"page":"251-266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Long-term exposure to air pollution and metabolites in children and young adults in a Swedish birth cohort"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Shizhen","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baninia","family":"Habchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romanas","family":"Chaleckis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Hernandez-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bergstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Merritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger","family":"Kull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Eneroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bottai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6ran","family":"Pershagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon Kebede","family":"Merid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Bj\u00f6rkander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhebin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Mel\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olena","family":"Gruzieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig E.","family":"Wheelock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1261-6502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Klevebro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"810_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e535","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00090-0","volume":"6","author":"R Fuller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fuller R, Landrigan PJ, Balakrishnan K, Bathan G, Bose-O\u2019Reilly S, Brauer M, et al. 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