{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:52:40Z","timestamp":1772639560889,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-025-00811-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T16:21:11Z","timestamp":1759508471000},"page":"386-397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Infection risk assessment for socially structured population using stochastic microexposure model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Sergey N.","family":"Vecherin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron C.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Trump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles R.","family":"Ehlschlaeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Linkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"811_CR1","first-page":"700","volume":"115","author":"WO Kermack","year":"1927","unstructured":"Kermack WO, McKendrick AG. A contribution to the mathematical theory of epidemics. Proc R Soc Lond Ser A, Containing Pap A Math Phys character. 1927;115:700\u201321.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond Ser A, Containing Pap A Math Phys character"},{"key":"811_CR2","first-page":"57","volume":"53","author":"WO Kermack","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kermack WO, McKendrick AG. Contributions to the mathematical theory of epidemics\u2014II. The problem of endemicity. Bull Math Biol. 1991;53:57\u201387.","journal-title":"Bull Math Biol"},{"key":"811_CR3","first-page":"89","volume":"53","author":"WO Kermack","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kermack WO, McKendrick AG. Contributions to the mathematical theory of epidemics\u2014III. Further studies of the problem of endemicity. Bull Math Biol. 1991;53:89\u2013118.","journal-title":"Bull Math Biol"},{"key":"811_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-020-05743-y","volume":"101","author":"S He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He S, Peng Y, Sun K. SEIR modeling of the COVID-19 and its dynamics. Nonlinear Dyn. 2020;101:1667\u201380.","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn"},{"key":"811_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1260","volume":"173","author":"GE Weissman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weissman GE, Crane-Droesch A, Chivers C, Luong T, Hanish A, Levy MZ, et al. Locally informed simulation to predict hospital capacity needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173:21\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"811_CR6","unstructured":"Calvetti D, Hoover A, Rose J, Somersalo E Bayesian dynamical estimation of the parameters of an SE (A) IR COVID-19 spread model. arXiv preprint arXiv:200504365. 2020."},{"key":"811_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1214\/08-BA328","volume":"3","author":"D Clancy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clancy D, O\u2019Neill PD. Bayesian estimation of the basic reproduction number in stochastic epidemic models. Bayesian Anal. 2008;3:737\u201357.","journal-title":"Bayesian Anal"},{"key":"811_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Y-C, Lu P-E, Chang C-S, Liu A. Time-Dependent SIR Model for COVID-19 With Undetectable Infected Persons. In IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering. 2020;7:3279\u201394.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2020.3024723"},{"key":"811_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.66.016128","volume":"66","author":"ME Newman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Newman ME. Spread of epidemic disease on networks. Phys Rev E. 2002;66:016128.","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"811_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-011-0502-9","volume":"66","author":"J Ma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ma J, van den Driessche P, Willeboordse FH. Effective degree household network disease model. J Math Biol. 2013;66:75\u201394.","journal-title":"J Math Biol"},{"key":"811_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77628-4","volume":"10","author":"A R\u01cedulescu","year":"2020","unstructured":"R\u01cedulescu A, Williams C, Cavanagh K. Management strategies in a SEIR-type model of COVID 19 community spread. Sci Rep. 2020;10:21256.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"811_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000736","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000736","volume":"6","author":"M Salath\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Salath\u00e9 M, Jones JH. Dynamics and Control of Diseases in Networks with Community Structure. PLOS Comput Biol. 2010;6:e1000736.","journal-title":"PLOS Comput Biol"},{"key":"811_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8420","volume":"323","author":"J Tolles","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tolles J, Luong T. Modeling epidemics with compartmental models. Jama. 2020;323:2515\u20136.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"811_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.103827","volume":"121","author":"E Cuevas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cuevas E. An agent-based model to evaluate the COVID-19 transmission risks in facilities. Comput Biol Med. 2020;121:103827.","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"811_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110088","volume":"139","author":"PCL Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silva PCL, Batista PVC, Lima HS, Alves MA, Guimar\u00e3es FG, Silva RCP. COVID-ABS: An agent-based model of COVID-19 epidemic to simulate health and economic effects of social distancing interventions. Chaos Solitons Fractals. 2020;139:110088.","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"811_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamil MS, Farheen F, Ibtehaz N, Khan IM, Rahman MS. An agent-based modeling of COVID-19: validation, analysis, and recommendations. Cognitive Comput. 2024:16:1723\u201334.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-020-09801-w"},{"key":"811_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009149","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009149","volume":"17","author":"CC Kerr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kerr CC, Stuart RM, Mistry D, Abeysuriya RG, Rosenfeld K, Hart GR, et al. Covasim: an agent-based model of COVID-19 dynamics and interventions. PLOS Comput Biol. 2021;17:e1009149.","journal-title":"PLOS Comput Biol"},{"key":"811_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009146","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009146","volume":"17","author":"R Hinch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hinch R, Probert WJ, Nurtay A, Kendall M, Wymant C, Hall M, et al. OpenABM-Covid19\u2014An agent-based model for non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 including contact tracing. PLoS Comput Biol. 2021;17:e1009146.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"811_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3917\/rfs.554.0653","volume":"55","author":"G Manzo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Manzo G. Matthews T. Potentialities and limitations of agent-based simulations. Rev fran\u00e7aise de sociologie. 2014;55:653\u201388.","journal-title":"Rev fran\u00e7aise de sociologie"},{"key":"811_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troitzsch KG. Analysing simulation results statistically: does significance matter? Interdisciplinary applications of agent-based social simulation and modeling: IGI Global; 2014. p. 88-105.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-5954-4.ch006"},{"key":"811_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4005","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004005","volume":"3","author":"GJ Milne","year":"2008","unstructured":"Milne GJ, Kelso JK, Kelly HA, Huband ST, McVernon J. A small community model for the transmission of infectious diseases: comparison of school closure as an intervention in individual-based models of an influenza pandemic. PLOS ONE. 2008;3:e4005.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"811_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18062927","volume":"18","author":"T Hussein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hussein T, L\u00f6ndahl J, Thuresson S, Alsved M, Al-Hunaiti A, Saksela K, et al. Indoor Model Simulation for COVID-19 Transport and Exposure. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:2927.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"811_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lelieveld J, Helleis F, Borrmann S, Cheng Y, Drewnick F, Haug G, et al. Model calculations of aerosol transmission and infection risk of COVID-19 in indoor environments. MDPI AG; 2020. p. 1-18.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.22.20199489"},{"key":"811_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104866","volume":"130","author":"V Vuorinen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vuorinen V, Aarnio M, Alava M, Alopaeus V, Atanasova N, Auvinen M, et al. Modelling aerosol transport and virus exposure with numerical simulations in relation to SARS-CoV-2 transmission by inhalation indoors. Saf Sci. 2020;130:104866.","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"811_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-022-00411-2","volume":"32","author":"S Vecherin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vecherin S, Chang D, Wells E, Trump B, Meyer A, Desmond J, et al. Assessment of the COVID-19 infection risk at a workplace through stochastic microexposure modeling. J Exposure Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2022;32:712\u20139.","journal-title":"J Exposure Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"811_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2013.10.001","volume":"246","author":"X Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang X, Sun G-Q, Zhu Y-X, Ma J, Jin Z. Epidemic dynamics on semi-directed complex networks. Math Biosci. 2013;246:242\u201351.","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"811_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.201274","volume":"26","author":"SY Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park SY, Kim Y-M, Yi S, Lee S, Na B-J, Kim CB, et al. Coronavirus disease outbreak in call center, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26:1666.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"811_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-9-87","volume":"9","author":"J Stehl\u00e9","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stehl\u00e9 J, Voirin N, Barrat A, Cattuto C, Colizza V, Isella L, et al. Simulation of an SEIR infectious disease model on the dynamic contact network of conference attendees. BMC Med. 2011;9:87.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"811_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.74.47","volume":"74","author":"R Albert","year":"2002","unstructured":"Albert R, Barab\u00e1si A-L. Statistical mechanics of complex networks. Rev Mod Phys. 2002;74:47.","journal-title":"Rev Mod Phys"}],"container-title":["Journal of Exposure Science &amp; Environmental Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-025-00811-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-025-00811-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-025-00811-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T10:19:18Z","timestamp":1772619558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-025-00811-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["811"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41370-025-00811-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0631","1559-064X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0631","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-064X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 October 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"No human or animal subjects were used in the study. The considered cases represent realistic, but virtual scenarios created for a hypothetical student campus.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}]}}