{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:21:29Z","timestamp":1788366089200,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-026-00945-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:03:32Z","timestamp":1788361412000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between extreme heat exposure and risk of preterm birth and its effect modifiers: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1653-7800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zichen","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manman","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuankai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimin","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"945_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60136-1","volume":"371","author":"S Saigal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saigal S, Doyle LW. An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood. Lancet. 2008;371:261\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"945_CR2","unstructured":"data Owi. Births and deaths per year, World 2024 [cited 2025-06-18 2025-06-18]."},{"key":"945_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.1622","volume":"176","author":"G Cao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cao G, Liu J, Liu M. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality of neonatal preterm birth, 1990\u20132019. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176:787\u201396.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"945_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crump C, Sundquist J, Winkleby MA, Sundquist K. Preterm birth and risk of chronic kidney disease from childhood into mid-adulthood: national cohort study. BMJ. 2019;365:l1346.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1346"},{"key":"945_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2303347","volume":"389","author":"TE Inder","year":"2023","unstructured":"Inder TE, Volpe JJ, Anderson PJ. Defining the neurologic consequences of preterm birth. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:441\u201353.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"945_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01208-3","volume":"398","author":"KL Ebi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ebi KL, Capon A, Berry P, Broderick C, de Dear R, Havenith G, et al. Hot weather and heat extremes: health risks. Lancet. 2021;398:698\u2013708.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"945_CR7","unstructured":"IPCC. Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 2023."},{"key":"945_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10928-020-09677-1","volume":"47","author":"JM Kazma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kazma JM, van den Anker J, Allegaert K, Dallmann A, Ahmadzia HK. Anatomical and physiological alterations of pregnancy. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2020;47:271\u201385.","journal-title":"J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn"},{"key":"945_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.002","volume":"61","author":"T McMorris","year":"2006","unstructured":"McMorris T, Swain J, Smith M, Corbett J, Delves S, Sale C, et al. Heat stress, plasma concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and cortisol, mood state and cognitive performance. Int J Psychophysiol. 2006;61:204\u201315.","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"945_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115304","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23257","volume":"8","author":"S Lian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lian S, Guo J, Wang L, Li W, Wang J, Ji H, et al. Impact of prenatal cold stress on placental physiology, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in rats. Oncotarget. 2017;8:115304\u201314.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"945_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R611","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00917.2007","volume":"295","author":"GA Selkirk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Selkirk GA, McLellan TM, Wright HE, Rhind SG. Mild endotoxemia, NF-kappaB translocation, and cytokine increase during exertional heat stress in trained and untrained individuals. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008;295:R611\u201323.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"945_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78175-7","volume":"74","author":"CE Dreiling","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dreiling CE, Carman FS III, Brown DE. Maternal endocrine and fetal metabolic responses to heat stress. J Dairy Sci. 1991;74:312\u201327.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"945_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","volume":"371","author":"RL Goldenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008;371:75\u201384.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"945_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-022-02301-6","volume":"66","author":"L Samuels","year":"2022","unstructured":"Samuels L, Nakstad B, Roos N, Bonell A, Chersich M, Havenith G, et al. Physiological mechanisms of the impact of heat during pregnancy and the clinical implications: review of the evidence from an expert group meeting. Int J Biometeorol. 2022;66:1505\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"945_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.02.023","volume":"126","author":"S Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun S, Weinberger KR, Spangler KR, Eliot MN, Braun JM, Wellenius GA. Ambient temperature and preterm birth: a retrospective study of 32 million US singleton births. Environ Int. 2019;126:7\u201313.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"945_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1509778","volume":"124","author":"JR He","year":"2016","unstructured":"He JR, Liu Y, Xia XY, Ma WJ, Lin HL, Kan HD, et al. Ambient temperature and the risk of preterm birth in Guangzhou, China (2001-2011). Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124:1100\u20136.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"945_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87009","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10831","volume":"131","author":"G Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu G, Yang L, Liu M, Wang C, Shen X, Fan L, et al. Extreme temperature exposure and risks of preterm birth subtypes based on a nationwide survey in China. Environ Health Perspect. 2023;131:87009.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"945_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164135","volume":"887","author":"Q Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Q, Yin L, Wu H, Ren Z, He S, Huang A, et al. Effects of gestational ambient extreme temperature exposures on the risk of preterm birth in China: A sibling-matched study based on a multi-center prospective cohort. Sci Total Environ. 2023;887:164135.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"945_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2023.205","volume":"5","author":"Y Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo Y, Xie Y, Wei X, Guo C, Chen P, Wang Y, et al. Disparities of heatwave-related preterm birth in climate types\u2014China, 2012\u20132019. China CDC Wkly. 2023;5:1094\u2013100.","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"key":"945_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107729","volume":"171","author":"H Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang H, Zhang X, Feng D, Gao Z, Gong Y, Zhang J, et al. Interaction effects of night-time temperature and PM(2.5) on preterm birth in Huai River Basin, China. Environ Int. 2023;171:107729.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"945_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syed S, O\u2019Sullivan TL, Phillips KP. Extreme heat and pregnancy outcomes: a scoping review of the epidemiological evidence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:2412.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042412"},{"key":"945_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03395-8","volume":"31","author":"DP Lakhoo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lakhoo DP, Brink N, Radebe L, Craig MH, Pham MD, Haghighi MM, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of heat exposure impacts on maternal, fetal and neonatal health. Nat Med. 2025;31:684\u201394.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"945_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m3811","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3811","volume":"371","author":"MF Chersich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chersich MF, Pham MD, Areal A, Haghighi MM, Manyuchi A, Swift CP, et al. Associations between high temperatures in pregnancy and risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirths: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj. 2020;371:m3811.","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"945_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"945_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.109166","volume":"194","author":"G Byun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Byun G, Choi Y, Foo D, Stewart R, Song Y, Son J-Y, et al. Effects of ambient temperature on mental and neurological conditions in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int. 2024;194:109166.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"945_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.214","volume":"5","author":"HE Beck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beck HE, Zimmermann NE, McVicar TR, Vergopolan N, Berg A, Wood EF. Present and future K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. Sci data. 2018;5:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Sci data"},{"key":"945_CR27","unstructured":"BANK TW. The World by Income and Region World Development Indicators2024 [2025-06-18]. Available from: https:\/\/datatopics.worldbank.org\/world-development-indicators\/the-world-by-income-and-region.html."},{"key":"945_CR28","unstructured":"Organization WH. Risk of bias assessment instrument for systematic reviews informing WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines. Risk of bias assessment instrument for systematic reviews informing WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines 2020."},{"key":"945_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veenema RJ, Hoepner LA, Geer LA. Climate Change-Related Environmental Exposures and Perinatal and Maternal Health Outcomes in the U.S. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20:1662.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031662"},{"key":"945_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-023-01042-z","volume":"39","author":"SW Dijk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dijk SW, Caulley LM, Hunink M, Labrecque J. From complexity to clarity: how directed acyclic graphs enhance the study design of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol. 2024;39:27\u201333.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"945_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21:1539\u201358.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"945_CR32","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. (eds). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 6.5 (updated August 2024). Cochrane, 2024. Available from www.cochrane.org\/handbook."},{"key":"945_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. bmj. 1997;315:629\u201334.","journal-title":"bmj"},{"key":"945_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015","volume":"64","author":"H Balshem","year":"2011","unstructured":"Balshem H, Helfand M, Sch\u00fcnemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:401\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"945_CR35","unstructured":"Assessment WGAQGWGoCoE. Approach to assessing the certainty of evidence from systematic reviews informing WHO global air quality guidelines. 2020."},{"key":"945_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","volume":"167","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2017","unstructured":"VanderWeele TJ, Ding P. Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E-value. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167:268\u201374.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"945_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105876","volume":"142","author":"P Orellano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orellano P, Reynoso J, Quaranta N, Bardach A, Ciapponi A. Short-term exposure to particulate matter (PM(10) and PM(2.5)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), and ozone (O(3)) and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int. 2020;142:105876.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"945_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.104","volume":"613-614","author":"T Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo T, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Wang Y, et al. The association between ambient temperature and the risk of preterm birth in China. Sci Total Environ. 2018;613-614:439\u201346.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"945_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.0001","volume":"178","author":"T Ye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ye T, Guo Y, Huang W, Zhang Y, Abramson MJ, Li S. Heat exposure, preterm birth, and the role of greenness in Australia. JAMA Pediatr. 2024;178:376\u201383.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"945_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e208243","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8243","volume":"3","author":"B Bekkar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bekkar B, Pacheco S, Basu R, DeNicola N. Association of air pollution and heat exposure with preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth in the US: a systematic review. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e208243.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"945_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104509","volume":"120","author":"IJ Beverland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beverland IJ, Cohen GR, Heal MR, Carder M, Yap C, Robertson C, et al. A Comparison of short-term and long-term air pollution exposure associations with mortality in two cohorts in Scotland. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120:1280\u20135.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"945_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-021-1371-9","volume":"39","author":"Y Qian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qian Y, Chakraborty TC, Li J, Li D, He C, Sarangi C, et al. Urbanization impact on regional climate and extreme weather: current understanding, uncertainties, and future research directions. Adv Atmos Sci. 2022;39:819\u201360.","journal-title":"Adv Atmos Sci"},{"key":"945_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56091-w","volume":"9","author":"A Shreevastava","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shreevastava A, Bhalachandran S, McGrath GS, Huber M, Rao PSC. Paradoxical impact of sprawling intra-Urban Heat Islets: Reducing mean surface temperatures while enhancing local extremes. Sci Rep. 2019;9:19681.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"945_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0258-7","volume":"32","author":"R Sauerborn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sauerborn R. A gaping research gap regarding the climate change impact on health in poor countries. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32:855\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"945_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(93)90012-T","volume":"39","author":"D Wolfenson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wolfenson D, Bartol F, Badinga L, Barros C, Marple D, Cummins K, et al. Secretion of PGF2\u03b1 and oxytocin during hyperthermia in cyclic and pregnant heifers. Theriogenology. 1993;39:1129\u201341.","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"945_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e084675","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2025-084675","volume":"391","author":"J Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu J, Wang Q, Anikeeva O, Zhu P, Bi P, Huang C. Effects of extreme heat on physiology, morbidity, and mortality under climate change: mechanisms and clinical implications. Bmj. 2025;391:e084675.","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"945_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104651","volume":"93","author":"D Y\u00fczen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y\u00fczen D, Graf I, Tallarek A-C, Hollwitz B, Wiessner C, Schleussner E, et al. Increased late preterm birth risk and altered uterine blood flow upon exposure to heat stress. EBioMedicine. 2023;93:104651.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"945_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03002-w","volume":"30","author":"L Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang L, Di J, Wang Q, Zhang H, Zhao W, Shi X, et al. Heat exposure induced risks of preterm birth mediated by maternal hypertension. Nat Med. 2024;30:1974\u201381.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"945_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H491","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00207.2017","volume":"313","author":"W Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li W, Cui N, Mazzuca MQ, Mata KM, Khalil RA. Increased vascular and uteroplacental matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -7 levels and collagen type I deposition in hypertension in pregnancy: role of TNF-\u03b1. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2017;313:H491\u2013h507.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"945_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/adb509","volume":"20","author":"SC Slesinski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Slesinski SC, Matthies-Wiesler F, Breitner-Busch S, Gussmann G, Schneider A. Social inequalities in exposure to heat stress and related adaptive capacity: a systematic review. Environ Res Lett. 2025;20:033005.","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"945_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003718","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003718","volume":"18","author":"R Ghosh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghosh R, Causey K, Burkart K, Wozniak S, Cohen A, Brauer M. Ambient and household PM2.5 pollution and adverse perinatal outcomes: A meta-regression and analysis of attributable global burden for 204 countries and territories. PLoS Med. 2021;18:e1003718.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"945_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.014","volume":"153","author":"CN Ncube","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ncube CN, Enquobahrie DA, Albert SM, Herrick AL, Burke JG. Association of neighborhood context with offspring risk of preterm birth and low birthweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Soc Sci Med. 2016;153:156\u201364.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"945_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adx3010","volume":"11","author":"K McMahon","year":"2025","unstructured":"McMahon K, Baylis K, Sweeney S, Funk C. Does humidity matter? Prenatal heat and child health in South Asia. Sci Adv. 2025;11:eadx3010.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"945_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0330498","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330498","volume":"20","author":"MA Doyle","year":"2025","unstructured":"Doyle MA, Leckning B. The relationship between prenatal heat exposure and birth outcomes: How much does the heat metric matter? PLoS One. 2025;20:e0330498.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"945_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1220797","volume":"11","author":"T Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh T, Jalaludin B, Hajat S, Morgan GG, Meissner K, Kaldor J, et al. Acute air pollution and temperature exposure as independent and joint triggers of spontaneous preterm birth in New South Wales, Australia: a time-to-event analysis. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1220797.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"945_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0166-4","volume":"15","author":"Z Liang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liang Z, Lin Y, Ma Y, Zhang L, Zhang X, Li L, et al. The association between ambient temperature and preterm birth in Shenzhen, China: a distributed lag non-linear time series analysis. Environ Health. 2016;15:84.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"945_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2326987","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.26987","volume":"6","author":"Y Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo Y, Chen P, Xie Y, Wang Y, Mu Y, Zhou R, et al. Association of daytime-only, nighttime-only, and compound heat waves with preterm birth by urban-rural area and regional socioeconomic status in China. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6:e2326987.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"945_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.114029","volume":"245","author":"SD Nyadanu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nyadanu SD, Tessema GA, Mullins B, Pereira G. Prenatal acute thermophysiological stress and spontaneous preterm birth in Western Australia, 2000-2015: A space-time-stratified case-crossover analysis. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2022;245:114029.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"945_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01266-9","volume":"89","author":"X Hong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hong X, Bartell TR, Wang X. Gaining a deeper understanding of social determinants of preterm birth by integrating multi-omics data. Pediatr Res. 2021;89:336\u201343.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"945_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.02.007","volume":"89","author":"Z Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu Z, FitzGerald G, Guo Y, Jalaludin B, Tong S. Impact of heatwave on mortality under different heatwave definitions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int. 2016;89:193\u2013203.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"945_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307262","volume":"122","author":"ST Kent","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kent ST, McClure LA, Zaitchik BF, Smith TT, Gohlke JM. Heat waves and health outcomes in Alabama (USA): the importance of heat wave definition. Environ Health Perspect. 2014;122:151\u20138.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"945_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113586","volume":"213","author":"J de Bont","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Bont J, Stafoggia M, Nakstad B, Hajat S, Kovats S, Part C, et al. Associations between ambient temperature and risk of preterm birth in Sweden: A comparison of analytical approaches. Environ Res. 2022;213:113586.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"945_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12406","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11201-4","volume":"28","author":"P Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng P, Peng L, Hao J, Li S, Zhang C, Dou L, et al. Short-term effects of ambient temperature on preterm birth: a time-series analysis in Xuzhou, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021;28:12406\u201313.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"945_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-206384","volume":"70","author":"B Cox","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cox B, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Gasparrini A, Roels HA, Martens E, Vangronsveld J, et al. Ambient temperature as a trigger of preterm delivery in a temperate climate. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016;70:1191\u20139.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"945_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12834","volume":"36","author":"L Cushing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cushing L, Morello-Frosch R, Hubbard A. Extreme heat and its association with social disparities in the risk of spontaneous preterm birth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2022;36:13\u201322.","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"945_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2412055","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.12055","volume":"7","author":"LA Darrow","year":"2024","unstructured":"Darrow LA, Huang M, Warren JL, Strickland MJ, Holmes HA, Newman AJ, et al. Preterm and early-term delivery after heat waves in 50 US metropolitan areas. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2412055.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"945_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP97","volume":"125","author":"S Ha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ha S, Liu D, Zhu Y, Kim SS, Sherman S, Mendola P. Ambient temperature and early delivery of singleton pregnancies. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125:453\u20139.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"945_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119094","volume":"252","author":"S Ha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ha S, Abatzoglou JT, Adebiyi A, Ghimire S, Martinez V, Wang M, et al. Impacts of heat and wildfire on preterm birth. Environ Res. 2024;252:119094.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"945_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-021-00733-y","volume":"20","author":"M Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang M, Strickland MJ, Richards M, Holmes HA, Newman AJ, Garn JV, et al. Acute associations between heatwaves and preterm and early-term birth in 50 US metropolitan areas: a matched case-control study. Environ Health. 2021;20:47.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"945_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-21403-5","volume":"25","author":"Q Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang Q, Pan XF, Yan S, Sun Z, Lai Y, Ye Y, et al. Maternal exposure to ambient temperature and risk of preterm birth in Chengdu, China, from 2017 to 2020: a cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2025;25:299.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"945_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105541","volume":"137","author":"SD Ilango","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ilango SD, Weaver M, Sheridan P, Schwarz L, Clemesha RES, Bruckner T, et al. Extreme heat episodes and risk of preterm birth in California, 2005\u20132013. Environ Int. 2020;137:105541.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"945_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12822","volume":"36","author":"E Jegasothy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jegasothy E, Randall DA, Ford JB, Nippita TA, Morgan GG. Maternal factors and risk of spontaneous preterm birth due to high ambient temperatures in New South Wales, Australia. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2022;36:4\u201312.","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"945_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119501","volume":"258","author":"A Kc","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kc A, Ale\u0161 U, Basnet O, Albert K, Vaezghasemi M, Fonseca Rodriguez O. Effect of non-optimal ambient temperature on preterm birth stratified by social positioning in Nepal: A space-time-stratified case-crossover study. Environ Res. 2024;258:119501.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"945_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106239","volume":"147","author":"Y Kwag","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kwag Y, Kim MH, Oh J, Shah S, Ye S, Ha EH. Effect of heat waves and fine particulate matter on preterm births in Korea from 2010 to 2016. Environ Int. 2021;147:106239.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"945_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.385","volume":"634","author":"S Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li S, Chen G, Jaakkola JJK, Williams G, Guo Y. Temporal change in the impacts of ambient temperature on preterm birth and stillbirth: Brisbane, 1994-2013. Sci Total Environ. 2018;634:579\u201385.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"945_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113481","volume":"225","author":"X Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu X, Xiao J, Sun X, Chen Q, Yao Z, Feng B, et al. Associations of maternal ambient temperature exposures during pregnancy with the risk of preterm birth and the effect modification of birth order during the new baby boom: a birth cohort study in Guangzhou, China. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2020;225:113481.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"945_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121118","volume":"271","author":"Y Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma Y, Yu Y, Zhao L, Liu Q, Ni J, Lin Z, et al. The modifying role of residential greenness on the association between heat waves and adverse birth outcomes: Results from the ELEFANT project. Environ Res. 2025;271:121118.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"945_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1156880","volume":"11","author":"J Qiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiu J, Liang Z, Yi J, Xie L, Xiang Q, Luo X, et al. Extreme temperature exposure increases the risk of preterm birth in women with abnormal pre-pregnancy body mass index: a cohort study in a southern province of China. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1156880.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"945_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1731458","volume":"35","author":"M Ranjbaran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ranjbaran M, Mohammadi R, Yaseri M, Kamari M, Yazdani K. Ambient temperature and air pollution, and the risk of preterm birth in Tehran, Iran: a time series study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022;35:726\u201337.","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"945_CR80","first-page":"100496","volume":"24","author":"M Ren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ren M, Wang Q, Zhao W, Ren Z, Zhang H, Jalaludin B, et al. Effects of extreme temperature on the risk of preterm birth in China: A population-based multi-center cohort study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2022;24:100496.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"945_CR81","volume":"37","author":"M Ren","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ren M, Zhang C, Di J, Chen H, Huang A, Ji JS, et al. Exploration of the preterm birth risk-related heat event thresholds for pregnant women: a population-based cohort study in China. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2023;37:100785.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"945_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112315","volume":"204","author":"JY Son","year":"2022","unstructured":"Son JY, Choi HM, Miranda ML, Bell ML. Exposure to heat during pregnancy and preterm birth in North Carolina: Main effect and disparities by residential greenness, urbanicity, and socioeconomic status. Environ Res. 2022;204:112315.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"945_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17720","volume":"131","author":"S Terada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Terada S, Nishimura H, Miyasaka N, Fujiwara T. Ambient temperature and preterm birth: A case-crossover study. Bjog. 2024;131:632\u201340.","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"945_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.07.021","volume":"134","author":"AM Vicedo-Cabrera","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vicedo-Cabrera AM, I\u00f1\u00edguez C, Barona C, Ballester F. Exposure to elevated temperatures and risk of preterm birth in Valencia, Spain. Environ Res. 2014;134:210\u20137.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"945_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120403962","volume":"12","author":"AM Vicedo-Cabrera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Olsson D, Forsberg B. Exposure to seasonal temperatures during the last month of gestation and the risk of preterm birth in Stockholm. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12:3962\u201378.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"945_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12397","volume":"120","author":"J Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang J, Williams G, Guo Y, Pan X, Tong S. Maternal exposure to heatwave and preterm birth in Brisbane, Australia. Bjog. 2013;120:1631\u201341.","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"945_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000995","volume":"30","author":"J Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang J, Tong S, Williams G, Pan X. Exposure to heat wave during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: an exploration of susceptible windows. Epidemiology. 2019;30:S115\u2013s21.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"945_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17006","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5117","volume":"128","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Q, Li B, Benmarhnia T, Hajat S, Ren M, Liu T, et al. Independent and combined effects of heatwaves and PM2.5 on Preterm Birth in Guangzhou, China: a survival analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2020;128:17006.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"945_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105851","volume":"142","author":"YY Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang YY, Li Q, Guo Y, Zhou H, Wang QM, Shen HP, et al. Ambient temperature and the risk of preterm birth: a national birth cohort study in the mainland China. Environ Int. 2020;142:105851.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"945_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172730","volume":"931","author":"L Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhang C, Di J, Wang Q, Ren M, Huang A, et al. Increased risk of preterm birth due to heat exposure during pregnancy: exploring the mechanism of fetal physiology. Sci Total Environ. 2024;931:172730.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"945_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2017.1299084","volume":"73","author":"YH Weng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weng YH, Yang CY, Chiu YW. Adverse neonatal outcomes in relation to ambient temperatures at birth: a nationwide survey in Taiwan. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2018;73:48\u201355.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Occup Health"},{"key":"945_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1101283","volume":"11","author":"Y Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu Y, Yuan J, Yuan Y, Kong C, Jing W, Liu J, et al. Effects of ambient temperature and relative humidity on preterm birth during early pregnancy and before parturition in China from 2010 to 2018: a population-based large-sample cohort study. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1101283.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"945_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"094017","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aceb0b","volume":"18","author":"X Xiao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiao X, Liu R, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Knibbs LD, Jalaludin B, et al. Evidence of interactive effects of late-pregnancy exposure to air pollution and extreme temperature on preterm birth in China: a nationwide study. Environ Res Lett. 2023;18:094017.","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"945_CR94","first-page":"281","volume":"39","author":"Z Xiaoxin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiaoxin Z, Wenjing W, Zhenghong ZHU, Kaipu WU, Qianhong L, Yanqiu LI, et al. Mediating role of sleep in association between maternal heat exposure during early pregnancy and risk of preterm birth. J Environ Occup Med. 2022;39:281\u20138.","journal-title":"J Environ Occup Med"},{"key":"945_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2018.04.001","volume":"74","author":"X Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng X, Zhang W, Lu C, Norb\u00e4ck D, Deng Q. An epidemiological assessment of the effect of ambient temperature on the incidence of preterm births: Identifying windows of susceptibility during pregnancy. J Therm Biol. 2018;74:201\u20137.","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"945_CR96","first-page":"289","volume":"39","author":"Z He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He Z, Zhixing LI, Guimin C, Xin LIU, Moran D, Jiaqi W, et al. Association of maternal exposure to compound hot extreme during pregnancy with preterm birth and the potential biological mechanisms in Guangzhou. J Environ Occup Med. 2022;39:289\u201395, 303.","journal-title":"J Environ Occup Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-026-00945-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-026-00945-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-026-00945-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:04:05Z","timestamp":1788365045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-026-00945-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["945"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41370-026-00945-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0631","1559-064X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0631","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-064X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis based exclusively on previously published studies. No new human participants or animals were involved. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}