{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T09:52:00Z","timestamp":1793699520418,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lithium production and processing is rapidly expanding, potentially increasing its environmental release. However, population-level exposure is poorly characterized in most countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our objective was to evaluate drinking water and urinary lithium levels in the Strong Heart Family Study, a longitudinal study conducted with tribal partners in Arizona, Oklahoma, and North Dakota and South Dakota.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Lithium was measured in household tap water samples collected in 2022\u20132024 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009673) and spot urine samples collected in 2006\u20132009 and 2022\u20132024 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009613 paired samples). We examined within-person changes in urinary lithium, correlations between water and urinary lithium, and used mixed-effects models to estimate geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of urinary lithium in relation to study phase, water lithium, water source, and participant characteristics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Median (interquartile range) water lithium was 35.6 (9.0, 54.1) \u00b5g\/L. Water lithium exceeded the United States Geological Survey health-based screening level (10\u2009\u00b5g\/L) in 100% of Arizona, 93% of North Dakota\/South Dakota, and 35% of Oklahoma samples. Median urinary lithium was 30.8 (17.4, 53.3) \u00b5g\/g creatinine in 2006\u20132009 and 31.2 (18.0, 56.0) in 2022-2024. The GMR comparing urinary lithium in 2022-2024 to 2006-2009 was 1.08 (1.02\u20131.14). Water lithium correlated with urinary lithium in 2006-2009 (\u03c1\u2009=\u20090.61) and 2022-2024 (\u03c1\u2009=\u20090.59). Each doubling of water lithium was associated with 22% higher urinary lithium before and 9% higher after adjustment for study site; all models adjusted for participant characteristics and water source. Water lithium explained 29% of variation in urinary lithium levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lithium in drinking water is a widespread and persistent source of human exposure across Tribal communities in the Western United States, with regional variation. Our findings also support the use of urinary lithium as a biomarker of environmental exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study provides novel evidence of high levels of lithium in household drinking water (2022\u20132024) in Native American communities. We found that drinking water lithium in Arizona, North Dakota and South Dakota often exceeded the United States Geological Survey health-based screening level, urinary lithium levels remained stable over 15-years of follow-up, and household drinking water lithium explained a substantial proportion of variability in urinary lithium. Our findings improve lithium exposure estimations among Strong Heart Family Study communities and support the need for further environmental monitoring and risk evaluation, particularly as lithium extraction and processing accelerate to meet energy demands.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-026-00947-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T13:44:13Z","timestamp":1784814253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lithium exposure in areas of the Western United States: Water and urinary levels in the Strong Heart Family Study"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5879-5306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen B.","family":"Bannon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3502-5783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wil","family":"Lieberman-Cribbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anirban","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arijeet","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiugo","family":"Izuchukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shams","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whitney","family":"Collado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Kupsco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arce","family":"Domingo Relloso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Goldsmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason G.","family":"Umans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tauqeer","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Fretts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Zacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rae","family":"O\u2019Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia","family":"O\u2019Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin C.","family":"Bostick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven N.","family":"Chillrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Navas-Acien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5033-0345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne E.","family":"Nigra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Schilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"947_CR1","unstructured":"Federal Register [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Oct 24]. Notice of Final Determination on 2023 DOE Critical Materials List. Available from: https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2023\/08\/04\/2023-16611\/notice-of-final-determination-on-2023-doe-critical-materials-list."},{"key":"947_CR2","unstructured":"IEA [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 9]. Critical Minerals Data Explorer \u2013 Data Tools. Available from: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-tools\/critical-minerals-data-explorer."},{"key":"947_CR3","unstructured":"Bradley DC, Stillings LL, Jaskula BW, Munk L, McCauley AD Critical Mineral Resources of the United States\u2014Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply [Professional Paper] [Internet]. U.S. Geological Survey; 2017 [cited 2025 Sep 12]. (Professional Paper). Professional Paper Professional Paper 1802\u2013K. Available from: https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/pp\/1802\/k\/pp1802k.pdf."},{"key":"947_CR4","unstructured":"Smith NL, Smith-Garcia P Cronkite News [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Sep 9]. Tribes face an uphill battle to defend their sacred land against lithium mining. Available from: https:\/\/cronkitenews.azpbs.org\/howardcenter\/lithium\/stories\/indigenous.html."},{"key":"947_CR5","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Support Document for the Final Fifth Contaminant Candidate List (CCL 5) - Contaminant Information Sheets [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Sep 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2022-10\/Technical%20Support%20Document%20for%20the%20Final%20CCL%205%20-%20Contaminant%20Information%20Sheets.pdf."},{"key":"947_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.128","volume":"217","author":"A Memon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Memon A, Rogers I, Fitzsimmons SMDD, Carter B, Strawbridge R, Hidalgo-Mazzei D, et al. Association between naturally occurring lithium in drinking water and suicide rates: systematic review and meta-analysis of ecological studies. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. 2020;217:667\u201378.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci"},{"key":"947_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fajardo VA, Fajardo VA, LeBlanc PJ, MacPherson REK. Examining the Relationship between Trace Lithium in Drinking Water and the Rising Rates of Age-Adjusted Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Mortality in Texas. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;61:425\u201334.","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170744"},{"key":"947_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13257","volume":"24","author":"M Muronaga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muronaga M, Terao T, Kohno K, Hirakawa H, Izumi T, Etoh M. Lithium in drinking water and Alzheimer\u2019s dementia: Epidemiological Findings from National Data Base of Japan. Bipolar Disord. 2022;24:788\u201394.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"947_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.05.019","volume":"201","author":"S Shimodera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shimodera S, Koike S, Ando S, Yamasaki S, Fujito R, Endo K, et al. Lithium levels in tap water and psychotic experiences in a general population of adolescents. Schizophr Res. 2018;201:294\u20138.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"947_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.01.031","volume":"147","author":"F Harari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harari F, \u00c5kesson A, Casimiro E, Lu Y, Vahter M. Exposure to lithium through drinking water and calcium homeostasis during pregnancy: A longitudinal study. Environ Res. 2016;147:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"947_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0280","volume":"25","author":"F Harari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harari F, Bottai M, Casimiro E, Palm B, Vahter M. Exposure to Lithium and Cesium Through Drinking Water and Thyroid Function During Pregnancy: A Prospective Cohort Study. Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2015;25:1199\u2013208.","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"947_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.01.011","volume":"77","author":"F Harari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harari F, Lange\u00e9n M, Casimiro E, Bottai M, Palm B, Nordqvist H, et al. Environmental exposure to lithium during pregnancy and fetal size: a longitudinal study in the Argentinean Andes. Environ Int. 2015;77:48\u201354.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"947_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002678","volume":"119","author":"K Broberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Broberg K, Concha G, Engstr\u00f6m K, Lindvall M, Grand\u00e9r M, Vahter M. Lithium in drinking water and thyroid function. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119:827\u201330.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"947_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.108875","volume":"134","author":"L Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhang G, Ling X, Wan M, Chen Q, Sun L, et al. Low-level exposure to environmental lithium element affects male reproductive outcomes: Results from the MARHCS cohort study in Chongqing, China and in vivo animal experiments. Reprod Toxicol. 2025;134:108875.","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"947_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.0346","volume":"177","author":"Z Liew","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liew Z, Meng Q, Yan Q, Schullehner J, Hansen B, Kristiansen SM, et al. Association Between Estimated Geocoded Residential Maternal Exposure to Lithium in Drinking Water and Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring in Denmark. JAMA Pediatr. 2023;177:617\u201324.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"947_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61842-0","volume":"386","author":"B Shine","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shine B, McKnight RF, Leaver L, Geddes JR. Long-term effects of lithium on renal, thyroid, and parathyroid function: a retrospective analysis of laboratory data. The Lancet. 2015;386:461\u20138.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"947_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13070567","volume":"13","author":"M Sager","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sager M. Lithium\u2014Occurrence and Exposure\u2014A Review. Toxics. 2025;13:567.","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"947_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c03315","volume":"58","author":"MA Lombard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lombard MA, Brown EE, Saftner DM, Arienzo MM, Fuller-Thomson E, Brown CJ, et al. Estimating Lithium Concentrations in Groundwater Used as Drinking Water for the Conterminous United States. Environ Sci Technol. 2024;58:1255\u201364.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"947_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144691","volume":"767","author":"BD Lindsey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lindsey BD, Belitz K, Cravotta CA, Toccalino PL, Dubrovsky NM. Lithium in groundwater used for drinking-water supply in the United States. Sci Total Environ. 2021;767:144691.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"947_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf208","volume":"157","author":"KE North","year":"2003","unstructured":"North KE, Howard BV, Welty TK, Best LG, Lee ET, Yeh JL, et al. Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Cardiovascular Disease Risk in American Indians: The Strong Heart Family Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157:303\u201314.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"947_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-004-2618-x","volume":"379","author":"Z Cheng","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cheng Z, Zheng Y, Mortlock R, van Geen A. Rapid multi-element analysis of groundwater by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2004;379:512\u20138.","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"947_CR22","unstructured":"Barto\u0144 K MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference [Internet]. 2025. (R package version 1.48.11). Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=MuMIn."},{"key":"947_CR23","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [Internet]. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"947_CR24","unstructured":"Richardson CA. Critical Materials and Minerals in Arizona [Internet]. Arizona Geological Survey; 2024 [cited 2025 Sep 10]. Available from: https:\/\/data.azgs.arizona.edu\/api\/v1\/collections\/GMAG-1729267719339-318\/AZGeology_Fall2024.pdf."},{"key":"947_CR25","unstructured":"Norton JJ, Schlegel DM Lithium Resources of North America [Internet]. U.S. Department of the Interior; 1955 [cited 2025 Sep 10]. Available from: https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/bul\/1027g\/report.pdf."},{"key":"947_CR26","unstructured":"Denson NM, Gill R, Chisholm WA Uranium-Bearing Lignite and Carbonaceous Shale in the Southwestern Part of the Williston Basin- A Regional Study."},{"key":"947_CR27","unstructured":"City of Muskogee [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Sep 9]. Stardust Power Selects Muskogee to build battery-grade lithium refinery. Available from: https:\/\/www.muskogeeok.gov\/news_detail_T2_R661.php."},{"key":"947_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8369","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228369","volume":"17","author":"MO Neves","year":"2020","unstructured":"Neves MO, Marques J, Eggenkamp HGM. Lithium in Portuguese Bottled Natural Mineral Waters\u2014Potential for Health Benefits? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:8369.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"947_CR29","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Battery Manufacturing Effluent Guidelines [Reports and Assessments] [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Sep 9]. Located at: United States. Available from: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/eg\/battery-manufacturing-effluent-guidelines."},{"key":"947_CR30","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Fact Sheet: Lithium in Drinking Water [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Sep 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2023-11\/ucmr5-technical-fact-sheet-lithium-in-drinking-water.pdf."},{"key":"947_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aws2.70016","volume":"7","author":"AE Keithley","year":"2025","unstructured":"Keithley AE, Jordan P, Muhlen C, Pinelli M, Lytle DA. Lithium Removal From Drinking Water. AWWA Water Sci. 2025;7:e70016.","journal-title":"AWWA Water Sci"},{"key":"947_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aws2.70009","volume":"6","author":"JA Korak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Korak JA, Brandhuber PJ, Goodwill JE. Lithium in drinking water: Review of chemistry, analytical methods, and treatment technologies. AWWA Water Sci. 2024;6:e70009.","journal-title":"AWWA Water Sci"},{"key":"947_CR33","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency WPSWWT 1. Overcoming Barriers to Sustainable Waste Management in Tribal Communities [Internet]. 2019 Aug. Available from: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-12\/documents\/itf_work_team_1_report_aug_2019.pdf."},{"key":"947_CR34","unstructured":"American Association of Psychiatric Pharmacists, National Alliance on Mental Illness. Medication Factsheet - Lithium [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2026 Jan 5]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nami.org\/about-mental-illness\/treatments\/mental-health-medications\/types-of-medication\/lithium\/."},{"key":"947_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177657","volume":"999","author":"J Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang J, He W, Huang H. Lithium in cardiovascular health and disease: Pharmacological and clinical implications. Eur J Pharmacol. 2025;999:177657.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"947_CR36","unstructured":"Hem JD. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. U.S. Geological Survey; 1985."},{"key":"947_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-011-9295-3","volume":"147","author":"SJ Shetty","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shetty SJ, Desai PB, Patil NM, Nayak RB. Relationship Between Serum Lithium, Salivary Lithium, and Urinary Lithium in Patients on Lithium Therapy. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012;147:59\u201362.","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"947_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1455-2","volume":"189","author":"D Szklarska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Szklarska D, Rzymski P. Is Lithium a Micronutrient? From Biological Activity and Epidemiological Observation to Food Fortification. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019;189:18\u201327.","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"947_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-024-00695-6","volume":"35","author":"KP Patterson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Patterson KP, Nigra AE, Olmedo P, Grau-Perez M, O\u2019Leary R, O\u2019Leary M, et al. Geographic and dietary differences of urinary uranium levels in the Strong Heart Family Study. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2025;35:393\u2013402.","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"947_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108616","volume":"177","author":"AE Nigra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nigra AE, Olmedo P, Grau-Perez M, O\u2019Leary R, O\u2019Leary M, Fretts AM, et al. Dietary determinants of inorganic arsenic exposure in the Strong Heart Family Study. Environ Res. 2019;177:108616.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"947_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-025-00618-9","volume":"22","author":"JM Cowley","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cowley JM, Deering-Rice CE, Lamb JG, Romero EG, Almestica-Roberts M, Serna SN, et al. Pro-inflammatory effects of inhaled Great Salt Lake dust particles. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2025;22:2.","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Exposure Science &amp; Environmental Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-026-00947-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-026-00947-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-026-00947-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T13:44:16Z","timestamp":1784814256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-026-00947-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["947"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41370-026-00947-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0631","1559-064X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0631","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-064X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The Strong Heart Study and its expansion, the Strong Heart Family Study, are participatory based studies working in partnership with tribal communities in the Southwest, the Northern plains, and the Southern Plains. The protocol was approved by institutional review boards (IRBs), participating tribal communities, and the respective area Indian Health Service IRBs. All participants provided informed consent. All methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the approved IRB protocols.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}